Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Twelfth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
6
Integumentary System
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1
6.1: Introduction
• Two or more kinds of tissues grouped together and
performing specialized functions constitutes an
organ.
• The skin and its various structures make up the
integumentary system.
2
6.2: Skin and Its Tissues
• Composed of several tissue types
• Maintains homeostasis
• Protective covering
• Retards water loss
• Regulates body temperature
• Houses sensory receptors
• Contains immune system cells
• Synthesizes chemicals
• Excretes small amounts of wastes
3
Skin Cells
• Help produce Vitamin D needed for normal bone
and tooth development
• Some cells (keratinocytes) produce substances
that simulate development of some white
blood cells
4
Layers of Skin (3)
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• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Subcutaneous layer
• AKA hypodermis
• Beneath dermis
• Some also call it
the superficial
fascia
• Some consider it
not part of the skin
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Dense irregular
connective
tissue
Adipose tissue
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
5
Epidermis
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• Lacks blood vessels
• Keratinized
• Thickest on palms and
soles (0.8-1.4mm)
• Melanocytes provide melanin
• Rests on basement membrane
• Stratified squamous epithelium
Hair shaft
Sweat gland pore
Sweat
Stratum corneum
Epidermis
Stratum basale
Capillary
Dermal papilla
Basement membrane
TTactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
Dermis
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sweat gland duct
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
Hair follicle
Sweat gland
Subcutaneous
layer
Nerve cell process
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Muscle layer
(a)
Hair shaft
Epidermis
Dermis
Hair follicle
Sebaceous gland
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(b)
b: © Victor Eroschenko
Epidermis
There are five (5) layers of the epidermis:
• Stratum corneum
• Stratum lucidum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum basale
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Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Basement
membrane
Dermal papilla
Dermis
(a)
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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Epidermis
• Heredity and environment determine skin color
• Genetic Factors
• Physiological Factors
• Varying amounts of
• Dilation of dermal blood
melanin
vessels
• Varying size of melanin
• Constriction of dermal blood
granules
vessels
• Albinos lack melanin
• Accumulation of carotene
• Jaundice
• Environmental Factors
• Sunlight
• UV light from sunlamps
• X-rays
• Darkens melanin
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Dermis
• On average 1.0-2.0mm thick
• Contains dermal papillae
• Binds epidermis to underlying
tissues
• Irregular dense connective tissue
• Muscle cells
• Nerve cell processes
• Specialized sensory receptors
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Epidermis
Dermis
SubcutaneousSubcutaneous
layer
• Blood vessels
• Hair follicles
• Glands
Hair shaft
Sweat gland pore
Sweat
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Capillary
Dermal papilla
Basement membrane
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sweat gland duct
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
Hair follicle
Sweat gland
Nerve cell process
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Muscle layer
(a)
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Dermis
• There are actually two (2) layers to the dermis:
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• Papillary layer
• Thin
• Superficial
• Dermal papillae found
here
• Reticular layer
• 80% of dermis
• Cleavage, tension or
Langer’s lines are here
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
layer
Hair shaft
Sweat gland pore
Sweat
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Capillary
Dermal papilla
Basement membrane
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sweat gland duct
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
Hair follicle
Sweat gland
Nerve cell process
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Muscle layer
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Cleavage (Langer’s) Lines
11
Subcutaneous Layer
• AKA hypodermis
• Loose connective
tissue and …
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Hair shaft
Sweat gland pore
Sweat
Stratum corneum
Epidermis
Stratum basale
Capillary
• Adipose tissue is
present
• Insulates
Dermal papilla
Basement membrane
Dermis
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sweat gland duct
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
Hair follicle
Subcutaneous
layer
Sweat gland
Nerve cell process
Adipose tissue
• Major blood vessels
present
Blood vessels
Muscle layer
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6.3: Accessory Structures
of the Skin
• Accessory structures of the skin originate from the
epidermis and include:
• Hair follicles
• Nails
• Skin glands
13
Hair Follicles
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• Epidermal cells
• Tube-like depression
• Extends into dermis
• Three (3) parts:
• Hair root
• Hair shaft
• Hair papilla
Hair shaft
Pore
Sebaceous
gland
Arrector pili
muscle
Hair root
(keratinized
cells)
Hair follicle
Eccrine
sweat gland
• Dead epidermal cells
• Melanin
• Arrector pili muscle
Region of
cell division
Hair papilla
DermalDermal
blood
vessels
(a)
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Nails
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• Protective coverings
Lunula Nail bed Nail plate
• Three (3) parts:
• Nail plate
• Nail bed
• Lunula
15
Sebaceous Glands
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• Usually associated with hair
follicles
Sebaceous
gland
Hair follicle
• Holocrine glands
• Secrete sebum (oil)
Hair
• Absent on palms and soles
© Per H. Kjeldsen
16
Sweat Glands
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• Aka sudoriferous glands
• Widespread in skin
Hair shaft
• Originates in deeper dermis
or hypodermis
• Eccrine glands
• Apocrine glands
• Ceruminous glands
• Mammary glands
Pore
Dermal
papilla
Sebaceous
gland
Duct
Hair
follicle
Eccrine
sweat
gland
Apocrine
sweat
gland
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6.4: Regulation of
Body Temperature
• Regulation of body temperature is vitally important
because even slight shifts can disrupt metabolic
reactions.
• How does this happen?
18
Regulation of Body
Temperature
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Control center
Hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Dermal blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature rises
above normal.
Response
Body heat is
lost to surroundings,
temperature drops toward
normal.
too high
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Effectors
Dermal blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Control center
Hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Effectors
Dermal blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
involuntarily.
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Heat Production and Loss
• Heat is a product of cellular metabolism
• The most active body cells are the heat producers
and include:
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Cells of certain glands such as the liver
• The primary means of heat loss is radiation
• Also there is conduction, convection and evaporation
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Problems in Temperature
Regulation
• Hyperthermia – abnormally high body temperature
(Heat stress and heat stroke)
• Hypothermia – abnormally low body temperature
(frostbite)
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6.5: Healing of Wounds and Burns
• Inflammation is a normal response to injury or stress.
• Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more
permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the
damaged tissues.
• Inflamed skin may become:
• Reddened
• Swollen
• Warm
• Painful
22
Healing of Cuts
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Site of injury
Blood cells
(a)
(b)
Scab
Blood
clot
(c)
(d)
(e)
Scab
Scar
tissue
Scar
tissue
Fibroblasts
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(f)
(g)
Types of Burns
• First degree burn – superficial, partial-thickness
• Second degree burn – deep, partial-thickness
• Third degree burn – full-thickness
• Autograft
• Homograft
• Various skin substitutes
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Rule of Nines for Adults
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41/2%
Anterior and posterior head and neck
9%
41/2%
Anterior head
and neck 41/2%
Anterior
trunk
18%
Anterior and
posterior upper
extremities
18%
Anterior upper
extremities 9%
41/2%
41/2%
Anterior and
posterior trunk
36%
Posterior head
and neck 41/2%
Posterior
trunk
18%
Posterior upper
extremities 9%
41/2%
41/2%
Perineum 1%
9%
Anterior lower
extremities 18%
9%
9%
Anterior and
posterior lower
extremities
36%
9%
Posterior lower
extremities 18%
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100%
Animation:
Thymine Dimers Formation
and Repair
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6.6: Lifespan Changes
• Skin becomes scaly
• Age spots appear
• Epidermis thins
• Dermis becomes reduced
• Loss of fat
• Wrinkling
• Sagging
• Sebaceous glands secrete
less oil
• Melanin production slows
• Hair thins
• Number of hair follicles
decreases
• Nail growth becomes impaired
• Sensory receptors decline
• Body temperature unable to be
controlled
• Diminished ability to activate
Vitamin D
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Important Points in Chapter 6:
Outcomes to be Assessed
6.1: Introduction
 Define organ, and name the large organ of the integumentary system.
6.2: Skin and Its Tissues
 List the general functions of the skin.
 Describe the structure of the layers of skin.
 Summarize the factors that determine skin color.
6.3: Accessory Structures of the Skin
 Describe the accessory structures associated with the skin.
 Explain the functions of each accessory structure of the skin.
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Important Points in Chapter 6:
Outcomes to be Assessed
6.4: Regulation of Body Temperature
 Explain how the skin helps regulate body temperature.
6.5: Healing of Wounds and Burns
 Describe the events that are part of wound healing.
 Distinguish among the types of burns, including a description of
healing with each type.
6.6: Lifespan Changes
 Summarize lifespan changes in the integumentary system.
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