 March, 1815: Napoleon returned from exile on Elba
 Supporters help him return to power
 Hundred Days
 Louis XVIII flees into exile
 June, 1815: Napoleon’s final defeat at the Battle of
Waterloo
 Exiled to St. Helena (island in the Atlantic)
 Napoleon died in 1821
 Created to establish peace and stability following the
reign of Napoleon
 Convened in Sept, 1814
 Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia were the main
participants
 Dominated by Metternich, Chancellor of Austria
 P 572 for more on Metternich
 Goal: restore and protect the balance of power
 French territory restored to 1792 boundaries
 Lost territories acquired by Napoleon
 Monarchs restored to thrones of conquered territories
 Louis XVIII restored to throne of France
 Kingdom of Netherlands created by uniting the Dutch
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Netherlands and the Austrian Netherlands
Prussia gained control of land along the Rhine River
Britain and Russia also gained some lands
Switzerland recognized as an independent neutral state
German Confederation created in central Europe
 Holy Roman Empire was officially dissolved during the reign
of Napoleon
 Conservatism: page 578-579
 Wanted to return to the days before the French Revolution
 Supported:
 Strong monarchs rather than democratic governments
 Edmund Burke (British politician) was a major spokesperson for
conservativism
 Tradition rather than change
 Religion as a strong force in society
 Favored by:
 Royal families
 Church leaders
 Important Conservatives: Metternich, Alexander I of Russia
 Liberalism: page 579-582
 Wanted to reduce the power of monarchs
 Supported:
 Increased power for Parliament
 Constitutional law
 Personal freedoms: press, speech, religion
 Private property
 Free market Economy
 Liberals today tend to be opposite
 Favored by:
 Middle Class
 Reactions to Industrialization and social inequality,
Socialist groups began to emerge.
 Socialists often criticized the status quo and attacked
private property as the root of social problems
 Openly attacked laissez-faire economics
 Working conditions in factories and living conditions
among the poor led many to develop new theories on
society, government, and economics.
 Utopian socialists were concerned with living
conditions among the poor.
 Called for a restructuring of society to create a more
equal society
 Count Claude-Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
 Advocated for the creation of a social hierarchy based upon
productivity, those with the most useful skills would be at the
top
 Supported the use of science to make society better
 Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
 Believed history unfolds in cycles, the next cycle would be one
of cooperation, harmony, and equality
 Supported greater equality for women
 Envisioned a society organized into “phalanx” communities.
People would be organized based upon their personalities.
The communities would live and work together to reach
optimum productivity and harmony
 Etienne Cabet: 1788-1856
 Sought to apply the principles of Christianity to help
solve social problems
 He and some of his followers traveled to the Americas to
found utopian settlements in Texas and Iowa
 Robert Owen:
 British industrialist and philanthropist
 Believed education could help create a better society
 Supported greater equality for women
 Flora Tristan: (1801-1844)
 Louis Blanc: (1811-1882)
 Advocated for more equality
 Called for more government
for women
 See page 566 for more info
regarding Flora’s
background and POV
involvement in the economy
(better wages, greater job
opportunities, etc.)
 Advocated for universal
suffrage
Karl Marx
 Karl Marx (1818-1883)
 Famous works: Communist
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Manifesto and Capital
Called his brand of socialism
“Scientific Socialism”
Believed the working class
(proletariat) were being
exploited by the business
owners (bourgeoisie)
Predicted a revolution in
which the proletariat would
rise up and over throw the
bourgeoisie
His ideas are often associated
with Communism
Nationalism
 Nationalism: pride and/or devotion to ones culture
and/or ones country
 Became popular in the 1800’s
 Starts during the time of Napoleon
 Grew after Napoleon’s defeat
 Nationalism became a very important aspect of
European society in the 1800’s and early 1900’s
 Leads to unification of Germany and Italy
 Leads to intense pride within nations
 Leads to conflict within empires as the various
ethnicities demand self-determination
Romanticism
 Artistic, literary, and musical movement in the 1800’s
 Emphasized emotion, feeling, and imagination
 Moves away from the emphasis on logic that was typical
during the Enlightenment
 Common Characteristics:
 Tragic figures
 Individualism and rebellion against middle class values
 Interest in the Medieval period (Gothic architecture,
fairy tales, etc.)
 Fascination with the bizarre and unusual
Romanticism: Art
 Common Characteristics:
 Helplessness of the
individual
 The power of nature (storms,
surging seas, dark forests)
 Use of deep, rich colors
The Raft of the Medusa
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Wanderer Above the Sea and Fog