Literature
and
Language
Family
Members
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Kevin/211111104/
Germanic
Languages
Latin
literature
Romance
Languages
Literature
of the
Middle
Ages
Germanic languages
—— a sub-branch Indo-European (IE)
language family
Dark blue:Countries where a Germanic language is the
first language of the majority of the population
Light blue:Countries where a Germanic language is an
official but not primary language
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Ancestor, Morphology and classification
• Common ancestor——Proto-Germanic
(Common Germanic).
• Most widely spoken——English and
German
• East Germanic languages(extinct)
• North Germanic languages
• West Germanic languages
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Characteristics(7kinds)
• Large numbers of vowels.
• A change known as Germanic umlaut.
• A large class of verbs that use a dental suffix
• The use of so-called strong and weak adjectives
• Grimm's Law
• Some words with etymologies.
• The sound change known as Verner's Law.
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Writing
• many Germanic languages use a variety of
accent marks and extra letters, including
umlauts, the ß (Eszett), IJ, Ø, Æ, Å, Ä, Ü, Ö, Ð,
Ȝ, and the Latinized runes Þ and Ƿ (with its
Latin counterpart W).
• In print, German used to be prevalently set in
blackletter typefaces (e.g. fraktur or
schwabacher) until the 1940s, whereas Kurrent
and since the early 20th century Sütterlin was
used for German handwriting.
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The present-day distribution of the
Germanic languages in Europe
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Contemporary Germanic languages
and main dialect groups
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Latin languages
——
the Middle Ages
histories
Latin
literature
Written in Latin language
Latin literature
in the Middle Ages
Pagan Latin literature showed a
final burst of vitality in the late
200s and 400s.
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history
poetry
oratory
Ammianus
Marcellinus
Ausonius and
Rutilius Claudius
Namatianus
Quintus Aurelius
Symmachus
The Mosella by Ausonius demonstrated a modernism
of feeling that indicates the end of classical
literature as such.
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Ammianus
Marcellinus
*he wrote in Latin a history
of the Roman empire from
the accession of Nerva to the
death of Valens at the Battle
of Adrianople
*Res Gestae (Rerum
gestarum Libri XXXI)
A copy
of the Res Gestae from 1533
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Ausonius
*Epigramata de diversis rebus
*Ephemeris
*Parentalia.
*Epitaphia
*Caesares.
*Ordo urbium nobiliumm
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Rutilius Claudius Namatianus
*Nostos: Il ritorno
(A movie was produced in 2004, based on
Namatianus's work.)
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Quintus Aurelius Symmachus
*Nine books of letters
*Panegyrics
*Fragments of various oration
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Meanwhile
* Other men laid the foundations of Christian
Latin literature during the 300s and 400s.
* They included the church fathers Augustine of
Hippoo, Jeromee, and Ambrosee, and the first
great Christian poet, Prudentiuss.
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Augustine of Hippo
*Confessions of St.
Augustine
*City of God
*On Christian Doctrine
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Gerome
*The Vulgate
* De viris
illustribus
* Chronicon
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Ambrose
*De fide ad Gratianum
*Augustum
*De Officiis Ministrorum
*De Spiritu Sancto
*Ambrosiaster
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Prudentius
*Liber Cathemerinon
*Apotheosis
*Libri contra Symmachum
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Romance languages
——
Part of a series on Indo-European topics
Details:
•Brief introduction
•Origins
•Linguistic features
•Modern status
25
Geographic Distribution
legend:
green – Spanish; blue – French; orange– Portuguese;
yellow – Italian;red – Romanian
Originally Southern Europe and parts of Northern Africa; now also most
of America. Official languages of half the countries in Africa and parts of
Oceania.
Brief Introduction
Linguistic classification:Indo-European//Italic//Romance
Subdivisions:
Western Romance(or Italo-Western)
Eastern Romance
Sardinian
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Brief Introduction
28
Brief Introduction
• Classification and related languages
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Origins:
• Romance languages are the continuation of Vulgar Latin,
the popular sociolect of Latin spoken by soldiers, settlers
and merchants of the Roman Empire.
• During the Empire's decline, influenced by Portugal,
Spain and France, which lasted for about 2 centuries.
• The phonology , morphology , and lexicon of all Romance
languages are overwhelmingly evolved forms of Vulgar
Latin.
• There are some notable differences between today's
Romance languages and their Roman ancestor.
Ⅰ.Romance languages have lost the
declension system
Ⅱ.SVO sentence structure
Ⅲ.extensive use of prepositions
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Linguistic features:
• Romance languages are moderately inflecting.
• A fairly strict subject–verb–object word order.
• In general, nouns, adjectives and determiners inflect only
according to grammatical gender and grammatical
number.
• Most Romance languages are null subject languages.
• All Romance languages have two articles ——definite and
indefinite.
• The phonology of most Romance languages is of moderate
size with few unusual phonemes.
• Word accent is of the stress and is free.
• Verbs are inflected according to a complex morphology.
31
Modern status:
• Four important changes:
•
Sardinian language
Romanian language
Italian
Iberian Peninsula language
32
Modern status:
• Romance languages, twentieth century
Number of native
speakers of each
Romance language,
as fractions of the
total 690 million.The
Romance language
most widely spoken
natively today is
Spanish
33
Modern status:
• The remaining Romance languages survive
mostly as spoken languages for informal contact.
• There are many indistinguishable dialects in
Romance language which makes it difficult to
learn.
• In the late 20th and early 21st century, some
measures has been done to protect them and
recover their prestige and lost rights. Yet it is
unclear whether these political changes will be
enough to reverse the decline of minority
Romance languages.
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Literature
of the Middle Ages
Literature of the Middle Ages
• Medieval literature—— all written
works available in Europe and beyond
during the Middle Ages.
• Language——Latin
• Anonymity
• Style
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style
• Religious
• Secular
• Women's literature
• Allegory
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Secular
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The first page of Beowulf
Estimated medieval output of manuscripts
in terms of copies
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References
Romance language:Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1988). The Romance Languages.
London: Routledge.
Posner, Rebecca (1996). The Romance Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Price, Glanville (1971). The French language: present and past. Edward Arnold.
Lapesa, Rafael (1981). Historia de la Lengua Española. Madrid: Editorial Gredos.
Devoto, Giacomo; Giacomelli, Gabriella (2002). I Dialetti delle Regioni d'Italia (3rd ed.).
Milano: RCS Libri (Tascabili Bompiani).
Williams, Edwin B. (1968). From Latin to Portuguese, Historical Phonology and
Morphology of the Portuguese Language (2nd ed.). University of Pennsylvania.
Latin language:Allen, William Sidney (2004). Vox Latina – a Guide to the Pronunciation
of Classical Latin (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jenks, Paul Rockwell (1911). A Manual of Latin Word Formation for Secondary Schools.
New York: D.C. Heath & Co.
Sihler, Andrew L (2008). New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Waquet, Françoise; Howe, John (Translator) (2003). Latin, or the Empire of a Sign: From
the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries. Verso.
References
Germantic language:König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (1994). The Germanic
languages. London: Routledge.
Helfenstein, James (1870). A comparative grammar of the Teutonic languages. London:
MacMillan and Co.
Wright, Joseph C. (1919). Grammar of the Gothic language. London: Oxford University
Press.
Robinson, Orrin (1992). Old English and its closest relatives. Stanford: Stanford University
Press.</ref>
Waterman, John C. (1976). A history of the German language. Prospect Heights, Illinois:
Waveland Press.
Wright, Joseph (1906). An Old High German primer, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ringe, Don (2006). A linguistic history of English: From Proto-Indo-European to ProtoGermanic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Literature:Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the “Rise of the West”:
Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth
through Eighteenth Centuries", The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009),
pp. 409–445 (416, table 1)
creation：
a song
poetry
Le
Papillon
ODE TO
THE
WEST
WIND
Le Papillon
• It's a French song that was
used in the famous movie Le
Papillon directed by Philippe
Muyl.
• A girl named was an orphan
and adopted by a neighbour.
She likes asking questions on
matter whom she is talking
with. The song is the dialogue
between the girl and grandpa.
Pourquoi les poules pondent des oeufs?
为什么鸡会下蛋
？
Pour que les oeufs fassent des poules.
因为蛋都变成小鸡
Pourquoi les amoureux s\'\'embrassent?
为什么情侣要亲
吻？
C\'\'est pour que les pigeons roucoulent.
因为鸽子们咕
咕叫
Pourquoi les jolies fleurs se fanent?
为什么漂亮的花会凋
谢？
Parce que ca fait partie du charme.
因为那是游戏的一部
分
Pourquoi le diable et le bon Dieu? 为什么会有魔鬼又会有上
帝？
C\'\'est pour faire parler les curieux.是为了让好奇的人有话
可说
Pourquoi le feu brule le bois?
为什么木头会在火里燃烧？
C\'\'est pour bien rechauffer nos coeurs or.是为了我们像毛
毯一样的暖
Pourquoi la mer se retire?
为什么大海会有低潮？
C\'\'est pour qu\'\'on lui dise "Encore."是为了让人们说：再
来点
Pourquoi le soleil disparait?
为什么太阳会消失？
Pour l\'\'autre partie du decor.
为了地球另一边的装饰
Pourquoi le diable et le bon Dieu? 为什么会有魔鬼又会有上
帝？
C\'\'est pour faire parler les curieux.是为了让好奇的人有话
可说
Pourquoi le loup mange l\'\'agneau?
为什么狼要吃小羊？
Parce qu\'\'il faut bien se nourrir.
因为他们也要吃东西
ODE TO THE WEST WIND (V)
Shelly
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:
What if my leaves are falling like its own!
The tumult of thy mighty harmonies
Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,
Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit
fierce,
My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!
And, by the q of this verse,
Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth
Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
Be through my lips to unawakened Earth
The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
Do you Have any question?
THANK YOU!