What happens in the electron transport chain?
-electrons are deposited and brought through the chain. Causes H+ to get pumped
between outer and inner membrane. When they flow down ATP synthase, makes
ATP. Protons form with oxygen to make water.
Where doe NADH drop off its electrons? How about FADH2?
I and II
What is chemiosmosis?
The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Electron transport chain with final electron acceptor as something other than O2
Fermentation=substrate level phosphorylation generates ATP. Glycolysis plus
reactions to regenerate NAD+
What are the types of fermentation?
-alcohol, lactic acid
Obligate anaerobes-carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration; cannot survive
in presence of oxygen
Facultative anaerobes-can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration
Where do things enter into metabolism?
Amino acids-pyruvate, acetyl co a or intermediates of Krebs
Carbs-right in there
Fats-glycerol at G3P and fatty acids as acetyl co A
What are the light reactions? Where do they take place?
Thylakoids
Split water, release oxygen, form NADPH and generate ATP by
photophosphorylation
Light strikes chlorophyll on photosystem 2 (P680). Water is split (where oxygen is
produced in photosynthesis). Electrons become excited (increase in potential
energy) and then travel down an electron transport chain. It is this electron
transport chain that produces ATP. These electrons travel to photosystem 1
Light strikes photosystem 1 (P700). Electrons that have just moved down the chain
are re-excited. They move down a second electron transport chain and produce
NADPH from NADP+. **Reduce NADPH here.
Linear electron flow= involves both photosystems, produces ATP and NADPH
Cyclic flow= uses only photosystem 1 and produces ATP and not NADPH
What is the Calvin cycle (draw it out)? Where does it take place?
Stroma
Makes sugar from carbon dioxide using ATP and NADPH using light energy
Fixation phase
1. 3 Ribulose bisphosphate (5 carbons) reacts with 3 CO2 via rubisco to form 3
6-carbon intermediates.
2. These 3 6-carbon intermediates break and reform into 6 3-carbon
intermediates (don’t need to know name). We are at 18 carbons now.
Reduction phase:
1. 6 ATP come in and add a phosphate to each of the 6 3-carbon intermediates.
2. Then 6 NADPH are oxidized (they reduce the intermediates).
3. We now have 6 G3P
Regeneration
1. spit out one G3P. (3 carbons)
2. 5 G3Ps left (15 carbons)
3. rearrange into 3 5-carbon intermediates. (have a phosphate on one end)
4. 3 ATP come in and add a phosphate onto the other end
5. we have now regenerated RuBP.
What happens in C4 plants? CAM plants?
C4=mesophyll cell takes in CO2, calvin cycle happens in bundle sheath cell
CAM=CO2 comes in at night, calvin cycle during day