De Blij Chapter 11: Agriculture
What is agriculture, and where did agriculture begin?
How did agriculture change with industrialization?
What imprint does agriculture make on the cultural landscape?
What is the global pattern of agriculture and agribusiness?
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE?
Introductory Paragraphs
1. Organic Agriculture: Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of
herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.
2. The deliberate tending of ________________________ and
__________________________ to produce ___________________,
____________________, and ______________________.
3. Agriculture = _________________________ economic activity because it
involves products closest to the ground.
4. __________________________ economic activity refers to activities that take a
primary product and manufacture it.
a. Toys, ships, processed food
5. Tertiary economic activity = ______________________ industry.
a. Bankers, doctors, teachers, lawyers, nurses
6. _________________________ economic activity is the exchange of money or
goods
7. Quinary economic activity is tied to _______________________________ and
_______________________ ______________________________.
8. __________________________________
_______________________________ theory helps explain how goods can be
produced in core ways or periphery ways, which also connects to the generation of
wealth across the globe.
9. In periphery countries (Guatemala), agriculture is ___________ % of the GDP. In
a core country (Canada), agriculture is ___________% of the GDP.
10. When agriculture is produced in ________________ countries, the number of
people involved directly with the field is quite small. (Less than 2% in
________________________) but many more work in supporting
___________________________________
_____________________________________.
11. Agriculture in core countries is at an all time _____________ while the work force
is at an all time __________. This is partially due to
__________________________________________.
12. Now, farmers have gone beyond combines and harvesters. They use
__________________ ____________ and __________________________
_______________________ crops. They also use
________________________________ and
_________________________________. All of these innovations are meant to
_____________________________ yields.
Hunting, Gathering, and Fishing
1. Before agriculture, people got food by _________________________,
_________________________, and _______________________________.
2. Exactly what was hunted, gathered, or fished depended on the region.
3. The continent of ___________________
_________________________________ is a good example of regional
specialization.
4. How many people a region can support depends on the abundance of that region.
5. Some populations who lived on the ____________________ of
__________________________ could _______________________ in the
forest then __________________ when opportunities improved.
Terrain and Tools
1. ______________________-_______________________ used tools to fit their
needs
2. First tools: __________________________________
a. Development of _________________________ was much more effective
3. Another early human achievement was controlled _______________________.
4. Tools and fire helped humans to alter their environments, establishing more reliable
_______________ ___________________________ by combining
__________________________ with
________________________________.
5. Why did hunter-gatherers migrate?
_____________________________________________________________
______________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________
First Agricultural Revolution
1. Agriculture: The deliberate tending of ___________________ and
______________________ to produce _________________,
____________________, and _____________________.
2. Carl Sauer believed agriculture would occur in
______________________________________.
3. Sauer believed plant domestication began in
______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___ more than _____________________ years ago.
4. ______________________ ________________________: crops that are
reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants. (This was the
first type of plant domestication)
5. Seed crops (plants reproduced by
_________________________________________________) was developed
in __________________ ________________________ in North Africa, but
many others believe it started in SW Asia, also known as the
____________________________ _______________________.
6. Root crops and seed crops and their planned cultivation are known as the
_______________________ Agricultural Revolution.
7. With a reliable food source and permanent settlement, the population of settlements
started to _________________________________________.
8. Diffusion of crops and seeds were greatly accelerated by
______________________________ trade and
____________________________ networks established with mercantilism and
_____________________________________.
Domestication of Animals
1. Some scholars believe animal domestication began before animal domestication, but
others think it may have started as recently as ___________________ years ago.
2. Most popular domesticated animals:
a. ___________________________
b. ___________________________
c. ___________________________
3. Animal domestication emerged over time, similar to how the growing of
________________ _____________________.
4. The process of animal domestication began as people became more
_____________________.
5. Animals were kept as __________________ and for _____________________.
6. When animals (wild cattle) are in a corral, they undergo physical changes.
a. They are protected from __________________
b. The domestic animals that we know today are different from animals kept by
our ancestors.
7. _________________ and ______________ may have been the first to be
domesticated. They attached themselves to human settlements and were small in size.
8. Animal domestication continues today, especially in _____________________.
9. Animals’ waste can_________________ crops, and animals can ease the work load
for farmers.
Hunter-Gatherers in the Modern World
1. In the modern world, hunter-gatherers live in the context of a
___________________________ economy and experience the
____________________________________ to _____________________
on their livelihoods.
2. In many cases, the state places pressure on hunter-gatherers to
__________________________ in _________________
_________________________ and _____________________.
3. Some modern day examples of hunter-gatherers are the ___________________ of
South Africa, the ________________________ of Australia, and the indigenous
people of_____________________________.
Subsistence Agriculture in the Modern World
1. Subsistence Agriculture:
____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
__________
2. Most subsistence farmers grow food only to _____________________________
their ___________________________ and find
_________________________________________ in the natural
environment, and do not enter the ________________________
_______________________________ at all.
a. Such as farmers in ___________ and ________________
______________________, _____________________, and
South/Southeast Asia
3. Many subsistence farmers sell a small quantity of their produce
4. Some are sedentary, but some practice _______________________________
____________________________, where they burn tropical forest for farmland,
farm that land until the nutrients are depleted, then move to another forest area.
a. Shifting cultivation continues only in areas where population densities are
____________.
5. _____________________ and _________________ agriculture is one specific
type of shifting cultivation. ________________________ are cut down and
__________________________ are burned off. A layer of ______________
from the fire settles on the ground and adds to the soil’s ___________________.
Marginalization of Subsistence Farming
1. European powers tried to _____________________________________
economies of their colonies by ending ______________________________ and
integrating farms.
2. They encouraged farmers to devote some land to _______________________
___________________ such as cotton, bringing them into the commercial
economy.
3. In many areas, severe _____________________ resulted and
__________________ ___________________________ were disrupted.
4. Subsistence land use is giving way to more intensive ______________________
and _______________ ___________________________.
HOW DID AGRICULTURE CHANGE WITH INDUSTRIALIZATION?
Intro Paragraphs
1. For the ___________________________
________________________________ to take place, a
__________________________ Agricultural Revolution had to take place- one
that would move agriculture beyond ___________________________ and
generate the kinds of ___________________________ needed to feed thousands
of people working in ________________________________ instead of
___________________________.
a. Countries: _________________ _____________________,
________________________________________,
_____________________________
2. ________________________________ and _____________________
centuries
a. Trade with America
3. Britain’s _______________________________ ________________
encouraged consolidation of fields into large, single-owner holdings.
a. Farmers instituted _________________ ________________________.
b. Soil preparation, crop care, and harvesting improved.
4. Seed drill enabled farmers to avoid ______________________
_________________ and to plant ______ _______________.
a. By 1830s, farmers were using fertilizers and artificial feed
5. Enabled the growth of the __________________________ (industrial) economy.
Understanding the Spatial Layout of Agriculture
1. Von Thunen model =concentric
a. Centermost ring: Center _________________
b. Ring 1:
c. Ring 2:
d. Ring 3:
e. Ring 4:
f. Distance at which farming becomes _____________________________
2. Assumptions of von Thunen:
a. Terrain was _________________
b. ________________ and other environmental conditions were the same
everywhere
c. No barriers to _______________________________ to
_____________________________.
3. Lee Liu studied the spatial pattern of agricultural production in
_____________________, giving careful attention to the
_____________________________ of
_____________________________________________________ and
amount of
_____________________________________________________________
____.
4. Land ____________________________ close to the village, and land
______________________ farther from the village.
a. Land close to village had organic fertilizers
b. Land farther from the village used more chemicals
c. Liu argued that the land patterns in China occur because the farmers live
______________________________________
The Third Agricultural Revolution
1. Third Agricultural Revolution = __________________
__________________________.
a. Dates as far back as ____________
b. Experiments with ___________________________ manipulated seeds to
increase _________________ _________________.
c. Focus in 1960s was in ________________.
d. Came at a time of ________________________
__________________.
e. Countries like India and Mexico became self-reliant on maize and rice
because of genetically modified varieties
f. Traditional focus on __________________, _________________, and
_________________.
g. Limited impact on _________________.
h. Some see promise in GMOs, but others wonder if they could cause health
risks or environmental hazards. (Evolution of super-pests)
i. Many ________________-__________________ farmers lack the
resources to acquire the seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides
j. These farmers are being pushed out by larger scale farms.
New Genetically Modified Foods
1. GMO stands for ________________________ ______________________
____________________.
2. A field of _________________________________ has sprung up in
conjunction with the Third Agricultural Revolution
Regional and Local Change
1. Subsistence commercial has made big changes in ____________________ life.
a. ____________________________ patterns
b. Land ownership agreements
c. _____________________________ __________________
conditions
2. Latin America: ________________________ of cash crops
3. Asia: production of _________________ grains
4. Subsaharan Africa: increase in ___________________________________
agriculture
5. Agricultural work is overwhelmingly carried out by ____________________,
especially in Africa.
WHAT IMPRINT DOES AGRICULTURE MAKE ON THE CULTURAL
LANDSCAPE?
Intro Paragraphs
1. Patterns of land ownership (cadastral system)
a. __________________________________
__________________________ system is the prevailing survey system in
the United States, appears as ______________________________ across
agricultural fields. Adopted after the
______________________________________
________________________________ as part of a cadastral system
known as ___________________________ and
_______________________. Designed to facilitate movement of
___________________________________ across farmlands. Basic unit
was _______ square mile(s).
b. ___________________________ and
__________________________ survey adopted along the eastern
seaboard, where _____________________________
___________________ were used to demarcate land
c. Long-lot survey system in Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec,
________________________, and __________________________.
Divided land into _________________________
________________________ stretching back from
_________________________, _______________________, or
___________________. (French America)
d. Primogeniture: all land passes to the __________________________
______________. Parcels tend to be larger and farmers work a single plot
of land. Common in Northeastern Europe and their colonies,
________________________________, ____________________
__________________, _______________________________, and
_____________________________________________.
e. Land is divided by heirs = fragmentation
Villages
1. People who live in villages either
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_______ or
_____________________________________________________________
_________ to those who do the farming
2. Japan (scarce resources) houses are close together; US (plentiful resources)
_______________________________ ___________________________
pattern (land is cultivated by _____________________________ rather than by
hand)
3. ______________________________________
______________________________ is by far the most prevalent rural
residential pattern in agricultural areas
a. Houses are grouped together in
_____________________________________ or
_________________________________.
4. Many planned towns/cities/villages now are planned on a grid system. The
________________________ invaders of Middle America laid out grid villages
and towns, as did other colonial powers
WHAT IS THE GLOBAL PATTERN OF AGRICULTURE AND
AGRIBUSINESS?
Intro Paragraphs
1. ___________________________________
__________________________ has come to dominate the world’s core, as well
as some of the places in the semiperiphery ad periphery.
a. Commercial farming is the agriculture of __________________ __________________ ______________________ producers and
_________________________ ranches, mechanized equipment and
__________________________ - type labor forces,
______________________________, and profit.
2. Major changes in ______________________________________ and food
storage, especially _________________________________, have further
intertwined agricultural production and food processing regions around the world.
3. One major impact of colonial agriculture:
____________________________________ (dependence on a
__________________________________________________________
______________________________________________)
a. Production of cash crops as enforced by colonial powers remains in place
The World Map of Climates
1. Koppen climate classification system: classifies the world’s climates on the basis of
________________________________ and
_____________________________________.
a. Explains distribution of _______________________________
___________________________.
2. Climate types:
a. Equatorial and rainforest (no _________________ season)
b. ________________________ (short dry season)
c. Savanna
d. Desert/Steppe (water-deprived)
e. Humid temperature (prevails over the
__________________________________ US)
f. _________________________________ (dry summer)
g. Polar (__________________________ and ___________________
prevail)
The World Map of Agriculture
Cash Crops and Plantation Agriculture
1. Poorer countries locked into production of one or two _________________
_____________________.
2. Core governments place quotas on imports of agricultural products and subsidize
domestic production of the same commodities
3. When cash crops are grown on large estates:
______________________________ _____________________________.
a. Mainly in poorer, primarily __________________________ countries
b. Produce ___________________________, _____________________,
and _______________________ in Middle and South America
c. Produce ________________________, __________________, and
____________________ in West and East Africa
d. Most productive plantations owned by European or American individuals or
_______________________________.
Cotton and Rubber
1. Two of the _____________________________________________ cash
crops.
2. Cotton expansion in 19th century, when the __________________________
______________________________ produced machines for cotton ginning,
spinning, and weaving
a. Brought prices _____________
b. Put cotton goods within the ____________________ of __________
______________________.
3. Former colonies that grow cotton compete with cotton grown in _________,
Northeast China, and _________________ _____________.
4. Cotton is in competition with ___________________________
________________ such as nylon and rayon, and rubber is in competition with
synthetic rubber.
5. Rubber was collected from rubber-producing __________________ in the
__________________ ________________.
a. Rubber boom around _____________ in Manaus and the
________________ _____________ in Africa.
b. Within 2 decades, nearly ______% of the world’s rubber came from
plantations in colonial territories in __________________________, the
Netherlands ________________ _____________________ (now
_________________________)
Luxury Crops
1. Luxury crops are non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco
2. Coffee
a. Originated in _________________________
b. Now produced in _______________________ and ________________
America
c. Production is undergoing changes as more consumers demand
____________ ______________ coffee and more producers seek
____________ ______________ certification
d. “Retailers who are Fair Traders return up to _____ percent of the retail price
of an item to the producer.”
3. Dozens of commodities and products from ___________, ______________,
fresh cut flowers, and _________________________ to soccer balls can be
certified fair trade.
4. Compared to coffee, tea is consumed in ___________________
___________________ where it is grown, whereas coffee is not often consumed
where it is grown.
Commercial Livestock, Fruit, and Grain Agriculture
1. Largest areas of commercial agriculture lie
____________________________________________________________.
2. Dairying:
a. Northeastern _________________________
b. Northwestern ________________________
3. Fruit, Truck, and Specialized crops:
a. Eastern and Southeastern __________________________
4. Mixed livestock and crop farming:
a. Eastern ________________________
b. Western ______________________
c. Western ________________________
d. Uruguay, Brazil, South Africa
5. Commercial grain farming:
a. Southern prairies of ___________________
b. Dakotas and Montana, Nebraska and Kansas
c. Ukraine ________________ ____________________
6. Livestock Ranching: The raising of _______________________ animals for the
production of ___________________ and by-products, such as
__________________ and ____________.
Subsistence Agriculture
1. Three types:
a.
b.
c.
Mediterranean Agriculture
1. Mediterranean Agriculture: this kind of specialized farming occurs only in areas
where the ______________ ______________________ Mediterranean
climate prevails.
2. Products such as: grapes, __________________, _________________ fruits,
figs, certain vegetables, _____________, and wines
3. Mediterranean products tend to be ___________________ and command
_______________ ____________________.
Illegal Drugs
1. High demand in the _______________.
a. Periphery farmers often grow poppy, coca, or marijuana instead of standard
food crops.
2. Steady increase through ____________ and ______________
Environmental Impacts of Commercial Agriculture
1. The growing demand for __________________________________________
foods and ________________________________ technologies are leading to
_________________________ in many regions of the world.
2. The industrialization and commercialization of agriculture has accelerated
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_________________________________. (land clearing in the Mediterranean)
3. Soil erosion, changes in organic content, fertilizers and pesticides, livestock in arid
climates
Agribusiness and the Changing Geography of Agriculture
1. Agribusiness: the _____________________ that provide a vast array of goods and
services to support the
__________________________________________________.
2. Connects _____________ _____________
3. Fosters _____________________ _____________________ of agricultural
activities
4. Agribusiness is shaping the world distribution of _________________________
___________________________ ____________________ and their
relationship to ____________________________ agriculture
a. Communist governments like Maoist China have tried to control agricultural
output by creating ______________________ ____________ and
__________________________ ____________________
Loss of Productive Farmland
1. As cities expand outwards, they convert agricultural land into ___________________
2. Housing and retail developments are taking valuable farmland.