APUSH: A House Divided
Weber
217
Activator
• Chapter 13 describes the events leading up to
the Civil War, 1840-1860. Copy down the key
terms below and see which ones you know
something about and/or can define.
Manifest Destiny
Slavery
Politics
- The Alamo
-1836 Texan
Independence
- Wilmot Proviso
- 1846-48
Mexican/American War
-1848 Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo
- CA Gold Rush
- Compromise of 1850
- Fugitive Slave Act
- Kansas-Nebraska Act
- Bleeding Kansas
- Dred Scott decision
- John Brown’s Raid on
Harpers Ferry
- South Carolina secedes
- Election of 1844
-Free Soil Party
- Know-Nothing Party
- Lincoln-Douglass Debate
- Democratic split
- Election of 1860
- Lincoln’s inauguration
- Secession movement
Agenda
• Activator, agenda, and objective (10 minutes)
• Mexican-American War class argument (20
minutes)
• A House Divided 1840-1861 Lecture (45
minutes)
• Sectionalism FRQ (30 minutes)
• Reading and Research (30 minutes)
• Exit ticket and homework (5 minutes)
Objective
• AP Topic # 10: The Crisis of the Union
– Pro- and antislavery arguments and conflicts
– Compromise of 1850 and popular sovereignty
– The Kansas–Nebraska Act and the emergence of
the Republican Party
– Abraham Lincoln, the election of 1860, and
secession
Mexican American War
• Friday we will debate whether the
Mexican/American War was an act of US
Imperialism.
• To prepare, please stand and divide into two
opposing lines facing each other.
• Reading from the handout, shout your bullet
point at the opposing side.
• Opposing side, replies “OH Yeah?!” and then
replies with their bullet point.
Review Questions
• How were the values and platform of the Free Soil
Party different from that of the abolitionists?
• What was the significance of the Dred Scott decision in
the developing sectional split?
• What were the main factors driving continental
expansion in the antebellum era?
• How did the spirit of “manifest destiny” give new
stridency to the ideas of racial superiority?
• How did Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas convey
their ideas of freedom during their famous debates?
What were the major thrusts of
territorial expansion west in the 1840s?
• Manifest destiny was the ideology behind
expansion which said that God had granted the
land to the Europeans and that it should stretch
from Atlantic to Pacific ocean.
• Slavery was a central issue as the US pushed
westward and acquired new land (would the new
states be slave or free states?)
• Mormon and other religious movements west.
• Organ Trail and other explorations of the frontier
What were the thrusts of westward
expansion?
• The Mexican Frontier: New Mexico and
California
– Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821.
– Northern frontier of Mexico was California, New
Mexico and Texas.
– California’s non-Indian population by 1821 were
vastly outnumbered by Indians.
• Califonrios vs. Indios.
The Texas Revolt
• The first part of Mexico to be settled by significant
numbers of Americans was Texas.
– Ex: Moses Austin.
• Mexican government annulled existing land contracts
and barred emigration from US.
– Stephen Austin led call from American settlers demanding
greater autonomy from Mexico.
• General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna sent troops into
Texas in 1835 to impose authoirty
• Rebels formed a provisional gov. which then called for
Texan independence
– The Alamo
– Sam Houston
Road to Mexican War
• Texas asked US to annex and make it part of US
but Jackson and Van Buren did not act.
• Texas annexation was linked to slavery and
became an issue in the 1844 election.
– Clay and Van Buren
– James Polk, a slaveholder from Tenn. and friend of
Jackson gets Democratic nomination
– Polk supported Texas annexation
– He also supported “reoccupation” of Oregon
– Polk’s 4 goals: reduce the tarriff; reestablish
independent treasury system; settle Oregon dispute;
and bring California into the Union
Mexican War and Its Critics
• Majority of Americans supported the war.
• There was a vocal minority who feared the
only reason for war was to get land and
expand slavery.
– Henry David Thoreau wrote On Civil Disobedience
– Abraham Lincoln questioned Polk’s right to
declare war (over where blood had been shed)
Combat in Mexico
• Combat took place on three fronts
– California and the “bear flag republic”
– General Stephen Kearney and Santa Fe
– Winifred Scott and Central Mexico
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
– Grants land to U.S. for 20 million.
– Mexico looses half her territory.
Race and Manifest Destiny
• Spirit of manifest destiny gave new spark to racist
notions of supremecy.
• Race in the 19th century was a shifting
combination of skin color, national origin, culture,
class, and religion.
• Mexico had abolished slavery and declared
persons of Spanish, Indian, and African origin
equal before the law.
• Texas constitution adopted after 1836 included
protections for slavery and specifically denied
civil rights to Indians and folks of African origin.
Crisis of Union
• The Wilmot Proviso: Congressman David Wilmot
of Penn. Proposed a resolution prohibiting slavery
in territory acquired from Mexico.
• Free Soil Party formed by those opposed to
slavery’s expansion (and championed the system
of free labor)
• Admitting new free states to the union would
upset the balance between sections and make
the South a permanent minority.
Crisis and Compromise
• 1848 was a year of revolution in Europe followed
by counterrevolution.
• The Compromise of 1850 was five bills which
avoided conflict and civil war for 4 years until the
Kansas-Nebraska Act.
• Powerful leaders spoke for and against
compromise:
– Daniel Webster, John Calhoun, William Seward.
– President Taylor died in office and Millard Fillmore
secured the adoption of the compromise.
Fugitive Slave Issue
• Fugitive slave act allowed feds to determine
fate of fugitives without jury trial or testimony
of the accused.
• In a series of dramatic confrontations,
fugitives, aided by abolitionists violently
resisted capture.
• Law led thousands of free Black people in the
North to flee to Canada
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
• Law repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and
brought slavery back as main issue.
• Popular Sovereignty was the idea that it should be left
up to the states to decide.
• Stephen Douglass got pop. Sovereignty into the bill.
• When it became law it shattered the Democratic
Party’s Unity.
– Whigs collapse.
– South becomes solidly Democratic
• Republican Party emerges to prevent expansion of
slavery.
Free Labor Ideology
• Republicans convinced northerners that the
slave power posed threat to their liberty.
• Republicans were not abolitionists, however,
and their commitment was to “national
freedom” meaning not abolition but ending
the federal government’s support of slavery.
Bleeding Kansas and Election of 1856
• Bleeding Kansas seemed to discredit Douglas’
policy of popular soveregnity.
– Civil war within Kansas
– Charles Sumner
• Election of 1856 demonstrated that the
parties had reoriented along sectional lines.
Dred Scott and Lincoln
• Dred Scott sued for his freedom making supreme court
address three issues:
– Could a Black person be a citizen and therefore sue in
court?
– Did residence in a free state make Scott free?
– Did Congress possess the power to prohibit slavery in a
territory?
• Decision was all bad: 1) Slaves are property 2) Blacks/
Freed Slaves cannot be citizens = no protection by the
Constitution 3)Runaway slaves must be returned to
their masters 4) Federal Government cannot restrict
slavery.
• Chief Justice Roger B Taney wanted to settle the issue
of slavery once and for all.
Lincoln and Slavery
• Republicans did not abandon their platform, rather
they claimed that the courts were controlled by the
slave power.
• Douglas faced unexpectedly strong challenge from the
Candidate from Illinois, Abraham Lincoln.
• Although Lincoln was against slavery he was willing to
compromise with the South to preserve the Union.
• Lincoln's speeches combined moral fervor with respect
for order and the Constitution typical of more
conservative northerners.
• Lincoln and Douglas engaged in a serious of famous
debates.
John Brown and Harpers Ferry
• An armed assault by the abolitionist John
Brown on the federal aresenal at Harpers
Ferry, Virginia, further heightened sectional
tensions.
• Placed on trial for treason to the state of
Virginia and got executed.
• His execution made him into a martyr in the
North, especially to abolitionists .
Rise of Southern Sectionalism
• More and more southerners were speaking
openly of southward expansion.
– Ostend Manifesto (1854)
• Southern Slave owners wanted to annex Cuba from the
Spanish and make it a slave state.
• By 1850s southern leaders were bending
every effort to strengthen the bonds of
slavery.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
• Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Anti-Slavery novel
– Exposed Northerners to the horrors and cruelty of
slavery in the South.
– Increased support of the Abolitionist cause /Upset
Southerners
– 2nd Best selling book of 1852 and 1853
Democratic Split and Republican
nomination
• The Democratic was split with its nomination
of Douglas in 1860 and the southern
democrats nomination of John Breckinridge.
• Republican Party nominated Lincoln over
William Seward.
• Lincoln’s Party platform:
– Denied the validity of Dred Scott decision.
– Opposition to slavery’s expansion
– Added economic initiatives
The Election of 1860
• Most important thing was the breakdown of
election returns in sections of the country.
• Lincoln was elected as 16th president without
a single vote from the ten southern states!
Impending Crisis
• The Secession Movement
• Rather than accept permanent minority status
in a nation governed by their opponents, Deep
South political leaders boldly struck for their
region’s independence.
• In the months that followed Lincoln’s election,
seven states, stretching from South Carolina to
Texas, seceded from the Union.
The Secession Crisis
• President Buchanan denied that a state could
secede, but also insisted that the federal
government had no right to use force against
it.
• The Crittenden plan was rejected by Lincoln.
– Reaffirmed slavery in the South and Prohibited
Slavery Above 36’30
• The Confederate States of America was
formed on March 4, 1861.
• Jefferson Davis was president.
And the war came…
• In time, Lincoln believed, secession might
collapse from within.
• Lincoln also issues a veiled warning: “In your
hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and
not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil
war.”
• After the South’s firing on Fort Sumter on April
12, 1861, Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to
suppress the insurrection.
Sectionalism DBQ
• To what extent and in what ways were the
actions of the federal government responsible
for the increasing of social and political
tensions between North and South prior to
the Civil War?
• Use the documents and your knowledge of
the period 1820-1861 in constructing your
response.
Doc’s
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Doc. A: Diary of John Quincy Adams
Doc. B: South Carlolina Nullification
Doc. C: John C. Calhoun’s Speech to Congress
Doc. D: William Seward’s Speech
Doc. E: Fugitive Slave Law
Doc. F: Letter to Reps
Doc. G: Lincoln-Davis
Doc. H: Railroad Growth
Doc. I: Crittenden Compromise
Doc. J: Secession Exploded
Mexican American War DBQ
• How the mexican american war shoed the
americans wanted to expand westward.
Norton Media Library
Chapter 13
Give Me Liberty!
An American History
Second Edition
Volume 1
by
Eric Foner
I. Westward migration
A.Oregon
B.Utah (Mormons)
C.Mexican frontier
II.Roots of Mexican War
A. Pre-American settlers
1. Mexican independence from Spain
2. Mexicans and Indians
3. California’s commercial links to the United
States
II.Roots of Mexican War (cont’d)
B. From arrival of U.S. settlers to Texas revolt
1. Initial emigration to Texas
2. Mexican efforts to check American presence
3. Texas revolt
a. Demand by U.S. settlers and “Tejano” allies for greater
autonomy
b. Clamp-down by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
c. Declaration of Independence
d. Battle of the Alamo; “Remember the Alamo”
e. Defeat of Santa Anna by Sam Houston at San Jacinto
II.Roots of Mexican War (cont’d)
B.From arrival of U.S. settlers to Texas revolt
4. Republic of Texas
a. Establishment
b. Election of Houston as first president
c. Early quest for U.S. annexation; opposition
by
President Jackson
d. Swelling of American emigration
II.Roots of Mexican War (cont’d)
C. 1844 election
1. Revival of annexation issue
a. Texas
i. Relation to slavery question
ii. Support from John Tyler, James K. Polk
iii. Opposition from Henry Clay, Martin Van Buren
b. Oregon; “Fifty-four forty or fight”
2. Democrat Polk vs. Whig Clay
3. Election of Polk
D. Annexations under Polk
1. Texas
2. Oregon up to forty-ninth parallel
3. Pursuit of California
III. Mexican War
A. Immediate causes
1. Impasse over California
2. Texas-Mexico border dispute
3. Polk declaration of war on Mexico
B. Response among Americans
1. Broad support
a. Spirit of Manifest Destiny
b. America as bearer of liberty
2. Themes of dissent
a. War will promote expansion of slavery
b. War undermines democratic values
c. Thoreau and principle of civil disobedience
d. Lincoln’s opposition to president’s war-making power
III. Mexican War (cont’d)
C. Course of war
1. California
a. American rebels’ declaration of independence from
Mexico
b. Announcement of Bear Flag Republic under John C.
Frémont
c. Arrival of U.S. Navy, superseding Bear Flag Republic
2. Santa Fe
a. Occupation by U.S. troops under Stephen W. Kearney
b. Subsequent suppression by Kearney of Mexican
resistance in southern California
3. Mexico
a. Defeat of Santa Anna by Zachary Taylor at Battle of
Vista
b. Occupation of Mexico City by Winfield Scott
Buena
III. Mexican War (cont’d)
D. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1. Confirmation of U.S. annexation of Texas
2. Ceding to the United States of California
and present-day New Mexico, Arizona,
Nevada, and Utah
3. Payment by the United States to Mexico of
$15 million
E. Mexico’s lasting resentment over war
III. Mexican War (cont’d)
F. “Race” and legacy of U.S. victory
1. Affirmation of Manifest Destiny assumptions
a. “Anglo-Saxon race” as innately superior
b. Association of Anglo-Saxon Protestants with
civilization, progress, liberty
2. Social inequalities of newly acquired
territories
a. Introduction of slavery
b. Ethnic discrimination
IV. Gold Rush California
A. Rise of mining frontier
1. Discovery of gold
2. Influx of migrants from around nation and world
3. Growth of San Francisco
4. Spread of mining communities
B. Character of mining frontier
1. Social diversity
2. Shift from surface to underground mining
3. Vigilantism
4. Marginalization of non-whites
5. Destruction of Indian communities
V.Revival of slavery question
A. Wilmot Proviso
1. Provisions and outcome
2. Impact
a. Reawakening of slavery controversy
b. Sectional fragmentation of Democratic and Whig
parties
B. 1848 election
1. Whig Taylor vs. Democrat Lewis Cass
2. Election of Taylor
3. Significance of Free Soil party’s showing
V. Revival of slavery question (cont’d)
C. Appeal of Free Soil program to northerners
1. Resentment of southern domination of federal
government
2. Vision of West as haven for economic
independence
3. White aversion to contact and competition with
blacks
D. White South’s case for westward expansion of slavery
1. Regional pride
2. Need for fresh soil
3. Economic imperative
4. Preservation of political balance between North
and South
VI. Compromises and discord
A. Compromise of 1850
1. Backdrop
a. Sectional clash over slavery question
b. 1848: revolution and reaction across Europe
2. Proposals and debates
a. Clay plan
b. Senate debate
i. Daniel Webster; pro-compromise
ii. John C. Calhoun; uncompromising defense of
slavery
iii. William Seward; uncompromising assault on
slavery
VI. Compromises and discord
(cont’d)
A.Compromise of 1850
3. Outcome
a. Death of President Taylor
b. President Millard Fillmore’s support for
Clay plan
c. Adoption of Compromise of 1850
B.Fugitive slave controversy
1. Terms of Fugitive Slave Act
2. Outrage over Fugitive Slave Act in North
VI. Compromises and discord
(cont’d)
C.Kansas-Nebraska controversy
1. Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska bill
a. Nullification of Missouri Compromise
b. Principle of “popular sovereignty”
2. Broad antislavery reaction in North
3. Outcome
a. Passage of bill
b. Collapse of Whigs
c. Fracturing of northern Democrats
VII. Rise of Republican party
A.Underlying economic and political trends
1. Maturation of market revolution across
North
a. Economic growth of 1840s and 1850s
b. Integration of Northwest and Northeast
within a
dynamic economy
i. Expanded railroad network
ii. Western agriculture
iii. Industrial production
VII. Rise of Republican party
(cont’d)
B.Republican party appeal
1. Free labor ideal
a. Opposition to expansion of slavery;
“Freedom
national”
b. Juxtaposition of “free labor North” and
“slave South”
c. Depiction of free labor and slavery as
incompatible
d. Broad appeal in North
VII. Rise of Republican party
(cont’d)
C.Election of 1856
1. Victory of Democrat James Buchanan
2. Emergence of Republicans as dominant in
North, Democrats as dominant in South
VIII.Toward disunion
A.Dred Scott decision
1. Key elements (Taney opinion)
a. African-Americans devoid of citizenship
rights
b. Congress powerless to restrict slavery in
territories
2. Aftermath
a. Indignation in North
b. Lecompton Constitution controversy
VIII.Toward disunion (cont’d)
B.Lincoln-Douglas senate campaign of 1858
1. Abraham Lincoln
a. Personal background
b. Political outlook
i. Moral denunciation of slavery
ii. Call for containment, but not abolition,
of
slavery
iii. Personification of Republican free
labor
ideology
VIII.Toward disunion (cont’d)
C.John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry
1. Background on Brown
2. The raid
3. Trial and execution
4. Vilification and martyrization
5. Continuing inspiration for activists
D. Rise of southern nationalism
1. Secessionist impulse
2. Imperial impulse
a. Ostend Manifesto
VIII.Toward disunion (cont’d)
E. Election of 1860
1. Democratic party split
a. Stephen A. Douglas as nominee for
northern wing
b. John C. Breckinridge as nominee for
southern wing
2. Republican nomination of Lincoln
3. Newly formed Constitutional Union party
nomination of
IX. From secession to war
A.Secession of seven Deep South states
B.Crittenden compromise effort
C.Formation of Confederate States of America
1. Seven Deep South states
2. President Jefferson Davis
3. Centrality of slavery and white supremacy
to Confederate
pronouncements
D. Inauguration of Lincoln
http://www.wwnorton.com/foner
This concludes the Norton Media Library
Slide Set for Chapter 13
Give Me Liberty!
An American History
2nd Edition, Volume 1
by
Eric Foner
W. W. Norton & Company
Independent and Employee-Owned