BY: CHELSEA, ARIEL,
CHANDLER, AND ERINN
SLEEP
• Sleep can produce a state of unconsciousness in
which the mind and brain apparently turn off the
functions that create experience.
SLEEP
• Altered State of consciousness:
• Forms of experience that depart from the normal subjective
experience of the world and the mind.
• Such as, changes in thinking, disturbances in the sense of time,
feeling of loss of control, changes in emotional expressions, and
etc.
THE SLEEP CYCLE
• Sequence of events that occur during a night of sleep is
part of one of the major rhythms of human life, the cycle of
sleep and waking.
• The circadian rhythm is a naturally occurring 24- hour cycle
of sleeping and waking.
THE SLEEP CYCLE
• The sleep cycle is far more than a simple on/off routine, there are five
sleep stages.
• Stage 1 sleep
• Stage 2 sleep
• Stage 3/ Stage 4 sleep
• REM Sleep
EGG PATTERNS DURING THE STAGES OF SLEEP
• Stage 1: the EEG moves frequency patterns even lower than alpha
wave (Theta Waves)
• Stage 2: the patterns are interrupted by short bursts of activity called
sleep spindles, this makes it difficult to wake the sleeper up.
EEG PATTERNS DURING THE STAGES OF
SLEEP
Deepest Stages
• Stage 3 and 4: known as a slowwave sleep
• EEG patterns show activity called
Delta waves
REM Sleep
• Stage 5: stage of sleep
characterized as rapid eye
movements and a high level of brain
activity.
• The patterns become high frequency
sawtooth waves – sugggesting that
the mind at this time is as active as it
is during waking.
PICTURE 5.7
STAGES OF SLEEP DURING THE NIGHT
• Throughout the typical night, sleep cycles into deeper stages early on
and then more shallow stages later.
• Rem periods become longer in the later cycles.
PICTURE 5.8
SLEEP NEEDS AND DEPRIVATION
• The average adult should get 7 – 7 ½ hours of sleep every night.
• The older you get the less sleep you need
•
For example: grandparents/ older people wake up super early
• Sleep following learning is essential for memory consolidation
• A few hours of sleep deprivation each night can cause detrimental effects as in
reducing mental acuity and reaction time, increasing irritability and depression,
and increasing the risk of accidents and injury.
• Without REM sleep memory problems and aggression arise.
SLEEP DISORDERS
• The most common sleep disorder is
• Insomnia which is difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep
•
Causes: anxiety associated with stressful life events, and etc.
• Insomnia may be the sign of other emotional difficulties
INSOMNIA
• Comic Picture:
• “I can’t sleep. I think I’ll get up and solve all my problems.”
• Page 145
SLEEP DISORDERS
• Sleep Apnea: a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods
while asleep.
•
Symptoms: Snoring- as apnea involves an involuntary obstruction of the breathing
passage.
• Usually occurs in middle-aged overweight men
• Treatments: weight loss, medication, and external breathing aids
SLEEP DISORDERS
• Another sleep disorder is Somnambulism
• Commonly called sleepwalking
•
This occurs when the person arises and walks around while sleeping
•
More common in children, peaking around the age 11 or 12
•
Happens early during the night, during slow wave sleep
•
25% of children experience at least one episode
SLEEP DISORDERS
• Narcolepsy which is less common
•
A disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities
• This disorder appears to have a genetic basis
•
Runs in the family
•
Treated with medication
SLEEP DISORDERS
• Less common
• Sleep Paralysis which is waking up unable to move, sometimes associated with
Narcolepsy.
• Night Terrors which are abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional
arousal.
•
This mainly happens to boys ages 3-7
•
Happens early in the sleep cycle
DREAMING
• “Dreaming permits each and everyone of us to be quietly and safely insane
every night of our lives.”
-William C. Dement
DREAMS
• Comic Picture:
• “Frank! Frank, honey, wake up! Your lamp- it’s humongous!” page 146
DREAMS
• During dreams current conscious concerns pop up, along with images from the
recent past.
• The content of dreams takes snapshots of the day rather than retelling the
stories of what you have done or seen.
DREAM THEORIES
• Sigmund Freud's theories:
•
dreams represent wishes, and some of these wishes are so unacceptable
taboo, and anxiety producing that the mind can only produce them in
disguising form.
•
there's evidence that dreams do feature the return of suppressed
thoughts
ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS MODEL
• This theory proposes that dreams are produced when the mind attempts to make
sense of random neural activity that occurs in the brain during sleep.
ACTIVATION- SYNTHESIS MODEL
• During waking consciousness
•
The mind is devoted to interpreting lots of information that arrives through the
senses.
• Dream state
•
The mind doesn’t have access to external sensations but it keeps on doing what it
usually does•
Interpreting information
DREAMING
• In Freud’s theory, Dreams begin with meaning, where as in the
activation- synthesis theory, dreams begin randomly, but meaning can
be added as the mind lends interpretations in the process of dreaming.
THE DREAMING BRAIN
• Studies show
• Certain brain areas show changes in brain activation during REM sleep and
that these changes correspond clearly with certain alterations of
consciousness that occur in dreaming.
THE DREAMING BRAIN
• The brain areas are responsible for fear or emotion somehow work overtime in
dreams
•
Which is clearly visible in fMRI scans
• Amygdala:
•
Is involved in responses to threating or stressful events, and indeed the amygdala is
quite active during Rem sleep.
THE DREAM BRAIN
• During Rem sleep, the motor cortex is activated, but spinal neurons running
through the brain stem inhibit the expression of this motor activation.
THE DREAM BRAIN
• Red Shading: areas activated in REM sleep
• Blue Shading: areas deactivated in REM sleep
• Picture 5.9
TRIVIA QUESTIONS???
• What’s the 5th stage of the sleeping cycle?
• Describe Freud’s dream theory?