CHILD CARE & DEVELOPMENT
INFANT STUDY GUIDE CH. 7-10
CH. 7
1. The changes in an infant’s length, weight, and appearance of teeth is referred to as ____?
Skeletal growth p. 205
2. Infants body proportions differ from those of adults, how is their head in comparison to their
length?
One-fourth it’s length compared to one-tenth of it’s height p. 206
3. The use and control over muscles that direct body movement is _____?
Motor development p. 208
4. Learning to use and control large muscles, such as the trunk, arms, and legs, for crawling and
walking is _____?
Gross-motor skills p. 208
5. Learning to use and control small muscles, such as hands, feet, fingers, and toes, eventually to
be used for buttoning and cutting is _____?
Fine-motor skills p. 208
6. Motor development occurs in two directions, what are they _____?
Head to foot and center of body out to extremities p. 208
7. The ability for an infant to move from place to place is _____?
Locomotion p. 211
8. Infants do this by pulling with their arms, keeping their abdomens to the floor ____?
Crawling p. 212
9. Infants do this by using their hands and knees or hands and feet, like a bear crawl _____?
Creeping p. 212
10. When infants walk around while always holding something for support, it is called _____?
Cruising p. 212
CH. 8
11. How people learn, what they learn, and how they express what they know through language,
as well as how infants react to stimuli is _____?
Intellectual development p. 219
12. Sound, light, and other people are this to an infant _____?
Stimuli p. 219
13. Organizing information, such as how things are alike and different, that comes through the
senses is _____?
Perception p. 221
14. At what age can infants tell the difference in the sounds of words such as mama and daddy?
Three months p. 222
15. In what three ways do infant preferences change?
Parts of objects to complete (whole) objects, simple to complex, familiar to new p. 223
CH. 8 CONT.
16. What colors do infants prefer around 3-6 months?
Red and blue p. 224
17. What is the act or process of knowing or understanding that gives meaning to perceptions
called ____?
Cognition p. 226
18. How does psychologist Piaget believe infants learn?
By exploring a stimulating environment p. 226
19. What is the sensorimotor stage?
Piaget’s first stage of mental development where an infant uses senses and motor skills to
learn and communicate p. 226
20. At what age does Piaget believe infants apply all of their learnings to solve problems?
By one year p. 227
21. When infants do what they see others do, it is _____?
Imitating p. 227
22. An idea formed by combining what is known about people, places, objects, qualities, or
events is _____?
Concept p. 227
23. Give an example of object constancy.
A large airplane on the ground is the same small airplane in the sky p. 228
24. Object concept has two parts, what are they?
Object identity and object permanence p. 229
25. What is the difference between object identity and object permanence?
OI – Daddy is same Daddy even though dressed and doing things differently p. 229
OP – Know Mom is in the house without seeing her
26. When infants make sounds, such as ba, da, ga, it is called _____?
Babbling p. 232
27. What is reduplication babbling?
Repeating the same syllable over and over, da, da, da, da… p. 233
28. What is the difference between active vocabulary and passive vocabulary?
AV – words used when talking or writing PV – words understood, but not said p. 233
CH. 9
29. What are the three parts of social-emotional development?
Mood/disposition, learning to interact in social groups, showing feelings through
emotions p. 239
30. The tendency to react in a certain way, such as being happy or fussy, is _____?
Temperament p. 239
31. What is another name for temperament?
Disposition p. 239
32. What are the three characteristic groups of an infant’s temperament?
Easy, slow to warm up, difficult p. 239
33. What three aspects are the focus of an infant’s social development?
Interacting with others, learning to trust, showing attachment p. 241
CH. 9 CONT.
34. What stage of personality development does psychologist Erikson say happens to infants?
Trust vs. mistrust p. 242
35. Name some attachment behaviors.
Trying to stay close, following, clinging, calling, crying, and smiling p. 244
36. Thoughts that lead to feelings are _____?
Emotions p. 245
37. Give an example of infant fear of the unknown.
Strangers, sudden movement, new objects, new sounds p. 247
38. Give an example of infant fear learned from direct experiences.
Soap in eyes, doctor, dogs, etc… p. 247
39. What is the first anxiety of an infant, and at what age does it most often occur?
Separation anxiety between 10 and 12 months p. 247
40. What is the difference between dependence and independence?
D – relying on someone else to meet a need I – want to do something themselves p. 248
41. Infants lack language skills, so how do they express their anger?
In physical ways, such as grabbing, shaking, or hitting p. 248-249
CH. 10
42. How do adults meet infants’ physical needs?
Feeding, providing shelter, a place to sleep, and clothing p. 255
43. How do adults meet infants’ social-emotional needs?
Touch, hold, look at babies lovingly p. 255
44. How do adults meet infants’ mental needs?
Providing activities that help them learn and develop p. 255
45. At what age do doctors recommend starting solid foods?
Six months p. 256
46. Give some examples of solid foods for infants.
Semi-liquid and mushy, mashed, pureed, strained p. 255
47. How often should new foods be introduced to an infant? Why?
Every four or five days, in case there is an intolerance or allergy p. 258
48. What foods should adults avoid giving to infants?
Choking hazards, sugary, salty, no nutritional value, hard to digest, stimulants p. 258-259
49. Gradually taking the infant off of the bottle or the breast is called _____?
Weaning p. 260
50. What is the reflexive response an infant has during a first spoon feeding?
Thrust tongue forward, pushing spoon and food out of mouth p. 263 Does not mean baby
doesn’t want or like food p. 264
51. Why do adults need to watch infants while they are eating finger foods?
They may choke or gag on new textures p. 264
52. When does an infant need shoes?
Not until they begin to walk outdoors p. 266
CH. 10 CONT.
53. When can adults begin giving an infant a tub (or sink) bath?
As soon as naval has healed p. 268
54. Why is important for infants to have routines for feeding, baths, bedtime, etc…?
Helps children feel secure, teaches them what to expect, develops basic trust p. 268
55. When an infant cries at night, should an adult play with the baby to comfort them? Why or
why not?
No, not a good habit to form p. 268
56. What is SIDS?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome p. 270
57. What are some risk factors for SIDS?
See chart on p. 271
58. What kind of environment offers infants a chance to learn?
Enriched environment p. 272
59. What happens if too many activities are introduced to an infant?
It can confuse or bore the baby p. 272
60. Give an example of a sensory stimulation activity for an infant.
Let baby touch safe objects, mobiles, sounds, etc… p. 274-275
61. What is one of the first games that teaches problem solving to an infant?
Peek-a-boo p. 274-275
62. The working together of muscles in movements is _____?
Coordination p. 277
63. Give an example of an activity that encourages gross-motor skills.
Crawling in and out of boxes p. 277
64. Give an example of an activity that encourages fine-motor skills.
Playing with blocks p. 277
65. How do infants learn language?
By hearing people talk p. 277
66. What is one of the first language action games for an infant?
Pat-a-cake p. 278-279
67. In the first year, infants develop an understanding of themselves and what they can do that is
called _____?
Self-awareness p. 280
68. In what ways do mirrors increase an infant’s self-awareness?
Babies see themselves and can watch themselves eat, dress, move, etc… p. 280
69. What must infants do to objects before learning to share them?
Possess p. 280
70. How can parents recognize developmental delays in infants?
By knowing typical infant behaviors and at what age they occur p. 283