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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Complete!

Second Edition

CHAPTER

1

Introduction to

Word Parts and

Word Construction

Learning Objectives

• Use the technique of programmed learning and frames.

• Apply the phonetic pronunciation guides that are used in frames.

• Recognize that medical terminology has both constructed and nonconstructed terms.

Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second Edition

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Learning Objectives (cont.)

• Identify each of the three word parts

(word roots, prefixes, and suffixes) used to construct medical terms.

• Identify the function of a combining vowel that is added to a word root to form a combining form.

• Recognize that many medical terms are constructed from word parts and can be deconstructed into their word parts.


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The Programmed Learning

Approach

• Programmed learning

• Missing word is provided in the frame in the left margin.

• Each frame consists of a block of information, with the blank in the box on the right side of the page.


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Approach (cont.)

• Write the missing word in the blank as you proceed from frame to frame.

• Work without looking at the answer first, to make each frame a challenge.

• Always check your answer before moving to the next frame, making sure the spelling is correct.


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Approach (cont.)

• Pronunciation

• Syllable Emphasis

• Use the website for pronunciation


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Constructed and

Nonconstructed Terms

• Constructed medical terms

• Learning constructed medical terms

• Deciphering constructed words


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Constructed and

Nonconstructed Terms (cont.)

• Examples of constructed terms:

 Pathology ( path/o – disease) + ( -logy – study of)

 Tonsillectomy ( tonsill/o – tonsil) +

( -ectomy – surgical excision, removal)

 Neonatologist ( neo – new) + ( nat/o – birth) + ( -logist – one who studies)


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Terms (cont.)

• Nonconstructed terms

• Include eponyms, terms derived from other languages, acronyms, and abbreviations.

• Nonconstructed words must be memorized.


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Constructed and

Nonconstructed Terms

• Examples of nonconstructed terms:

 Impetigo

 Coma

 Cushing syndrome


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Figure 1.1

Medical terms are either constructed words or words you must memorize.


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The Word Parts

• There are three primary types of word parts: prefixes, word roots, and suffixes.

 Prefix

 Word root

 Suffix


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Figure 1.2

Most medical terms are formed by assembling word parts.


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The Word Parts (cont.)

• Not every medical term has all three word parts.

• Many medical terms have more than one word root.

• Some medical terms are made simply of a prefix and a suffix.

• A fourth word element is the combining vowel.


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Figure 1.3

The human body, with many of the common combining forms.


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The Word Parts (cont.)

• Combining form

 The most common combining vowel is the letter o.

 Use the combining vowel properly.

 Combining vowel connects word root with a suffix that begins with a consonant.

 Some constructed medical terms use combining vowels to unite two word roots.


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Forming Words from Word Parts

(cont.)

• A prefix usually requires no change when another word part unites with it to form a new term.


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Origin of Medical Terms

• Most medical terms come from Latin and Greek.

• The ancient Greeks are considered the fathers of modern medicine.

• The Romans advanced medicine with their own experiments and observations and added Latin terms to the growing body of medical language.


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Origin of Medical Terms (cont.)

• Sometimes the origins of medical terms relate to history, poetry, mythology, geography, physical objects, and ideas.

Figure 1.4

The Greek father of medicine,

Hippocrates, who originated many medical terms. Source: Courtesy of the National

Library of Medicine.


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Word Parts: Prefixes

• anti-

• brady-

• endo-

• epi-

• neo-

• pre-


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Word Parts: Word Root /

Combining Vowel

• append/o, appendic/o

• bi/o

• cardi/o

• cerebr/o

• dermat/o dermat/o

logy

= skin

= study of dermatology


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Combining Vowel (cont.)

• electr/o

• encephal/o

• gastr/o

• hem/o

• hepat/o


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• hyster/o

• laryng/o

• leuk/o

• mamm/o

• mast/o


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• ment/o

• nat/o

• neur/o

• path/o

• proct/o neur/o = nerve

itis = inflammation neuritis


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• psych/o

• rhin/o

• tonsill/o

• vas/o


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Word Parts: Suffixes

• -al

• -ectomy

• -emia

• -gram

• -ia


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Word Parts: Suffixes (cont.)

• -iatry

• -ic

• -itis

• -logist

• -logy


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Word Parts: Suffixes (cont.)

• -pathy

• -philia

• -plasty

• -scope

• -tic proct/o = rectum or anus

scope = instrument used for viewing proctoscope


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Summary

• Medical terms are deciphered by breaking them into word parts, then defining first the suffix, then the prefix, then the word root(s) or combining forms.


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Summary (cont.)

• Prefix

• Word root or combining form

• Suffix


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Summary (cont.)

• Most common combining vowel

• Infrequently used combining vowels

• Retaining the combining vowel

• Dropping the combining vowel


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Combining Form Quiz

1.

bi/o

2.

gastr/o

3.

mast/o

4.

hepat/o

5.

vas/o a. breast b. liver c. vessel d. life e. stomach


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