PART IV
RIGHTS & THE BASIS OF LIBERTY
RIGHTS & THE BASIS OF SOCIETY
• Rights
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Questions
Rights
The Purpose of Rights
The Natural Rights
Artificial Rights
Rights in Society
Rights against the Government
• The State of Nature
• The State
• Purpose
• Real?
RIGHTS & THE BASIS OF SOCIETY
• The Basis of Political Authority
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Authority
The Basis of Authority
The Legitimate Uses of Authority
Obedience
Purpose of the State
THOMAS HOBBES: PHYSICS &POLITICS
• View of Politics
• Experience
• Conclusions Drawn from Experience
• Method
• The State of Nature
• State of Nature
• Egoism
THE STATE OF MEN WITHOUT
CIVIL SOCIETY
• Thomas Hobbes
• Hobbes’ Purpose
• Faculties of Human Nature
• Purpose
• Society & Coming Together
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Other Thinkers
Why Men Come Together
Why Men Meet
Contracting for Society
Motivation to Form Society
Dominion
THE STATE OF MEN WITHOUT
CIVIL SOCIETY
• Society, Equality & Fear
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The Origin of All Great & Lasting Societies
Equality
Will to Hurt
Combat of Wits
Most Common Cause of the Desire to Hurt
• The Right to All Things
• The Foundation of Natural Right
• Right to Means
• Right to All
THE STATE OF MEN WITHOUT
CIVIL SOCIETY
• War of All Against All
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No right at all
War of all against all
Perpetual War
Not the Best
Getting Fellows
Conquering
The Dictate of the Law of Nature
HOBBES’ SOCIAL CONTRACT &
SOVEREIGN
• Natural Laws
• Natural Laws
• The Laws
• The Sovereign
• Social Contract
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The Contract
The Sovereign
Rights & Morality
Reaction
JOHN LOCKE
• Background
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Early years & Education
Public Life
Works
The End
• Locke’s Political Philosophy
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The State
Locke’s Assumptions
Differences From Hobbes State of Nature
The Qualities of Locke’s State of Nature
OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT
JOHN LOCKE
• The State of Nature & Natural Rights
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The State of Nature
Rights to Life, Liberty & Property
Men are God’s Property
Obligation to Preserve Life
• Punishment & Power
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The Right to Punish
Limits of & Justification of Punishment
Further Justification of Punishment
Injury & Reparation
Right of Punishment & Right of Reparation
Right to Kill Murderers
OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT
JOHN LOCKE
• The State of War
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The State of War Defined
Initiating the State of War
The Right to Destroy
Attempts to Enslave
The Right to Kill a Thief
The State of Nature & The State of War
The Right of Self Defense
• Of Property
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Common Property & Appropriation
The Basis of Property
Limits of Property
Gold & Silver
OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT
JOHN LOCKE
• Tyranny
• Tyranny Defined
• Tyranny Occurs When
• Tyranny
OBEDIENCE & DISOBEDIENCE
• Introduction
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Questions
Stanley Milgram’s “Obedience to Authority”
Basis of Obedience
Obedience & Disobedience
Conscience
Specific Situations
SOCRATES & OBEDIENCE
• Social & Political Philosophy
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Distrust of Democracy
Laws
Social Contract Theory
Natural Law Theory
CRITO
• The Issue
• The Issue
• The First Argument: Benefits
• The State Benefited Socrates
• Freedom to Leave
• Disobedience is Unjust on Three Counts
• The Second Argument: Exile
• Socrates could have chosen exile
• The Third Argument
• The Contract Argument
HENRY DAVID THOREAU
• Background
• Life
• Works
• Impact
ON THE DUTY OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
HENRY DAVID THOREAU
• Government
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The Best Government
Government
Less & Better Government
Majority Rule
• Conscience
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Conscience & Law
Military & Police
Office Holders & Others
Heroes
ON THE DUTY OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
HENRY DAVID THOREAU
• Revolution & Submission
• Revolution
• Paley
• Assessment of Paley
• Voting & Goodness
• Goodness & Doing Nothing
• Voting
• Duty & Action
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Duty & Wrongs
Error Supported by Virtue
Opinion & Action
Unjust Laws & Inaction
ON THE DUTY OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
HENRY DAVID THOREAU
• Resisting Injustice
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Punishment
Breaking the Law
Prison
Peaceable Revolution
• Property & Protection
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Property
Money & Virtue
Protection of the State
Taking Property
Confucius
Refusal of Allegiance
ON THE DUTY OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
HENRY DAVID THOREAU
• The State & Prison
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Jail
The State & Force
Taxes
After Prison
• Taxes & Resistance
• Taxes
• People
• Resisting
ON THE DUTY OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
HENRY DAVID THOREAU
• Progress of the State
• Authority
• Progress
• He Imagines a State
LIBERTY
• Introduction
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Questions
Liberty
Positive & Negative Liberty
Who/What Determines Liberty?
Liberty & Security
Other Grounds for Limiting Liberty
BENITO MUSSOLINI
• Background
• Life
WHAT IS FASCISM
MUSSOLINI & GENTILE
• Fascism
• Peace
• Only War
• Life
• Fascism & Other Views
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Marxism & Fascism
Fascism Denies
Democracy & Fascism
Predictions
WHAT IS FASCISM
MUSSOLINI & GENTILE
• Foundation of Fascism
• Fascism
• The Fascist State
• Empire
LIBERTY
J.S. MILL
• Goal & History of Liberty
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Mill’s Goal
Liberty & Rulers
Liberty as Limiting Power
History of Limiting Power of Rulers
• The Tyranny of the People
• The Will of the People
• The Tyranny of the Majority
LIBERTY
J.S. MILL
• Limits. Rules & Principles
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The Limit of Legitimate Interference
The Basis of Rules
No Principle
Mill’s Principle
Rightful Exercise of Power
Limits in Application: Children & Those in Need of Care
Limit in Application: Barbarians
LIBERTY
J.S. MILL
• Utility as the Foundation of Liberty
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Utility
Punishment
Compelling
Accountability
• Sphere of Action & Regions of Liberty
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Sphere of Action
1st Region of Liberty: Inward Domain of consciousness
2nd Region of Liberty: Tastes & Pursuits
3rd Region of Liberty: Liberty of Combination
LIBERTY
J.S. MILL
• Opposition
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Opposes
Ancient Commonwealths
Modern Commonwealths
Tendencies Against Liberty