CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
DR SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
ctrohaida@yahoo.com
23 JUNE 2009
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AGENDAS
Introduction
Conceptual framework (CF)
Definition
Why we need CF?
Variables
Theories
Conclusion
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OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH
PROCESS
Preliminary
Identifying
Research
Problem
Data
Gathering
Research Questions
&
Research Objectives
Literature
Review
What are the symptoms or
indicators
Analysis
And
findings
Method
Research
Design
Sampling
Unit of
analysis
Hypothesis
development
Data
collection
method
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Develop
Theoretical/Research
Framework
Development
of hypothesis
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Definitions
Schematic diagram which able to help in
deciding and explaining the route that
we are interested to take.
The basis of entire research rests
Why would we use certain methods and
not others to get to a certain point.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Why we CF?
Helps to postulate and test certain
relationship
To improve understanding of the
dynamics of the situation
Testable hypotheses can be
developed
We can identify the variables
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
People might have tried a similar path
before and have had different
experiences using one road versus
another.
Or, there may be paths that have never
been explored.
With a conceptual framework, we can
explain why we would try this or that
path, based on the experiences of
others, and on what we ourselves would
like to explore or discover.
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SOURCES OF CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
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1. From previous research in the
problem area
2. Based on theories
3. Integrating one’s logical beliefs
with published research
4. Establishing gaps – literature
review
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CAUTION!!!
Identified and understand the REAL
reason why other researchers decide
not to do the CF for certain variables
and in certain environment or towards
certain sample of respondents.
Analyze the literature in detail.
SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL
THE COMPONENTS OF THE CF
Identifies and labels the important
variables in the situation that are
relevant to the problem
Shows the relationship of variables
and elaborates
How and why moderating and
intervening variables are treated
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VARIABLES
Independent
Dependent
Moderator
Mediator
Control
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DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Acts as the primary interest to the
researchers.
The researcher’s goal is to
Understand and describe the variable
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Is one that influences the dependent
variable in either positive or negative
way
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Independent
ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE
Dependent
CAREER SATISFACTION
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TERMS
Independent
Dependent
Predictor
Presumed cause
Stimulus
Predicted from
Antecedent
Manipulated
Presumed effect
Response
Predicted to..
Consequence
Measured outcome
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MODERATING VARIABLES
Moderation occurs when the relationship between
two variables depends on a third variable. The
third variable is referred to as the moderator
variable or simply the moderator.
Affects the direction and/or strength of the relation
between the dependent and independent
variables.
The effect of a moderating variable is
characterized statistically as an interaction
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Independent
Dependent
Moderator
ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE
CAREER SATISFACTION
POS
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MEDIATING VARIABLES
In statistics, a mediation model is one that seeks:
to identify
explicate the mechanism that underlies an observed
relationship between an independent variable and a
dependent variable via the inclusion of a third
explanatory variable,
Rather than hypothesizing a direct causal
relationship between the independent variable and
the dependent variable, a mediational model
hypothesizes that the independent variable causes
the mediator variable, which in turn causes the
dependent variable.
Also known as intervening variable
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INFLUENCE
TACTICS
ORGANISATIONAL
JUSTICE
CAREER
SATISFACTION
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OTHER CATEGORIES OF VARIABLES
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
are variables other than the independent
variable that may bear any effect on the
behavior of the subject being studied
CONTROL VARIABLES
control variables are extraneous factors,
possibly affecting the experiment, that
are kept constant so as to minimize their
effects on the outcome
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RESEARCH TERMS IN THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Variables
Dimensions
Uni dimensional
Multi dimensional
Measurement items
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EXAMPLE
Variable
ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE
Dimensions
INTERACTIONAL JUSTICE
PROCEDURAL JUSTICE
INTERACTIONAL JUSTICE
Measurement items
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Measurements Items
Distributive justice
•
Does you (outcome) reflect the effort you have put into your work?
•
Is your (outcome) appropriate for the work you have completed?
•
Does your (outcome) reflect what you have contributed to the organisation?
•
Is your (outcome) justified, given your performance?
Procedural justice
•
Have you been able to express your views and feelings during those procedures?
•
Have you had influence over the (outcome) arrived at by those procedures?
•
Have those procedures been applied consistently?
•
Have those procedures been free of bias?
•
Have those procedures been based on accurate information?
•
Have you been able to appeal the outcome arrived at by those procedures?
•
Have those procedures upheld ethical and moral standards?
Interactional justice
•
Has (he/she) treated you in a polite manner?
•
Has (he/she) treated you with dignity?
•
Has (he/she) treated you with respect?
•
Has (he/she) refrained from improper remarks or comments?
•
Has (he/she) been candid in (his/her) communications with you?
•
Has (he/she) explained the procedures thoroughly?
•
Were (his/her) explanations regarding the procedures reasonable?
•
Has (he/she) communicated details in a timely manner?
•
Has (he/she) seemed to tailor (his/her) communications to individuals’ specific needs?
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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A theoretical framework is a collection
of interrelated concepts
Guides your research.
Determining what things you will
measure.
What statistical relationship you will
look for.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1. Relevant variables are clearly
identified and labeled.
2. Important relationship are well
labeled.
3. Reader can easily see and
understand the relationship.
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THEORY
A theory of systematically interrelated
concepts, definitions, and
propositions that are advanced to
explain and predict phenomena
(facts)
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Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA, 1980)
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB, 1991)
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END OF PART ONE
QUESTIONS?
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RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
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WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS?
A statement that shows a relationship
between two or more variables in testable form.
A proposition formulated for empirical testing
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ROLES OF HYPOTHESES
1. It guides the direction of the study.
2. It identifies facts are relevant and
those that are not.
3. It suggests which form of research
design is likely to be most
appropriate.
4. It provides a framework.
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TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
Descriptive hypotheses
Null hypothesis – proposition, no
relationship
2. Alternate hypothesis – expressing a
relationship
1.
Relational hypotheses
Correlational hypotheses
2. Explanatory (causal) hypotheses
1.
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CORRELATIONAL
HYPOTHESIS
A statement indicating that variables
occur together in a some specified
manner WITHOUT that one causes
the other
Eg: Students in urban areas obtain more
favorable grades in Mathematics than do
students in rural areas.
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EXPLORATORY (CAUSAL)
HYPOTHESIS
A statement that describes a
relationship between two variables in
which one variable leads to a
specified effect on the other variable.
Eg. An increase in family income
leads to an increase in the
percentage of income saved.
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HYPOTHESIS’ FORMAT
If-then statement
If the employees are more healthy, then
they will take sick leave less frequently.
Directional
The greater the stress experienced in
the job, the lower the job satisfaction.
Non directional
There is a relationship between age and
job satisfaction
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CHARACTERISTICS OF A STRONG
HYPOTHESIS
1. Adequate for its purpose
2. Testable
3. Better than its rivals
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HOW DO WE DERIVE HYPOTHESES?
From own dreams?
From own observations?
From other research?
From other hypothesis?
From literature review?
From theoretical framework?
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HOW DO WE DERIVE HYPOTHESES?
If it is from own observation,
supported
by
other
research,
supported by other hypothesis,
supported by other literature review,
and supported by YOUR OWN
theoretical framework.
Therefore IDEALLY YOU SHOULD
EXPECT THAT THE HYPOTHESES
TO
BE
ACCEPTED
NOT
REJECTED… AREN’T YOU?
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This is a symptom of..
Poor theoretical framework……
Or……
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WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?
Data collection
Have you take care of all the procedures
and techniques == that cause
ERROR
Dyadic respondents
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ERROR IN DATA ANALYSIS
Moderating VS Mediating
Interaction VS Direct effect
Data interpretation
Directional VS Non directional hypothesis
Unit of Analysis
Nature of variables
Unidimensional VS Multidimensional
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OTHER SOURCES OF ERROR
Theoretical framework
not exhaustively search
poor conceptualization
superficial
Researcher
interferences
Measurement
instrument to measure the variables
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EXAMPLES
Theoretical framework
The effects of organisation structures, job
autonomy and leadership styles towards the
performance of sales person in pharmacies.
Researcher
The moderating effects of perceived
organisational support, leadership styles
towards firm performance.
Measurement
Perceived organization support – measured
by 8 items rather than original of 9 or 36
items.
SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL
THE END
GOOD LUCK IN YOUR
RESEARCH JOURNEY
SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL