(Questions from quizzes)
Coulson 14
If a patient has language localized in their left hemisphere, what would happen if
they were given an anesthetic to their right hemisphere?
a. The patient would be able to move their left hand only and have speech
unaffected.
b. The patient would be able to move their right hand only and have speech
unaffected.
c. The patient would not be able to move both hands and speech would be
unaffected.
d. The patient would be able to move their right hand only and have speech
affected.
e. None of the above.
Generally speaking, production of speech is lateralized such that which hemisphere
of the brain is primarily involved in it?
a. Left
b. Right
c. Language is weakly lateralized/not lateralized at all such that both
hemispheres are equally involved.
d. Anterior
e. Posterior
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Wernicke's aphasia?
a. Halting speech
b. Difficulty in comprehension
c. Reduced vocabulary
d. Unawareness of garbled speech
True or False: Those who suffer from Broca's Aphasia always have complete loss of
ability to articulate ideas.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is true of lateralization of language in humans?
a. All right handed people have speech centers in the left hemisphere.
b. All left handed people have speech centers in the left hemisphere.
c. Most right handed people have speech centers in the left brain, and most left
handed people have speech centers in the right brain.
d. Most right handed and left handed people have speech centers in the left
hemispheres, but a slightly higher percentage of the left handed have their speech
centers in their right hemispheres than in the right handed.
e. Most right handed and left handed people have speech centers in the left
hemisphere, but a slightly higher percentage of the right handed have their
speech centers in their left hemispheres than in the left handed.
Broca’s Aphasic patients:
a. Show no comprehension of meaning
b. Speak rapidly with made-up words
c. Are unaware of their condition
d. Mainly rely on nouns and pronouns to express thoughts
e. Exhibit repetitive speech
True or False: The homunculus is a cortical representation of the body, in which the
size of representation correlates with actual body size.
a. True
b. False
Wernicke’s Aphasia is also known as ______ and Broca’s Aphasia is also known
as_______
a. Expressive Aphasia/Receptive Aphasia
b. Receptive Aphasia/Expressive Aphasia
c. Expressive Aphasia/Talkative Aphasia
d. Talkative Aphasia/Receptive Aphasia
e. None of the above.
The structure of fiber bundles that conveys information from one side of the brain to
the other is called:
a. Corpus callosum
b. Broca’s area
c. Brodman’s area
d. Wernicke’s area
e. Central sulcus
Damage to which cortical lobe would be most likely to impair vision?
a. Frontal
b. Pre-frontal
c. Parietal
d. Temporal
e. Occipital
According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, which sort of Aphasia is caused by
damage to the area responsible for comprehending heard words?
a. Wernicke's Aphasia
b. Broca's Aphasia
c. Production Aphasia
d. Conduction Aphasia
e. Wada's Aphasia
The frontal lobe of the brain is often implicated in which of the following functions?
a. Sensation, Spatial Cognition, Attention
b. Audition, Memory, High-Level Vision
c. Motor Control, Language Production, Emotion
d. Language Comprehension, Object Recognition
e. Vision
Damage to the arcuate fasciculus leads to difficulty in the ability to repeat speech,
while the patient is still able to understand and produce speech. The disorder is
known as:
a. Conduction aphasia
b. Broca’s aphasia
c. Broca-Wernicke’s aphasia
d. Wernicke’s aphasia
e. Wada aphasia
Which of the following statements correctly represents the difference between sexes
in incidence of aphasia following traumatic brain injury?
a. Women are more likely to suffer from aphasia after parietal and temporal
lobe damage, while men are more likely to suffer from aphasia after frontal
lobe damage.
b. Women are more likely to suffer from aphasia after occipital lobe damage,
while men are more likely to suffer from aphasia after temporal and parietal
lobe damage.
c. Women are more likely to suffer from aphasia after frontal lobe damage,
while men are more likely to suffer from aphasia after occipital lobe damage.
d. Women are more likely to suffer from aphasia after frontal lobe damage,
while men are more likely to suffer from aphasia after parietal and temporal
lobe damage.
e. Men and women are equally likely to suffer from aphasia after any brain
damage.
Creel 14
What is language-specific refinement?
a. Infants are better at distinguishing between vowels sounds as they get older
compared to consonants.
b. Infants are only able to distinguish between sounds of the first language they
are exposed to; they are able to distinguish between other sounds of different
languages later in life.
c. Infants get better at distinguishing all sounds as they get older.
d. Infants become worse at distinguishing sounds that are not contrastive in
their language, and better at those in their own language.
e. None of the above.
Three-year-old Jenny says "blowed up" instead of the (correct) "blew up." This is an
example of:
a. Categorical perception.
b. Habituation.
c. Over-pronunciation of verbs.
d. Over-regularization of verbs.
e. Narrative confusion.
True or False: Categorical perception refers to the uniquely human innate ability to
discriminate sound categories.
a. True
b. False
True or False: As they get older, monolingual infants get worse at discriminating
sounds that are not contrastive in their native language.
a. True
b. False
True or False: Bilingual children, unlike monolingual children, do not see a narrowing
of their phonemic discrimination ability around the time that they start to speak.
a. True
b. False
When someone encounters ________ , they become used to a particular event and
express relatively little interest toward it.
a. introspection
b. visual acuity
c. habituation
d. primes
e. aphasia
Canadian infants can distinguish German /u/ versus German /y/ at:
a. 4 months
b. 6 months
c. 8 months
d. 10-12 months
To study the word segmentation problem, researchers went to children’s homes to
read them a story book for several consecutive weeks. They were then shown two
lists, one list with words from the story book while the other list had random words.
In the end:
a. Babies attended to words in both lists equally.
b. Babies attended to the random word list more compared with the list of the
story book words.
c. Babies NOT affiliated with the project attended to the random word list more
than the story book word list.
d. Babies attended to words in the story book list more than the random word
list.
e. C and D
True or False: Children's inability to produce a sound correctly (e.g. "wif" instead of
"with") reflects not knowing how the sound is actually pronounced in English.
a. True
b. False
Using the high amplitude sucking paradigm, researchers found that babies would
only respond to a 20 ms voice onset time difference if the difference corresponded
to a phoneme boundary. A 20 ms VOT difference that didn’t span a phoneme
boundary was not perceived. Eimas argued that this was evidence that:
a. Human babies are not born with innate phonetic feature detectors.
b. Our auditory system is particularly adapted to detect phonemic contrasts
found in human speech.
c. Infants are not sensitive to very subtle (20 ms) VOT differences.
d. Listeners are much worse at discriminating between categories than within
categories.
e. None of the above.
In lecture, Dr. Creel showed a video with a three year old describing the Star Wars
narrative as an example of how children tend to speak. Which of the following was
NOT a point she was trying to make about the three year old to illustrate how
children tend to speak?
a. She uses overregularized verb forms.
b. She uses social phrases.
c. She uses new words for new concepts.
d. She distorts aspects of the story line.
e. She has good narrative skills
When looking at the Segmentation Problem, hypotheses have been shown that
babies utilize which of the following to aid in segmenting words?
A. Pre-existing innate biases
B. Statistical leraning
C. Strong/weak emphasis on syllables
D. A and C
E. All of the above
Using Head-turn- preference procedure, Juscyk & Hohne found the result that:
a. 8-month olds remember some words they’ve heard, but only if they have an
idea of what it means.
b. 8-month olds do not remember any words they’ve heard
c. 8-month olds remember all words that they’ve heard, even if they don’t
know what they mean
d. 8-month olds remember some words that they’ve heard, even if they don’t
know what they mean
e. 8-month olds will remember all words that they know the meaning of.
Transitional probability, in Professor Creel’s lecture, was suggested to be important as
a clue for
a. Word boundaries
b. Speaker’s excitement
c. Phoneme recognition
d. Specific vowels
e. Predicting words
Kirsh 14
Who is most likely to perform marking?
a. Ballet dancer
b. Cellist
c. Irish river dancer
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
In which of the following assessment categories did practicing full-out produce the
best results in?
a. Memory
b. Technicality
c. Timing
d. Dynamics
e. Reactivity
Dr. Kirsh showed a video of two people making their fingers dance to music. Which of
the following was he trying to illustrate?
a. Marking
b. Purely mental simulation
c. Riffing
d. Leakage
e. Digital computation
What is the phenomenon of “marking” in dance?
a. Practicing movements with reduced energy.
b. Marking off your designated space in the dance floor.
c. A method of practicing a dance move by focusing on a specific aspect.
d. Both A and C
e. None of the above.
What is the evidence suggesting that external structure helps thinking and
performance?
a. Weak visualizers spend more time to play a tic tac toe game than strong
visualizers
b. Weak visualizers take longer to play a tic tac toe game when they are asked to
play the game with a pen on paper than via the internet
c. Weak visualizers spend less time to play a tic tac toe game when they are
allowed to look at a table drawing on paper than nothing on paper.
d. The benefits of perception decrease as the complexity of the thing to be
imagined decreases.
e. None of the above.
Which of the following is NOT a factor in judging performances of dancers when
looking at effectiveness of marking?
a. Dynamics
b. Memory
c. Choreography
d. Technicality
e. Timing
True or False: While embodied cognition mainly utilized environmental factors,
distributed cognition occurs mainly in the brain.
a. True
b. False
What were the results of Kirsh' projection experiment?
a. In the 3x3, projection subjects performed worse than the imagination group,
but did better than the imagination group in the 4x4 trial.
b. Projection subjects performed better in both trials compared to the
imagination group
c. Projection subjects performed worse in both trials compared to the
imagination group
d. In the 4x4, projection subjects performed worse than the imagination group,
but did better than the imagination group in the 3x3 trial.
e. Projection subjects shown an 'X' and 'O' unanimously performed better.
The following are attributes that apply to the phenomenon of marking in dance:
a. Dancers use it as a technique to not fully go all out and risk injury during
practice.
b. Dancers represent a full dance phrase with less effort and detail in motion
c. Marking is less physically expressive than mental simulation.
d. A and B
e. All of the above
Which of the following is considered a possible explanation for the continued use of
multiple modalities in embodied cognitive processes such as the dancing discussed
by Dr. Kirsh?
a. Using multiple modalities helps foster creativity in the activity.
b. One modality may include information on aspects the other cannot.
c. “Leakage” prevents practice in only one modality.
d. A and B
e. None of the above.
In the phenomenology of projection, perception is ____ while imagination _____.
a. the interpretation of an object in our mind; is the knowledge that an object
really exists
b. the feeling that we are one with the object; is the knowledge that an object
really exists
c. seeing an object that really exists; of an object is the feeling that we are the
sole cause of the experience
d. a way of anchoring and object to a target; of an object is the feeling that we
are the sole cause of the experience
e. None of the above.
Mirror Neuron systems are a key aspect of human cognitive ability. These systems
perform what function within the brain?
a. Activate while observing others performing a task in the same pattern as if
the observer was performing the task, with the exception of motor area
activation.
b. Cue the brain via motor area activation to imitate observed actions in order
to practice motor sequences.
c. Aid in memory of complex motor sequences by encoding mirrored versions of
the sequence, helping to reproduce the sequence in many different orientations.
d. Create spatial maps of visual imagery across a plane of symmetry to help
navigate the environment.
e. Synthesize different modalities for increased creativity.
In Dr. Kirsh’s study of the effectiveness of marking compared to full practice and
mental simulation among dancers, he collected data from dancers. Which of the
following was NOT a performance measure in this study?
a. Technicality
b. Memory
c. Dynamics
d. Timing
e. Leakage
In Dr. Kirsh’s study of the effectiveness of marking, full practice, and mental
simulation among dancers, which of the following did he find?
a. Marking, full practice, and mental simulation were equally effective.
b. Marking and full practice were equally effective, but mental simulation was
not as effective.
c. Mental simulation and full practice were equally effective, but marking was
not effective at all.
d. Full practice was most effective, followed by marking, and then mental
simulation.
e. Marking was most effective, followed by full practice, and then mental
simulation.
Elman 14
Which of the following is not a primitive form of communication?
a. Kanzi the chimpanzee following cooking commands
b.
c.
d.
e.
Vervet alarm calls
Bee dance
Protective coloration in butterflies
None of the above
Which of the following is true?
a. There is neither a language gene nor a language organ
b. There is a language organ in Broca's area
c. There is a language gene controlling voluntary localiztion
d. FOXp2 is a language gene
e. There is no language gene, but there is a language organ in Broca's area
Kanzi the bonobo can do all but which of the following:
a. Understanding simple English words
b. Point to lexigrams corresponding to spoken words
c. Vocalize simple English words for communication
d. Comprehend simple syntax in English
Enculturation refers to:
a. Controlled growth of bacteria in a petri dish
b. Being raised in a certain cultural environment and learning about accepted
behavior in that environment
c. Integration of cultural values from multiple independently developed cultures
d. Language learning in the context of a foreign culture
The McGurk effect is an illusion which demonstrates that:
a. Sensory, visual modalities, and our brains our integrative.
b. Brains are very malleable and can accommodate for damage.
c. The FOXP2 accounts for language deficiencies
d. A and B
e. None of the above
Which of the following evidence suggests that the idea of language organ in the brain
could not be right?
a. A 45 yrs. old Broca’s aphasia patients have troubles articulation.
b. Animals do also use languages like human.
c. A 6 month old baby with his left hemisphere lesion does not show language
disability when he is an adult.
d. A primate, such as Kanzi, that was trained by humans is capable of
understanding human language.
e. Words and vocabulary are organized as category of concepts.
The scanning project of Leborgne’s brain found different degrees of superior
longitudinal fasciculus deformity in the left hemispheres. What would this finding
suggest?
a. There is no distinct language organ in the brain.
b. Broca area has nothing to do with language processing.
c. Language isn’t solely reliant on one specific area, but connective area of the
brain also plays a role for language processing.
d. The “language centers” of the brain is not Broca’s or Wernicke’s, but is
actually the superior longitudinal fasciculus.
e. A and C
Members of the KE family have damage to which gene that caused defects in their
ability to produce language and various other deficits.
a. FOXp2
b. Drosophila
c. MKQp2
d. There is no known gene that plays a role in language production.
e. None of the above
The lecture mentioned a family that had speech impairments. After genetic testing,
the researchers found that the FOXP2 gene accounted for their deficits. This was an
important finding in language research because
a. This showed there was a clear gene for language.
b. The gene was responsible for the motor output and controlling muscles to
produce language, indicating that there is a “team” of cells and connections to
produce language and not just a gene or a language “area” responsible.
c. The finding showed that humans are the only animals with language
capability
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
True or False: The basal ganglia in the brain accounts for motor movements as well
aspects of sequential behavior.
a. True
b. False
According to Dr. Elman, no nonhuman animal knows more than:
a. 20 words
b. 100 words
c. 120 words
d. 150 words
e. 250 words
The FOXp2 gene has its effect on enabling language via:
a. Allowing rapid and complex movements required for controlled vocalization.
b. Promoting brain development in Broca’s area and other language centers.
c. Creating connections in the brain vital to developing a wide, associative
vocabulary of words.
d. Permitting the high-level formation and consolidation of memories required
for remembering a lexicon consisting of thousands of words.
e. Encouraging joint attention and other behaviors associated with normal
speech development in early years.
Kanzi (the bonobo seen in the video in class) was able to follow verbal cues and help
her handler to cook. Dogs are also known to follow verbal cues in many instances.
According to what we discussed in class, how would these animals respond if told to
do the opposite of their routine actions?
a. Kanzi would respond by performing the correct (opposite) action, while a dog
would perform the incorrect (routine) action.
b. Kanzi would respond by performing the incorrect (routine) action, while a dog
would perform the correct (opposite) action.
c. Both Kanzi and a dog would perform the correct (opposite) action.
d. Both Kanzi and a dog would perform the incorrect (routine) action.
e. The animals will respond different to the opposite cues each time.
Humans’ ability to produce language is thanks to our superior and unique ability to:
a. Imitate others’ actions
b. Control our respiration
c. Remember a vast amount of information
d. Process auditory stimuli at a high level
e. None of the above; the emergent property of language came from a
combination of these factors
Boyle 14
What properties contribute to movement of ions across a cell membrane?
a. Diffusion of concentration.
b. Selectively permeable ion channels.
c. The electrical field.
d. The magnetic field.
e. A, B, and C
What is the function of myelin?
a. Faster conductance of electrical signals along the axon.
b. Slower conductance of electrical signals along the dendrites.
c. No conductance of electrical signals along the axon.
d. Shortening of the axon.
e. Elongation of the axon
According to the theory of dynamic polarization, the firing of an action potential
usually propagates down the axon in one direction; however, it has been shown that
there may be local areas of bidirectional movement.
a. True
b. False
If two electrodes are both placed just outside the membrane of a resting neuron,
what will be the potential difference will be measured?
a. 0
b. -70 mV
c. +70 mV
d. -65 mV
e. +50 mV
Action potentials begin by the:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Opening of sodium channels
Closing of chloride channels
Closing of potassium channels
Opening of potassium channels
Closing of calcium channels
What are the two forces that allow for action potentials to occur?
a. Concentration gradient and electrostatic pressure
b. Concentration gradient and driving force
c. Driving force and electrostatic pressure
d. Normal force and electrostatic pressure
e. Normal force and concentration gradient
How many sodium and potassium ions are pumped across the membrane by the
sodium potassium pump described in class, and in what direction?
a. Three sodium out, two potassium in
b. Three sodium in, two potassium out
c. Two sodium in, three potassium out
d. Two sodium out, three potassium in
e. Depends on the individual sodium-potassium pump
Which component of the cell integrates all inputs to it decides whether or not the
cell will communicate?
a. Cell body
b. Synapses
c. Axon
d. Nucleus
e. Terminal button
Which of the following is INCORRECT about the membrane potential?
a. The resting membrane for most neurons is approximately -70 mV.
b. The extracellular membrane has a higher concentration of sodium compared
with the intercellular space.
c. The extracellular membrane has a higher concentration of potassium
compared with the intercellular space.
d. The membrane potential must pass a certain threshold in order to fire an
action potential.
e. The voltage gated sodium channel opens when the potential surpasses the
firing threshold.
Santiago Ramon y Cajal is famous for which of the following:
a. Psychoanalysis
b. Discovering that babies understand language
c. Discovering Broca’s area
d. Describing organization and function of neurons the cortex using Golgi
staining
e. His extensive work in muscle movement
Which of the following set of conditions is correct for a human neuron?
a. 10x greater Na+ outside, 20x greater K+ inside; -70 mV potential difference
b. 10x greater K+ outside, 20x greater Na+ inside; -70 mV potential difference
c. 20x greater Na+ outside, 10x greater K+ inside; -70 mV potential difference
d. 20x greater K+ outside, 20x greater Na+ inside; -70 mV potential difference
e. 10x greater Na+ outside, 20x greater K+ inside; -55 mV potential difference
True or False: Ligand-gated channel proteins are activated by ions such as Na+ and Cl-.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is INCORRECT about saltatory conduction?
a. The axon allows the long-distance firing of action potentials via myelin
sheaths.
b. Nodes of Ranvier are gaps between myelin sheaths where the action
potential may regenerate.
c. Myelin sheaths both protect the axon and allows for electrical insulation.
d. Saltatory conduction is the leaping of the action potential via myelin sheaths
to increase productivity and conduction velocity.
e. All are true.
What are the three functional units of the neuron listed in the order of the direction
of most common electoral flow?
a. Cell Body (Soma), Axon, Dendrites
b. Synapse, Action Potential, Cell Body (Soma)
c. Dendrites, Cell Body (Soma), Axon
d. Axon, Cell Body (Soma), Dendrites