Matter
1. Matter-Anything that takes up space and has mass.
Mass is the measure of the amount of matter an object
contains. A balance measures mass

Weight is a measure of the pull of gravity on the
matter in an object;
*spring scales measure weight (pull of gravity)
**Weight can change but mass does not
2.
3. Volume-how much space an object occupies

Regular objects (definite shapes):
V=lwh
*a box, table, ice cube, etc.

Irregular shapes: displacement of water
*beans in a graduated cykinder
1. Atoms are extremely small.
 it would take a stack of about
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50,000 aluminum atoms to equal
the thickness of a sheet of
aluminum foil from your kitchen.
if you could enlarge a penny until
it was as wide as the US, each of
its atoms would be only about 3
cm in diameter – about the size
of a ping-pong ball
a human hair is about 1 million
carbon atoms wide.
a typical human cell contains
roughly 1 trillion atoms.
a speck of dust might contain
3x1012 (3 trillion) atoms.
it would take you around 500
years to count the number of
atoms in a grain of salt.
www.deckersfoods.com
C-C-C-C-C-… + 999,995 more
1 trillion atoms 
.
Is made of approximately 3 trillion atoms
Just one of these grains
2. Molecule-2 or more atoms
combined
ozone
 This can be the
same kind of
atoms or
different atoms.
3. Atoms and molecules are
always in motion
water
1.
Particle arrangement and energy
determines the state
a. Solid-have a definite volume and
definite shape; molecules vibrate in
place-low kinetic energy
b. Liquid-No definite shape but
definite volume; molecules move
slowly (kinetic energy increases)
c. Gas-no definite shape or volume;
move very fast with high kinetic
energy
Close up view of atoms and their behavior
Animated images are from http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/
What states of matter are
represented in the photograph?
Kinetic energy increases as heat is added
YOU MAY WANT TO DRAW THIS
d. Plasma-a special state
•Makes up 99% of the visible universe
•The most common form of matter
•A charged gas full of energy
•Plasma can be found in
the Sun and …
Stars and …
Lightning
a. Changing states requires a change in
pressure or temperature
b. Processes of change
1. gas to liquid condensation
2. liquid to solid freezing
3. solid to liquid
melting
4. Liquid to gas evaporation, boiling
 Materials differ in terms of
the kind of matter they
contain.
 Matter that has a uniform and
definite composition is called a
substance.
 Substances can be identified as
either an element, compound, or
a mixture.
• A pure substance that cannot be broken down
any further
• contain just one type of atom
• Atoms are the smallest part of an element
• Can exist as a single atom or a molecule (2
atoms joined)
• Symbol-represents an element
• Examples might be Oxygen (O), Nitrogen
(N), Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H).
• These 4 are necessary to all life
contains two or more different atoms
joined together.
This is a molecule and it is the
smallest part of a compound
a chemical reaction is needed to
separate elements in a compound.
Examples would be water, salt, sugar
Represented by formulas: H2O, NaCl,
C6H12O6
3. mixture
1. A mixture contains two or more different
substances that are only be physically joined
together, not chemically.
 A mixture can contain both elements and
compounds. There are two kinds of
mixtures.
 a. Homogenous -equal parts; evenly mixed
solutions like saltwater or koolaid.
 b. Homogeneous -uneven mix of parts.
Many settle out depending on weight.
Examples might include milk, muddy water
and salad dressing
E. Properties of Matter
1. Properties used to describe matter
can be classified as:
a. Extensive – depends on the
amount of matter in the sample
b.
- Mass, volume, calories are examples
Intensive – depends on the type
of matter, not the amount
present
- Hardness, Density, Boiling Point
2. Types of properties are…
a. Physical Properties- a property that
can be observed and measured without
changing the material’s composition
(identity).
-Examples- color, hardness, melting point,
boiling point, texture, odor, size
b. Chemical Properties- a property that
can only be observed by changing the
composition (identity) of the material.
-Examples- ability to burn, decompose,
ferment, react with oxygen, etc.
1. Physical change- A type of change
that alters a material without changing
it’s chemical composition.
 Boil, melt, cut, bend, split, crack
 Is boiled water still water?
 Is a cut piece of wood still wood?

Can be reversible, or irreversible
2. Chemical change - a change where a new
substance is formed that is different than
the original

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Examples: Burning, corroding, decomposing
Evidence of a chemical change include
 Energy (light, heat or both) is absorbed or
released
 Endothermic-heat is absorbed cooling
temperatures
 Exothermic-heat is released raising
temperatures and often giving off light
 Color changes
 Gas production (bubbling, fizzing, or odor
change; smoke)