Thinking About Psychology
The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2012
Biopsychology Domain
Consciousness
Module 08
Sleep, Dreams, and Body
Rhythms
Module Overview
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Consciousness
Body Rhythms
Sleep and Sleep Deficit
Why We Sleep
Sleep Stages, REM Sleep and Dreaming
Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Consciousness
Consciousness
• Awareness of yourself and your
environment.
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Body Rhythms
Pseudoscientific Claim
• Any assertion that appears scientific
but is not based on science.
• Appears to be scientific but is not
Biological Rhythms
• Periodic physiological fluctuations.
• Can affect physiological functioning
• Fall into three main categories
– Circadian Rhythms
– Ultradian Rhythms
– Infradian Rhythms
Circadian Rhythms
• Biological rhythms (for example, of
temperature and wakefulness) that
occur approximately every 24 hours.
• Example: Sleep-wake cycle and
temperature
Ultradian Rhythms
• Biological rhythms that occur more
than once each day.
• Example: Stages of sleep throughout the
night
Infradian Rhythms
• Biological rhythms that occur once a
month or once a season.
• Example: Women’s menstrual cycle
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Sleep and Sleep Deficit
Sleep Deprivation Effects
• Decreases efficiency of immune system
functioning
• Safety and accident issues
• Contributes to hypertension, impaired
concentration, irritability, etc.
Sleep Deprivation
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Why We Sleep
Hypothalamus
• Sleep control center in the brain
• Monitors changes in light or dark in the
environment
• Changes levels of hormones in the body
Melatonin
• Hormone that helps regulate daily
biological rhythms.
• Linked to the sleep-wake cycle
• Melatonin level increases during the
night and decreases with exposure to
morning light
Reasons for Sleep
• Two primary reasons:
– Preservation: keep us protected from
the dangers of the night
– Restoration: recuperate from the wear
and tear of the day
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Sleep Stages, REM Sleep
and Dreaming
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
• Machine that
amplifies and
records waves of
electrical activity
that sweep across
the brain’s surface;
• electrodes placed
on the scalp
measure these
waves.
EEG
EEG
Wake State to Stage 1
Stage 1 Sleep
• Breathing is slowed.
• Brain waves become irregular.
• It is easy to wake the person, who will
insist they are not asleep.
• Rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes
Stage 1
Stage 2 Sleep
• Brain wave cycle slows.
• First time through stage 2 last about 20
minutes.
Stage 2
Stages 3 and 4 Sleep
• Slow wave sleep
• First time through stage 4 is about 30
minutes and is where one gets
rejuvenated
Stage 3
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Sleep Stages, REM, and
Dreaming:
REM Sleep
Non-REM Sleep
• Stages 1 - 4 considered N-REM (nonREM sleep)
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
• Recurring sleep stage during which
vivid dreams commonly occur.
• Called rapid eye movement (REM
Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and
forth
• Considered “paradoxical sleep”
• Term coined by William Dement
Paradoxical Sleep
• During REM sleep brain wave patterns
are similar to when a person is awake
• Pulse and breathing quickens.
• REM sleep is sometimes called
paradoxical sleep as one’s physiology is
close to that of being awake but the
brainstem blocks all muscle movement
Typical Night’s Sleep
Stage 4/REM Changes
Sleep Changes through Life
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Sleep Stages, REM, and
Dreaming:
Why Do We Dream?
Information-Processing Theory
• Dreams serve an important memoryrelated function by sorting and sifting
through the day’s experiences
• Research suggests REM sleep helps
memory storage.
Information-Processing Theory
Physiological Function Theory
• Neural activity during REM sleep
provides periodic stimulation of the
brain.
Physiological Function Theory
Activation-Synthesis Theory
• Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make
sense of random neural firings in the
brain as one sleeps.
Activation Synthesis Theory
Cognitive Development Theory
• Dreams part of the maturation process
• Dreams reflect our knowledge
• Reflection of normal cognitive
development
Cognitive Development Theory
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Sleep Disorders and Sleep
Problems
Insomnia
• Recurring problems falling asleep or
staying asleep.
• Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress
REM sleep; worsen the problem
• Alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also
worsens the problem
• Studies show most people overestimate
how long it took them to get to sleep
Sleep Apnea
• Sleep disorder characterized by temporary
cessations of breathing during sleep and
consequent momentary reawakenings.
• Tend to be loud snorers
• Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
machine
Narcolepsy
• Sleep disorder characterized by
uncontrollable sleep attacks;
• the sufferer may lapse directly into
REM sleep, often at inopportune
times.
• Nervous system getting aroused tends to
trigger the sleep attack
Somnambulism
• Sleepwalking, which usually starts in the
deep stages of NREM sleep;
• the sleepwalker can walk or talk and is
able to see but rarely has any memory of
the event.
Night Terrors
• Sleep related problem characterized
by high arousal and an appearance of
being terrified;
• unlike nightmares, they occur during
NREM 3 sleep, occur within two or
three hours of falling sleep, and
• are seldom remembered.
Other Sleep Disorders
• Bruxism – teeth grinding
• Enuresis – bed wetting
• Myoclonus – sudden jerk of a body part
occurring during stage 1 sleep
– Everyone has occasional episodes of
myoclonus
The End
Teacher Information
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Teacher Information
• Domain Coding
– Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards,
these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the
top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA
National Standards.
• Scientific Inquiry Domain
• Biopsychology Domain
• Development and Learning Domain
• Social Context Domain
• Cognition Domain
• Individual Variation Domain
• Applications of Psychological Science Domain
• Key Terms and Definitions in Red
– To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their
definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on
the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.
Teacher Information
• Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually
slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in
slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user
directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick
access to each subsection.
• Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides,
usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included
for three purposes.
• By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and
remember the concepts.
• By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
• To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to
think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
• Please feel free to contact me at korek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any
questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022
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