APUSH
The shift from Authoritarianism to
Individualism in the American colonies.
African Proverb
“At first we had the land the white man had the
Bible. Now we have the Bible and they have
the land”
Be able to compare differing Native American White relations.
Make sure you have
a clear, concise main
Pick one
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1662 Powhatan uprising
Roger Williams
1637 Pequot War
1675 King Phillips/Metacom War
1676 Bacon’s Rebellion
Iroquois nation
idea.
Make sure you have
Specific Factual
Information to
support your claim
The shift from Authoritarianism
to Individualism in the American
colonies.
Remember The Organizing Principal:
Between 1607 and 1763, the British North American
colonies developed experience in, and the expectation
of self-government in the political, religious, economic,
and social aspects of life.
Religion, Politics, Economics
 Martin Luther 1517 Protestant Reformation
 John Calvin - predestination Calvinism
 Henry VIII of England - Anglican Church of
England
Beer and the Mayflower
 The Mayflower is headed for Virginia…but
ends up putting ashore at Plymouth rock.
 One Pilgrim’s diary explains why: “We could
not take time for further search or
consideration, our victuals being much spent,
especially our beer.”
 Once ashore, they promptly erected a brewhouse…. They needed to make a beer run!
Puritans/Separatists -Plymouth 1621
 Va. Company - Mayflower Compact
(squatters submitting to will of majority)
 Wm Bradford
 1691 merge w/
Mass. Bay colony
Keeps the rabble
from rebelling
City Upon a hill
Covenant Theology
“Covenant of Grace”:
 between Puritan communities and God.
“Social Covenant”:
 Between members of Puritan communities with each
other.
 Required mutual watchfulness.
 No toleration of deviance or disorder.
 No privacy.
Puritans - Mass. Bay Colony 1629
We shall be as a city on a hill. The
eyes of all people are upon us.
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Successful. John Winthrop - City on a Hill - holy society
Covenant w/ God - “freedmen” of congregation - Congregational
Church. Larger voting pop. of males than in England. Still not a
“democracy”
“visible saints” only eligible for church membership and they =
freedmen
Purpose of gov’t was to enforce God’s laws to all ppl
Everyone paid taxes to gov’t supported church
BIBLE COMMONWEALTH
John Cotton - defending duty of gov’t to enforce religious rules
Power of preachers not absolute - hired/fired by congregation
Can’t hold political office (historical fear) separation of church and
state
Protestant work ethic
Colonizing New England
Puritan “Rebels” & Rhode Island
 Rhode Island -
Religious toleration.
civil gov’t has no authority
to regulate religious
behavior.
Threatens patriararchal
society
If holy life no sure sign of
salvation then truly saved
shouldn’t even bother to
obey law of God and man antinomianism -
sewer. No religious
compulsory oaths. No
compulsory attendance at
church, no taxes to support
state church - manhood
suffrage. - traditional home
of the other wise minded.
Royal Charter 1644.
Connecticut 1630
 Dutch and English
 Puritans led by Rev. Thomas Hooker
 1639 Fundamental Orders
Puritans vs. Indians
 1621 Plymouth befriended by Wampanoag
Indians - Squanto & Massasoit
 1637 Pequot War English vs. Pequot tribe Connecticut River
 Puritans criticized in Europe - conversion
pushed
 1675 Metacom aka King Philip War - alliance
among diff. tribes. Metacom captured - head
displayed. He did slow the western march of
settlers but natives no longer posed a threat
A Pequot
Village
Southern
New
England
TheDestroyed,
Pequot
Wars:
1636-1637
1637
Indian Tribes, 1636
Population Comparisons:
England
Colonies, 1650
New New
England
v. the Chesapeake
Unity?
 1643 New England Confederation.
 England in civil war
 Purpose to band against natives, French, Dutch;
also intercolonial runaways
 Each member (regardless of size) 2 votes
(populous Mass. didn’t like this)
 Puritan club
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Mass. Bay
Plymouth
Connecticut New Haven
Connecticut valley settlements
No Rhode Island
No Maine settlements
Unity Gone?
 1660 English crown restored under Charles
II, James II, Wm and Mary
 Colonial defiance
 1662 Charles II gave rival Connecticut sea-tosea charter
 1663 Rhode Island sanctioned
 1684 Mass Bay Colony’s charter revoked
First American Revolution?
 1686 Dominion of New England
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Not homegrown NE Confederation - this is royal
All NE plus NY as well as E and W Jersey
England did it to bolster defense ag. Indians
England did it to make efficient administration of
Navigation Laws
 Colonial rivalries; stitch colonies to motherland; no trade
with non-English countries
 Smuggling becomes honorable
 Autocratic Sir Edmund Andros
 Open affiliation with despised Church of England
Dominion of New England
 Autocratic Sir Edmund Andros
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Curbed town meetings
Restricted court, press, schools
Revoked land titles
No popular assembly - tax w/out representation
Surpress smuggling
 1688-1689 Glorious Revolution in England
 Wm and Mary
 Dominion of New England collapses
New Mass.?
 Glorious Revolution didn’t mean much
besides Andros leaving
 1691 new royal charter again - new
permanent royal gov’t
 Loss ancient charter
 Now voting not just church members but all
male property owners
Glorious Revolution
 Wm and Mary meant “salutory neglect”
 But
 More English officials remain due to Charles II)
 They were often corrupt and loyal to England
 Not locally elected
Settling the Middle
[or “Restoration”] Colonies
Founded in the 1660s by:
 Friends of British King Charles II.
 Land speculators.
 Middle class farmers & craftsmen.
More Like Later America Than
Other Regions!
Economic diversity.
Large cities à more cosmopolitan
culture.
Some slavery [6%-12% of the
population].
Ethnic and religious diversity.
Religious toleration.
“Bread Colonies.”
Chattel Slavery
 Virginia and Maryland – 1660s
 Legally defined chattel slavery
 The status of the child would be determined
based on the MOTHER and not the FATHER
 Ran contradictory to English law
 Children born to slave owners and slave
mothers were automatically slaves
Spain’s Tribute Colonies
 A New American World:
 Encomienda System – Spanish conquistadors received land from
the crown
 Based almost entirely on Indian slave labor
 Very harsh, yet profitable
 Spanish social classes:
 Mestizos, Mulattos, and Zambos emerged
 Many Spanish priests sought to convert Indians
 The Columbian Exchange
 Exchange of goods, people, disease, and ideas between Europe,
Africa, and Americas
 New crops were introduced to Europe – potato, maize
 Horse had large impact on Indian life
 In some areas, 90% of Indian population decreased
 The Protestant Challenge to Spain
 England began to build up its navy in the 16th century
 Mercantilism – purpose was to benefit the Mother Country
(England) by exporting more goods than importing
Plantation Colonies
 Plantations in the Americas grew as a result of increased demand for
sugar and tobacco
 Brazil’s Sugar Plantations:
 Very arduous labor, milling was done on site
 As Indian populations declined, African slave labor was introduced
 England’s Tobacco Colonies:
 Jamestown: (1607)
 Joint Stock Company (investors shared in profits and losses of colony)
 Originally all men, hoped to gain gold
 Eventually, tobacco became a major cash crop, but exhausted the land ->
encroach on Indian land
 House of Burgesses – first representative government in US (1619)
 The Indian War of 1622:
 1/3 of Jamestown population was killed by Indian attacks, English retaliated
 Jamestown became a royal colony in 1624 – colonists had to pay taxes to
support the Church of England
 Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland:
 Proprietor colony – royal grant of land granted by the King
 Maryland Acts of Toleration (1649) – granted religious freedom to CHRISTIANS
only, particularly Catholics
 Maryland relied heavily on tobacco, like the other Chesapeake colony, Virginia
Plantation Colonies Cont.
 The Caribbean Islands:
 Like Brazil, these colonies focused on sugar production
 Plantation Life:
 Planation's grew in part, due to the Headright System:
 Gave 50 acres of land to someone who paid for an immigrant’s
passage – benefited the rich
 Indentured Servitude:
 In return for passage, individuals would work 4-5 years, then
could be free
 ½ of all servants died before they became free
 Used extensively in the Chesapeake colonies in 17th century
 African Laborers:
 Used more heavily in the Caribbean originally (sugar)
 Used more in the Chesapeake due to Bacon’s Rebellion and it
was cheaper than indentured servants
 Strict laws developed that promoted racism and regulated
behavior of blacks
New Netherland - New York
 Dutch East India
company in East
Asia
 Henry Hudson
 Dutch West India
company in New
Netherland
 New Amsterdam was
company town
 Don’t care for religious,
political tolerance
 Strongly aristocratic
New-European Colonies
 New France:
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Expanded into the North American interior (Canada)
Quebec was established as a trading post (fur)
Established Jesuit priests sought to convert Indians
Coureurs de bois – French fur traders
 New Netherland:
 New Amsterdam (Manhattan) was a small colony, but
engaged in significant commerce
 Like the French, the Dutch traded furs
 The Rise of the Iroquois:
 Located in central and Western NY
 Treaded weapons and goods with the Dutch and
French
New-European Colonies Cont.
 New England:
 The Pilgrims
 Separatists that wanted to break away from the Church of
England
 Plymouth’s climate was not as harsh as the Chesapeake
 Representative self-government was established
 Puritans – wanted to purify the English Church, NOT
separate from it
 John Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay:
 Sought to establish a “City Upon a Hill”
 Believed in predestination
 Church members had tremendous power – only ones that
could vote; not religiously tolerant
 Roger Williams and Rhode Island:
 Advocated separation of church and state, religious toleration,
and friendly relations with Indians
 Banished to Rhode Island by Winthrop
 No legally established church in RI
New Netherland and
Neighbors
 Hostile natives
 Hostile New England esp
Connecticut
 New Sweden on Delaware River
trespassed on New Netherland
land
 1655 Dutch wiped out New
Sweden led by Peter Stuyvesant
 1664 Stuyvesant surrender to
Duke of York
 New Amsterdam becomes New
York
New-European Colonies Cont.
 Anne Hutchinson:
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Seen as a major threat to Puritans
Challenged gender roles in Church
Claimed to have direct revelations with God
Banished from MBC
 Puritanism and Witchcraft:
 Salem Witch Trials:
 Hysteria throughout MA in late 17th century
 Accused tended to be wealthier, widowed, and middle-ages
 Reflected religious and social tensions
 Most of the accused were “independent” which challenged Puritan
society
 After the hysteria ended, prosecution for witchcraft
declined
 Many colonists started to embrace ideas of the
Enlightenment
Instability, War, and Rebellion
 New England’s Indian Wars:
 Puritan-Pequot War:
 Pequots were allied with the Dutch, had conflicts with
English settlers
 500 men, women, and children were massacred by
Indians, New England retaliated harshly and gained
land
 Some settlers saw smallpox and other diseases that
decimated Indians as doing “God’s work” (John
Winthrop)
 Metacom’s War, 1675 – 1676:
 Metacom (King Philip) was a leader of the
Wampanoags
 Metacom was eventually killed and Natives were
rarely a threat in New England after
Instability, War, and Rebellion Cont.
 Bacon’s Rebellion:
 Gov. Berkeley did not allow settlement past a line
 In the “west” many famers were underrepresented
in the House of Burgesses
 Conflict between Natives and “westerners” like
Bacon
 Bacon almost took control, died suddenly
 Significance?
 Movement towards slaves for labor
 Shows tensions between rich and poor, East and West
Pennsylvania
 Dissenters - Quakers
(Religious Society of
Friends) - dissent against
religious and civil authority
 Use “thees and thous” rather
than titles
 All children of God
 Abhorred strife
The “Holy Experiment”
Pennsylvania
 1681 William Penn granted immense territory
by King
 Best advertised colony
 Liberal land policy
 Traded and treated Indians fairly.
 Liberal regime
 Representative assembly elected by
landowners
 No tax supported state church drained coffers
 Freedom of worship was guaranteed to all
(except Jews/Catholics)
Pennsylvania
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No provision for military defense
No restrictions on immigrations
Did have “blue laws”
Rich ethnic mix
Fast growing colony
LEGACY: new commonwealth. Based on civil
and religious liberty. Based on freedom fo
conscience and worship
Ethnic Groups
1670-1680 Crisis
Iroquois Lands & European Trade Centers
King Philip’s War,
1675 – 1676)
Quick Recap
 Columbian Exchange included diseases as well as
goods (potatoes, maize, horses)
 MD Acts of Toleration applied to ONLY Christians
 Headright System and indentured servants
 Chesapeake focused on indentured servants and
tobacco -> expansion on Indian land
 New France traded and had friendly relations with
Indians
 No religious toleration in MBC: Roger Williams and
Anne Hutchinson
 Bacon’s Rebellion showed tensions between “east
and west” or “rich v. poor” and led to an increase in
slavery