 Earliest people known to maintain health records.
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Called upon the God’s to help them heal.
Physicians were usually priests who studied medicine.
Imhotep may have been the first physician.
Leeches were uses for bloodletting!!!
Average life span only 20-30 years….
IMHOTEP
The First
Know
Physician
 They begin to use acupuncture to treat injury and
illness.
 Use of powders made from herbs to heal. Often
caused blisters and burns that they ultimately died
from.
 Did begin the search for medical reasons for illnesses.
 Life span was again only 20-30 years.
Hippocrates (460-377BC) was called the
Father Of Medicine. He developed and
Organized methods to observe the human
body. Recoded signs and symptoms of many
Diseases. Created a high standard of ethics,
like
the Oath of Hippocrates, still used by
Physicians today.
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THE OATH OF HIPPOCRATES
I SWEAR by Apollo the physician and Æsculapius, and Health, and All-heal, and all the
gods and goddesses, that, according to my ability and judgment,
I will keep this Oath and this stipulation — to reckon him who taught me this Art equally
dear to me as my parents, to share my substance with him, and relieve his necessities if
required; to look upon his offspring in the same footing as my own brothers, and to teach
them this art, if they shall wish to learn it, without fee or stipulation; and that by precept,
lecture, and every other mode of instruction,
I will impart a knowledge of the Art to my own sons, and those of my teachers, and to
disciples bound by a stipulation and oath according to the law of medicine, but to none
others.
I will follow that system of regimen which, according to my ability and judgment, I
consider for the benefit of my patients, and abstain from whatever is deleterious and
mischievous.
I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel; and in
like manner I will not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion. With purity and
with holiness I will pass my life and practice my Art.
I will not cut persons laboring under the stone, but will leave this to be done by men who
are practitioners of this work. Into whatever houses I enter, I will go into them for the
benefit of the sick, and will abstain from every voluntary act of mischief and corruption;
and, further, from the seduction of females or males, of freemen and slaves. Whatever, in
connection with my professional service, or not in connection with it, I see or hear, in the
life of men, which ought not to be spoken of abroad,
I will not divulge, as reckoning that all such should be kept secret. While I continue to
keep this Oath unviolated, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and the practice of the
art, respected by all men, in all times. But should I trespass and violate this Oath, may
the reverse be my lot.
(342-322BC) Dissected
animals
and is called the
cofounder of
comparative anatomy.
They began to stress diet
and cleanliness as a way
to prevent disease.
Average life span for this
era in time was 25-35
years of age.
Began public health and
Sanitation systems by realizing
A filtration system was needed
For public baths to prevent
Disease.
Cladius Glen who was a physician
established many medical
beliefs like: your body was
regulated by four fluids, any
imbalance in HUMORS resulted
in illness, inflammation – vsinfectious disease, and finally
that diet and exercise were a
means to treat a disease.
AVERAGE LIFE SPAN WAS 2535 years of age.
Emphasis was placed on saving
The soul, and the study of
Medicine was prohibited.
Monks and priests provided
Care for the sick and injured.
Life span was 20-30 years!!!
Physicians began to
Obtain knowledge a
Medical universities
In the 9th Century
A pandemic (worldwide epidemic) of the buboni
Plague (black death) killed ¾ of the population o
Europe and Asia.
The Black Death
The Black Death came in three forms, the bubonic, pneumonic, and
septicemic. Each different form of plague killed people in a vicious way. All
forms were caused by a bacterium called Yersinia pestis.
The mortality rate was 30-75%. The symptoms were
L large and inflamed lymph nodes around the neck
Groin and arm pit areas. Victims suffered from joi
Pain, headache, high fevers, nausea, vomiting,.
Symptoms took from 1-7 days to appear after
Becoming infected!!!
 Rhazes, which were Arab physicians. They began
requiring physicians to have a license.
 Average life span is now 20-35 years of age.
The artist Michelangelo
used dissection in order to
Draw the human body
more realistically.
Development of the
first printing press
Allowed knowledge
to be spread to
others.
1511-1553) Was the
first to describe
The circulatory
system in the lungs,
and
Explain how
digestion was a
source of
Heat for the body.
Average life span is
30-40 years.
(
 Causes of diseases were still not known. Many people
died during childbirth or later from infections!!
 The use of ligatures was discovered by Ambroise Pare
He also improved the way fractures were delt with, and
discovered the use of artificial limbs!!
William Harvey discovered the circulation of blood to
and from the heart in 1628.
Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek
invented the first
Microscope in
1666.
Apothecaries
(early
Pharmacists)
made,
prescribed and
sold
medications.
Average life span
35-45-years.
Gabriel Fahrenheit created
the first mercury
thermometer in 1714. People
would place
there mouth over the top
section! People back
then must have had big
mouths, HUH!
John Priestly (1733-1804) discovered
the element of oxygen in 1774.
John Hunter (1728
-1793) was
an English
Surgeon. He
established
scientific
surgical
procedures, and
Introduced tube
feeding
In 1778.
Benjamin
Franklin
(1706-1790)
Invented the
bifocals for
glasses.
Edward Jenner (1749-1823) developed a
vaccination for smallpox in 1796.
 Small pox was a contagious virus that developed some
300 years ago. In the 18th century if you came down
with smallpox you often faced death. If lucky enough
to survive people were often left scared and blind. It
made people have flu like symptoms, and caused deep
sores that scabbed horribly. In the United States we
stopped giving the smallpox vaccination in 1972 due to
the eradication of the disease. Many of your parents
will have a smallpox vaccination scar on there arm,
ASK THEM!!
 AVERAGE LIFE SPAN WAS 40-50 years
The first
successful blood
transfusion was
performed on
humans in 1818
by James
Blundell.
Dr. James
Simpson
(1811-1870)
began using
chloroform
as an
anesthetic in
1847.
 Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) was the founder of
modern nursing.
 She established efficient and sanitary nursing units
during Crimean War in 1854.
 Opened the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses
at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London in 1860.
 She began professional education for nurses.
Joseph Lister (1827-1912) started using disinfectants and
antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection in 1865.
Clara Barton
(1821-1912)
founded
The American
Red Cross in 1881.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
contributed many
discoveries to the practice of
medicine including: Proving
that microorganisms cause
disease, pasteurizing milk to
kill bacteria, and creating a
vaccine for rabies in 1885.
This is what the
first known
X-ray looked like
in 1895. This was
discovered by
William Roentgen
(1845-1923) .
 Bacteria causing gonorrhea and
leprosy were discovered and
identified in 1899.
 THE AVERAGE LIFE SPAN WAS
40-60 YEARS!!
Walter Reed
demonstrated
that mosquitoes
carried yellow
fever in 1900.
Sigmund Freud’s
(1856-1939) studies
formed the basis
to psychology and
psychiatry.
The first
kidney dialysis
machine was
developed in
1944.
Jonas Salk (1914-1995) developed the polio vaccine using a
dead polio virus in 1952 . In the late 1950’s Albert Sabin
developed the oral live polio virus vaccine.
 The first heart-lung machine was used for open-heart
surgery in 1953.
 The first successful kidney transplant was performed
in humans in 1954 by Joseph Murray.
 Birth control pills were approved by the FDA in 1960.
 An arm severed at the shoulder was successfully
reattached to the body in 1962.
The first liver
transplant
was performed
by Thomas
Starzl in 1963.
Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS) was identified
as a disease in 1981.
The Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus
(HIV) was identified as
the cause of AIDS in
1981.
Dolly as she
became know,
was the very
first proof
cloning was
possible
in 1997.
Average Life Span Is Now 60-
70 Years Of Age!!
 Cures for AIDS, some Cancers, and Heart Disease
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discovered.
Genetic manipulation to prevent inherited disease is
common practice.
Development of methods to slow the aging process.
Nerves in the brain and spinal cord are regenerated to
eliminate paralysis.
Transplants of every organ in the body, including the
brain, are possible.
AVG. LIFE SPAN NOW 90-100 YEARS!!!!