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SPRING 2013 COGS 1 Midterm1 – Form B
1. Generally speaking, production of speech is lateralized such that which
hemisphere of the brain is primarily involved in it?
a. Left
b. Right
c. Language is weakly lateralized/not lateralized at all such that both
hemispheres are equally involved.
d. Anterior
e. Posterior
2. Which of the following is not a common form of ion channels in neurons?
a. Passive/leak channel
b. Voltage gated
c. Chemical gated
d. Ligand gated
e. c and d
3. The structure of fiber bundles that conveys information from one side of the brain
to the other is called:
a. Corpus callosum
b. Broca’s area
c. Brodman’s area
d. Wernicke’s area
e. Central sulcus
4. Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Wernicke's aphasia?
a. Halting speech
b. Difficulty in comprehension
c. Reduced vocabulary
d. Unawareness of garbled speech
5. What is language-specific refinement?
a. Infants are better at distinguishing between vowels sounds as they get older
compared to consonants.
b. Infants are only able to distinguish between sounds of the first language they
are exposed to; they are able to distinguish between other sounds of different
languages later in life.
c. Infants get better at distinguishing all human language sounds as they get
older.
d. Infants become worse at distinguishing sounds that are not contrastive in
their language, and better at those in their own language.
e. None of the above.
6. Who is most likely to perform marking?
a. Ballet dancer
b. Cellist
c. Irish river dancer
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
7. How many sodium and potassium ions are pumped across the membrane by the
sodium potassium pump described in class, and in what direction?
a. Three sodium out, two potassium in
b. Three sodium in, two potassium out
c. Two sodium in, three potassium out
d. Two sodium out, three potassium in
e. Depends on the individual sodium-potassium pump
8. If a patient has language localized in their left hemisphere, what would happen if
they were given an anesthetic to their right hemisphere?
a. The patient would be able to move their left hand only and have speech
unaffected.
b. The patient would be able to move their right hand only and have speech
unaffected.
c. The patient would not be able to move both hands and speech would be
unaffected.
d. The patient would be able to move their right hand only and have speech
affected.
e. None of the above.
9. When a neuron’s membrane potential increases (becomes less negative), it is
known as:
a. Hyperpolarization
b. Depolarization
c. Downregulation
d. Myelination
e. Quantification
10. Which of the following is true of lateralization of language in humans?
a. All right handed people have speech centers in the left hemisphere.
b. All left handed people have speech centers in the left hemisphere.
c. Most right-handed people have speech centers in the left brain, and most left
handed people have speech centers in the right brain.
d. Most right handed and left handed people have speech centers in the left
hemispheres, but a slightly higher percentage of the left handed have their
speech centers in the right hemisphere than right handed people.
e. Most right handed and left handed people have speech centers in the left
hemisphere, but a slightly higher percentage of the right handed have their
speech centers in the right hemisphere than left handed people.
11. At rest, a neuron has a higher concentration of _______ ions on the ________of
the neuron than on the ________of the neuron.
a. Chloride; inside; outside
b. Sodium; outside; inside
c. Potassium; outside; inside
d. Protein; outside; inside
e. Calcium; outside; inside
12. True or False: The homunculus is a cortical representation of the body, in which
the size of representation corresponds to actual body size.
a. True
b. False
13. Which of the following statements correctly represents the difference between
sexes in incidence of aphasia following traumatic brain injury?
a. Women are more likely to suffer from aphasia after parietal and temporal
lobe damage, while men are more likely to suffer from aphasia after frontal lobe
damage.
b. Women are more likely to suffer from aphasia after occipital lobe damage,
while men are more likely to suffer from aphasia after temporal and parietal lobe
damage.
c. Women are more likely to suffer from aphasia after frontal lobe damage,
while men are more likely to suffer from aphasia after occipital lobe damage.
d. Women are more likely to suffer from aphasia after frontal lobe damage,
while men are more likely to suffer from aphasia after parietal and temporal lobe
damage.
e. Men and women are equally likely to suffer from aphasia after any brain
damage.
14. In which of the following assessment categories did practicing full-out produce
the best results in?
a. Memory
b. Technicality
c. Timing
d. Dynamics
e. Reactivity
15. In lecture, Dr. Creel showed a video with a three year old describing the Star
Wars narrative as an example of how children tend to speak. Which of the following
was NOT a point she was trying to make about the three year old to illustrate how
children tend to speak?
a. She uses overregularized verb forms.
b. She uses social phrases.
c. She uses new words for new concepts.
d. She sysematically distorts aspects of the story line.
e. She has good narrative skills
16. Action potentials begin by the:
a. Opening of sodium channels
b. Closing of chloride channels
c. Closing of potassium channels
d. Opening of potassium channels
e. Closing of calcium channels
17. Using the high amplitude sucking paradigm, researchers found that babies would
only respond to a 20 ms voice onset time difference if the difference corresponded
to a phoneme boundary. A 20 ms VOT difference that didn’t span a phoneme
boundary was not perceived. Eimas argued that this was evidence that:
a. Human babies are not born with innate phonetic feature detectors.
b. Our auditory system is particularly adapted to detect phonemic contrasts
found in human speech.
c. Infants are not sensitive to very subtle (20 ms) VOT differences.
d. Listeners are much worse at discriminating between categories than within
categories.
e. None of the above.
18. What is the function of myelin?
a. Faster conductance of electrical signals along the axon.
b. Slower conductance of electrical signals along the dendrites.
c. Shortening of the axon.
d. Elongation of the axon.
e. None of the above.
19. To study the word segmentation problem, researchers went to children’s homes
to read them a story book for several consecutive weeks. They were then shown two
lists, one list with words from the story book while the other list had random words.
In the end:
a. Babies attended to words in both lists equally.
b. Babies attended to the random word list more compared with the list of the
story book words.
c. Babies in the control group attended to the random word list more than the
story book word list.
d. Babies attended to words in the story book list more than the random word
list.
e. c and d
20. Damage to the arcuate fasciculus leads to difficulty in the ability to repeat
speech, while the patient is still able to understand and produce speech. The
disorder is known as:
a. Conduction aphasia
b. Broca’s aphasia
c. Broca-Wernicke’s aphasia
d. Wernicke’s aphasia
e. Wada aphasia
21. According to Polka & Werker(1994), Canadian infants can distinguish German /u/
versus German /y/ at:
a. 4 months
b. 6 months
c. 8 months
d. 10-12 months
22. Using Head-turn- preference procedure, Juscyk & Hohne found the result that:
a. 8-month olds remember some words they’ve heard, but only if they have an
idea of what they mean.
b. 8-month olds do not remember any words they’ve heard
c. 8-month olds remember all words that they’ve heard, even if they don’t know
what they mean
d. 8-month olds remember some words that they’ve heard, even if they don’t
know what they mean
e. None of the above
23. Which of the following correctly describes the chemical and electrical gradient
directions for each ion?
a. Na+: chemical in, electrical in; K+: chemical out, electrical in; Cl-: chemical in,
electrical out
b. Na+: chemical out, electrical in; K+: chemical in, electrical in; Cl-: chemical
out, electrical out
c. Na+: chemical out, electrical out; K+: chemical in, electrical in; Cl-: chemical
out, electrical out
d. Na+: chemical in, electrical out; K+: chemical in, electrical out; Cl-: chemical
out, electrical in
e. Na+: chemical out, electrical in; K+: chemical out, electrical out; Cl-: chemical
in, electrical in
24. When looking at the Segmentation Problem, hypotheses have been shown that
babies utilize which of the following to aid segmentation of words?
a. Pre-existing innate biases.
b. Statistical learning.
c. Strong/weak emphasis on syllables.
d. a and c
e. All of the above.
25. True or False: As they get older, monolingual infants get worse at discriminating
sounds that are not contrastive in their native language.
a. True
b. False
26. True or False: Young children's inability to produce a sound correctly (e.g. "wif"
instead of "with") does not necessarily imply their ignorance about how the sound
normally sounds like in English.
a. True
b. False
27. True or False: Categorical perception refers to the uniquely human innate ability
to discriminate sound categories.
a. True
b. False
28. Damage to which cortical lobe would be most likely to impair vision?
a. Frontal
b. Pre-frontal
c. Parietal
d. Temporal
e. Occipital
29. Transitional probability, in Professor Creel’s lecture, was suggested to be
important as a clue for
a. Word boundaries
b. Speaker’s excitement
c. Phoneme recognition
d. Specific vowels
e. Predicting words
30. What were the results of Kirsh' projection experiment?
a. In the 3x3, projection subjects performed worse than the imagination group,
but did better than the imagination group in the 4x4 trial.
b. Projection subjects performed better in both trials compared to the
imagination group
c. Projection subjects performed worse in both trials compared to the
imagination group
d. In the 4x4, projection subjects performed worse than the imagination group,
but did better than the imagination group in the 3x3 trial.
e. Projection subjects shown an 'X' and 'O' unanimously performed better.
31. Dr. Kirsh showed a video of two people making their fingers dance to music.
Which of the following was he trying to illustrate?
a. Marking
b. Purely mental simulation
c. Riffing
d. Leakage
e. Digital computation
32. Which of the following cannot be considered a primitive form of communication?
a. Kanzi the chimpanzee following cooking commands
b. Vervet alarm calls
c. Bee dance
d. Protective coloration in butterflies
e. None of the above
33. True or False: Those who suffer from Broca's Aphasia have greater difficulty
recalling nouns than function words.
a. True
b. False
34. What is the evidence suggesting that external structure helps thinking and
performance?
a. Weak visualizers require less time to play a tic tac toe game than strong
visualizers
b. Weak visualizers take longer to play a tic tac toe game when they are asked to
play the game with a pen on paper than via the internet
c. Weak visualizers spend less time to play a tic tac toe game when they are
allowed to look at a table drawing on paper than nothing on paper.
d. The benefits of perception decrease as the complexity of the thing to be
imagined decreases.
e. None of the above.
35. In the phenomenology of projection, perception is ____ while imagination
_____.
a. the interpretation of an object in our mind; is the knowledge that an object
really exists
b. the feeling that we are one with the object; is the knowledge that an object
really exists
c. seeing an object that really exists; of an object is the feeling that we are the
sole cause of the experience
d. a way of anchoring and object to a target; of an object is the feeling that we
are the sole cause of the experience
e. None of the above.
36. In Dr. Kirsh’s study of the effectiveness of marking compared to full practice and
mental simulation among dancers, he collected data from dancers. Which of the
following was NOT a performance measure in this study?
a. Technicality
b. Memory
c. Dynamics
d. Timing
e. Leakage
37. According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, which sort of Aphasia is caused by
damage to the area responsible for comprehending heard words?
a. Wernicke's Aphasia
b. Broca's Aphasia
c. Production Aphasia
d. Conduction Aphasia
e. Wada's Aphasia
38. What are the two forces that allow for action potentials to occur?
a. Concentration gradient and electrostatic pressure
b. Concentration gradient and driving force
c. Driving force and electrostatic pressure
d. Normal force and electrostatic pressure
e. Normal force and concentration gradient
39. The following are attributes that apply to the phenomenon of marking in dance:
a. Dancers use it as a technique to not fully go all out and risk injury during
practice.
b. Dancers represent a full dance phrase with less effort and detail in motion
c. Marking is less physically expressive than mental simulation.
d. a and b
e. All of the above
40. True or False: While embodied cognition mainly utilized environmental factors,
distributed cognition occurs mainly in the brain.
a. True
b. False
41. Kanzi the bonobo can do all but which of the following:
a. Understanding simple English words
b. Point to lexigrams corresponding to spoken words
c. Vocalize simple English words for communication
d. Comprehend simple syntax in English
42. In Dr. Kirsh’s study of the effectiveness of marking, full practice, and mental
simulation among dancers, which of the following did he find?
a. Marking, full practice, and mental simulation were equally effective.
b. Marking and full practice were equally effective, but mental simulation was
not as effective.
c. Mental simulation and full practice were equally effective, but marking was
not effective at all.
d. Full practice was most effective, followed by marking, and then mental
simulation.
e. Marking was most effective, followed by full practice, and then mental
simulation.
43. Members of the KE family have damage to which gene that caused defects in
their ability to produce language and various other deficits.
a. FOXp2
b. Drosophila
c. MKQp2
d. There is no known gene that plays a role in language production.
e. None of the above
44. The McGurk effect is an illusion which demonstrates that:
a. The brain readily integrates multiple sensory modalities to perceive the
external environment.
b. Brains are very malleable and can accommodate for damage.
c. The FOXP2 accounts for language deficiencies
d. a and b
e. None of the above
45. According to the theory of dynamic polarization, the firing of an action potential
usually propagates down the axon in one direction; however, it has been shown that
there may be local areas of bidirectional movement.
a. True
b. False
46. Which of the following evidence suggests that the idea of language organ in the
brain could not be right?
a. A 45 yrs. old Broca’s aphasia patients have troubles articulation.
b. Animals also use languages like human.
c. A 6 month old baby with his left hemisphere lesion does not show language
disability when he is an adult.
d. A primate that was trained by humans, such as Kanzi, is capable of
understanding human language.
e. Words and vocabulary are organized as categories of concepts.
47. True or False: The basal ganglia in the brain accounts for motor movements as
well aspects of sequential behavior.
a. True
b. False
48. The FOXp2 gene has its effect on enabling language via:
a. Allowing rapid and complex movements required for controlled vocalization.
b. Promoting brain development in Broca’s area and other language centers.
c. Creating connections in the brain vital to developing a wide, associative
vocabulary of words.
d. Permitting the high-level formation and consolidation of memories required
for remembering a lexicon consisting of thousands of words.
e. Encouraging joint attention and other behaviors associated with normal
speech development in early years.
49. The scanning project of Leborgne’s brain found different degrees of superior
longitudinal fasciculus deformity in the left hemispheres. What would this finding
suggest?
a. There is no distinct language organ in the brain.
b. Broca area has nothing to do with language processing.
c. Language isn’t solely reliant on one specific area, but connective area of the
brain also plays a role for language processing.
d. The “language centers” of the brain is not Broca’s or Wernicke’s, but is
actually the superior longitudinal fasciculus.
e. a and c
50. The lecture mentioned a family that had speech impairments. After genetic
testing, the researchers found that the FOXP2 gene accounted for their deficits. This
was an important finding in language research because
a. This showed there was a clear gene for language.
b. The gene was responsible for the motor output and controlling muscles to
produce language, indicating that there is a “team” of cells and connections to
produce language and not just a gene or a language “area” responsible.
c. The finding showed that humans are the only animals with language
capability
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
51. We say someone is exhibiting ________ when he/she becomes used to a
particular event or object and expresses relatively little interest toward it.
a. introspection
b. visual acuity
c. habituation
d. primes
e. aphasia
52. Mirror Neuron systems are a key aspect of human cognitive ability. These systems
perform what function within the brain?
a. Activate while observing others performing a task in the same pattern as if
the observer was performing the task, with the exception of motor area
activation.
b. Cue the brain via motor area activation to imitate observed actions in order
to practice motor sequences.
c. Aid in memory of complex motor sequences by encoding mirrored versions of
the sequence, helping to reproduce the sequence in many different orientations.
d. Create spatial maps of visual imagery across a plane of symmetry to help
navigate the environment.
e. Synthesize different modalities for increased creativity.
53. Santiago Ramon y Cajal is famous for which of the following:
a. Psychoanalysis
b. Discovering that babies understand language
c. Discovering the Corpus Callosum
d. Describing the anatomy of neurons in the cortex using Golgi staining
e. His extensive work in muscle movement
54. Which of the following is considered a possible explanation for the continued use
of multiple modalities in embodied cognitive processes such as the dancing
discussed by Dr. Kirsh?
a. Using multiple modalities helps foster creativity in the activity.
b. One modality may include information on aspects another modality cannot.
c. “Leakage” prevents practice in only one modality.
d. a and b
e. All of the above.
55. Humans’ ability to produce language is thanks to our superior and unique ability
to:
a. Imitate others’ actions
b. Control our respiration
c. Remember a vast amount of information
d. Enhanced ability to process auditory stimuli
e. All of the above
56. Enculturation refers to:
a. Controlled growth of bacteria in a petri dish
b. Being raised in a certain cultural environment and learning about accepted
behavior in that environment
c. Integration of cultural values from multiple independently developed cultures
d. Language learning in the context of a foreign culture
57. What properties contribute to movement of ions across a cell membrane?
a. Diffusion.
b. Selectively permeability.
c. Electrostatic pressure
d. Kinetic energy
e. a, b, and c
58. Which of the following is INCORRECT about the membrane potential?
a. The resting membrane for most neurons is approximately -70 mV.
b. The extracellular membrane has a higher concentration of sodium compared
with the intercellular space.
c. The extracellular membrane has a higher concentration of potassium
compared with the intercellular space.
d. The membrane potential must pass a certain threshold in order to fire an
action potential.
e. The voltage gated sodium channel are more likely to open when the cell’s
membrane potential is higher.
59. Three-year-old Jenny says "blowed up" instead of the (correct) "blew up." This is
an example of:
a. Categorical perception.
b. Habituation.
c. Over-pronunciation of verbs.
d. Over-regularization of verbs.
e. Narrative confusion.
60. According to Dr. Elman, no nonhuman animal knows more than:
a. 20 words
b. 100 words
c. 120 words
d. 150 words
e. 250 words
61. What are the three functional units of the neuron listed in the order of the
direction of most common electrical flow?
a. Cell Body (Soma), Axon, Dendrites
b. Synapse, Action Potential, Cell Body (Soma)
c. Dendrites, Cell Body (Soma), Axon
d. Axon, Cell Body (Soma), Dendrites
62. Kanzi (the bonobo seen in the video in class) was able to follow verbal cues and
help her handler to cook. Dogs are also known to follow verbal cues in many
instances. According to what we discussed in class, how can these animals be
expected to respond if told to do the opposite of their routine actions?
a. Kanzi would respond by performing the correct (opposite) action, while a dog
would perform the incorrect (routine) action.
b. Kanzi would respond by performing the incorrect (routine) action, while a dog
would perform the correct (opposite) action.
c. Both Kanzi and a dog would perform the correct (opposite) action.
d. Both Kanzi and a dog would perform the incorrect (routine) action.
e. The animals will respond different to the opposite cues each time.
63. Which of the following set of conditions is correct for a human neuron?
a. 10x greater Na+ outside, 20x greater K+ inside; -70 mV potential difference
b. 10x greater K+ outside, 20x greater Na+ inside; -70 mV potential difference
c. 20x greater Na+ outside, 10x greater K+ inside; -55 mV potential difference
d. 20x greater K+ outside, 20x greater Na+ inside; -85 mV potential difference
e. 10x greater Na+ outside, 20x greater K+ inside; -55 mV potential difference
64. Early researcher Santiago Ramon y Cajal is considered one of the most important
neuroscientists ever for which of these contributions to the field?
a. Developing the method for production of sharp, strong electrodes for
accurate measurement of neuronal potentials.
b. Creating a theory of mind that helped scientists understand the way the
human mind could process abstract thought about other individuals.
c. Discovering and labeling areas of the brain defined by their different
anatomical characteristics using a variety of stains.
d. Measuring the voltage difference across neuron cell membranes as -70mV.
e. Researching and proposing the neuron as the fundamental unit of the brain,
and implicating their connectivity, specificity and synaptic connections as crucial
to function.
65. The concept of a refractory period refers to:
a. The period when the sodium gate remain closed after an action potential.
b. The duration in which an action potential travels from sensory neurons to the
brain.
c. The period when excess potassium diffuses to reset the membrane potential
d. The period when the pressures between the extracellular and intracellular
membranes are positively balanced.
e. The specific time when an action potential surpasses the firing threshold to
release an action potential.
66. What is the phenomenon of “marking” in dance?
a. Practicing movements with reduced energy.
b. Marking off your designated space in the dance floor.
c. A method of practicing a dance move by focusing on a specific aspect.
d. a and c
e. None of the above.
67. True or False: Ligand-gated channels are activated by ions such as Na+ and Cl-.
a. True
b. False
68. Wernicke’s Aphasia is also known as ______ and Broca’s Aphasia is also known
as_______
a. Expressive Aphasia/Receptive Aphasia
b. Receptive Aphasia/Expressive Aphasia
c. Expressive Aphasia/Talkative Aphasia
d. Talkative Aphasia/Receptive Aphasia
e. None of the above.
69. Broca’s Aphasic patients:
a. Show no comprehension of meaning
b. Speak rapidly with made-up words
c. Are unaware of their condition
d. Mainly rely on nouns and pronouns to express thoughts
e. None of the above
70. Which of the following is INCORRECT about saltatory conduction?
a. Myelin sheath helps the long-distance communication of action potentials
along an axon.
b. Nodes of Ranvier are gaps between myelin sheaths where the action
potential may regenerate.
c. Myelin sheaths both protect the axon and allows for electrical insulation.
d. Saltatory conduction is the leaping of the action potential via myelin sheaths
to increase conduction distance and velocity.
e. All are true.