Unit 3
The Civil War: A Nation Divided
Vocabulary
• abolitionist-an individual against slavery
• agriculture-farming
• antebellum-time period before the Civil War
• arsenal-weapons storage place
• artillery-large weapons; cannons
• blockade-blocking the ports to prohibit ships
from entering or exiting (Savannah)
Vocabulary
• border state-states that bordered the
Confederate States of America but did not join
the Confederacy
• brigade-large group of soldiers
• campaign-series of military operations
• cash crop-crop that is sold for money not sold
to be eaten
• casualty-wounded, killed, or missing
• cavalry-soldiers on horseback
Vocabulary
• company-large group of soldiers---50 to 100
lead by a captain
• Confederacy-Confederate States of America
• Confederate-a person loyal to the Confederacy
• conscript-to be a draftee in the army
• Democratic Party-political group that
supported states rights
• emancipation-freedom from slavery
Vocabulary
• hardtack-hard cookie given to soldiers as food
• industry-manufacturing goods from raw materials
(raw cotton to textiles)
• Lost Cause-cultural movement against the North in an
effort to accept the loss of the war by Southerners
• North-Union states
• parole-pledge by Confederate soldiers to not bear arms
against the USA
• popular sovereignty-vote
Vocabulary
• ratify-approve
• Rebel-loyal to the CSA
• Republican Party -political party created in 1850 to prevent
the spread of slavery to the territories
• secession-withdrawal from the United States of America
• sectionalism-believe that the interest of a specific section of
the country is more important than the overall interest of the
country
• slavery-state of one person owning another person and being
forced into labor without compensation
Vocabulary
• South-Confederate States of America
• states’ rights- belief that if a right is not specifically given or
denied by the Constitution then a state can decide that law
for their state
• territory-land within the continental United States that has
not been formally accepted as a state
• Un ion- the portion of the United States that did not leave to
form the CSA.
• volunteer- someone who does something because they want
to do so, not forced
• Yankee- Northerner, someone loyal to the United States
Three Main Causes of the Civil War
• Economic differences
• South---agricultural economy
• Plantation system
• Cotton is King
• Most people are poor farmers
• North---industrial economy
• Focus on city life
• Purchasing raw cotton and turning it
into textile goods
• Factory Workers
Three Main Causes of the Civil War
• Political Issues
• States’ Rights---idea that the individual states have
certain rights and the federal government may not
infringe on those rights-federal government must get
the approval of the states concerning those powers.
Southern states felt slavery was not addressed in the
Constitution therefore it was up to the individual states to
decide per Amendment 10. Northern states disagrees and
felt it was a national issue to be decided by the federal
government.
Three Main Causes of the Civil War
• Election of Abraham Lincoln 1860
• South felt he was anti-slavery and would act in favor
of Northern interest rather than be understanding of
the economic issue slavery represented for the South.
Seven states seceded from the Union before Lincoln
was inaugurated as President.
• South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas (December 20, 1860)
Background to the Conflict
Differences in the North and South in the 1800s
Economy
In the North they had better jobs, higher job wages, more people and
more factories. Most southerners were farmers and some people owned
plantations, the South had less railroads, they were losing their
population to the North, and a lot of Southerners were poor.
Population
In the South they had a smaller population than they had in
the North and the South had less political power. The North
they had a bigger population than the South. Also, the North
had a greater amount of political power
Slavery
Most people in the North were against slavery. People in the
South thought that slavery was essential. In the South they
thought that they needed to have slaves so they could work in
the fields.
Compromises to the Issue of Slavery
Missouri Compromise
• Agreement put forward by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to
enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter the Union
as a free state. The Compromise also drew an imaginary line at
36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, dividing the new
Louisiana Territory into two areas, one north and one south.
All of the Louisiana Territory north of this line was free
territory, meaning that any territories that became states from
this area would enable African-Americans to be free. The
Compromise also encouraged people in the north to return
runaway slaves to their homes and did not prohibit slavery,
even in the free territories.
Compromises to the Issue of Slavery
The Compromise of 1850
• California was admitted to the Union as the 16th free state. In
exchange, the south was guaranteed that no federal restrictions
on slavery would be placed on Utah or New Mexico. Texas lost
its boundary claims in New Mexico, but the Congress
compensated Texas with $10 million. Slavery was maintained
in the nation's capital, but the slave trade was prohibited.
Finally, and most controversially, a Fugitive Slave Law was
passed, requiring northerners to return runaway slaves to their
owners under penalty of law
Compromises to the Issue of Slavery
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act was an 1854 bill that mandated
“popular sovereignty”–allowing settlers of a territory to decide
whether slavery would be allowed within a new state’s borders
by voting on the issue. Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas–
Abraham Lincoln’s opponent in the influential LincolnDouglas debates–the bill overturned the Missouri Compromise’s
use of latitude as the boundary between slave and free
territory. The conflicts that arose between pro-slavery and
anti-slavery settlers in the aftermath of the act’s passage led to
the period of violence known as Bleeding Kansas.
United States Railroads 1860
• In the South most railroads in 1860 were local affairs
connecting cotton regions with the nearest waterway.
Most transport was by boat, not rail, and after the
Union blockaded the ports in 1861 and seized the key
rivers in 1862, long-distance travel was difficult. The
outbreak of war had a depressing effect on the
economic fortunes of the railroad companies, for the
hoarding of the cotton crop in an attempt to force
European intervention left railroads bereft of their
main source of income..
United States Railroads 1860
• Many had to lay off employees, and in particular, let
go skilled technicians and engineers. For the early
years of the war, the Confederate government had a
hands-off approach to the railroads. Only in mid-1863
did the Confederate government initiate an overall
policy, and it was confined solely to aiding the war
effort. With the legislation of impressment the same
year, railroads and their rolling stock came under the
de facto control of the Confederate military
John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid
• http://www.history.com/topics/johnbrown/videos/john-browns-raid
• How did John Brown’s beliefs and ideals on the
issue of slavery influence his actions?
• abolitionist-he believed that slavery should be
abolished
• slave rebellion idea
• raid at Harper’s Ferry
John Brown Essay
• Introduction:
• Important individual in antebellum history
• Abolitionist-define the term
• Strong beliefs lead him to action
• Willing to die for his ideal of a world without slavery
• Remembered today for his strong beliefs that turned to action
• Paragraph 2
• Kansas-Nebraska Act-explain
• Popular sovereignty-define the term
• Murdered 5 people
• Murder victim trying to vote to keep slavery in Kansas
• Known as Bleeding Kansas
John Brown Essay
• Paragraph 3
• Harper’s Ferry incident
• Raid the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry
• Steal guns and give them to slaves
• John Brown and three sons died
• Two sons killed during the fighting
• Third son hung for treason
• John Brown hung for treason
• Remember him today because his beliefs and ideals
caused him to give his life to end slavery.
Harriett Beecher Stowe
…little lady that started the great big war
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijFy
4RjYGbQ
• How did Harriet Beecher Stowe inspire
conflict that resulted in change?
• Abolitionist, wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), the novel
explored the cruelties of chattel slavery in the Upper
and Lower South and exposed the moral ironies in
the legal, religious, and social arguments of white
apologists.
Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay
• How did Harriet Beecher Stowe inspire conflict
that resulted in change?
• Conflict-the issue of slavery as an immoral and
inhumane condition
• immoral-against God
• inhumane-lack of compassion or pity
• Change- the abolition of slavery as a practice in
the United States
Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay
• Paragraph 1
• Inform your reader of what Harriet Beecher Stowe
did concerning the conflict of slavery
• Visited Kentucky and saw a slave auction
• Talked to people and found out how slaves were treated
• beatings
• splitting up of families
• denied the right of an education
• Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Written from the point of view of an enslaved person
Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay
• Paragraph 2
• Inform your reader of how Uncle Tom’s Cabin caused change in
the practice of slavery.
• "Uncle Tom's Cabin" supported the abolitionists' cause by
revealing the horrors of slavery to the general public,
• helped the abolitionists gain more supporters because they
could see why slavery was not the great institution that they
had believed it was.
• It made people feel that slaves were people, not property
(chattel)
• encouraged the operating of the Underground Railroad - the
safe-house system that smuggled fugitive slaves into Canada
Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay
• Paragraph 3
• inform your reader of the change that occurred
nationally due to “Uncle Tom's Cabin“ becoming a
number one best seller both in the United states and
England
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Southern states lost European support for slavery
Southern states left the Union and formed the CSA
Civil War was fought lasting from 1861 to 1865
North won the Civil War
13th amendment was passed ending slavery forever in the
United States
Nat Turner
• http://www.biography.com/people/nat
-turner-9512211#synopsis
• How did the actions of Nat Turner impact
groups and institutions of the Civil War era?
• On August 21, 1831, he led a violent insurrection. He hid
for six weeks but was eventually caught and later hanged.
The incident ended the emancipation movement in that
region and led to even harsher laws against slaves.
Nat Turner Essay
How did the actions of an individual, Nat Turner, impact groups and
institutions of the Civil War era?
Individual---Nat Turner
• Believing in signs and hearing divine voices, Turner had a
vision in 1825 of a bloody conflict between black and white
spirits.
• Three years later, he had what he believed to be another
message from God calling him to action
• Turner would receive another sign telling him when to fight,
saying "I should arise and prepare myself and slay my enemies
with their own weapons
Nat Turner Essay
• Groups
• Slaves and slave owners
• On August 21, 1831, Turner and his supporters began their revolt against
white slave owners.
• Results:
• 60 deaths of white people and 100 deaths among black people
• 200 black individuals murdered by slave owners
• Nat Turner was hanged
• Institutions
• legislators in Virginia passed laws prohibiting the education of blacks (both
slaves and free); restricted the right to assembly, required white ministers to
present sermons for blacks
• 56 black individuals executed for taking part in the revolt
• 30 slaves convicted of crimes, 18 hanged and 12 were sold out of state to new
owners
• 1 free black was hanged
Dred Scott Decision
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ql
XBNwmoTw
• What were intended and unintended
consequences of the Dred Scott decision?
• Brought before the court by Dred Scott, a slave who had
lived with his owner in a free state before returning to the
slave state of Missouri. Scott argued that his time spent in
these locations entitled him to emancipation. The court
found that no black, free or slave, could claim U.S.
citizenship, and therefore blacks were unable to petition the
court for their freedom. The Dred Scott decision incensed
abolitionists and heightened North-South tensions.
Consequences of the
Dred Scott Decision
• the Supreme Court ruled
that Dred Scott was still a
slave and that he had no
right to file suit in a United
States court as he was not a
citizen and did not have the
rights of a white citizen
• slaves were considered
property
• drew a clear line of how the
government stood on the
issue of slavery
• made abolitionist very angry
• pleased Southerners that felt
the federal government was
on their side now concerning
slavery
• supported the Missouri
Compromise
• an eye-opener to
Northerners who believed
that slavery was tolerable as
long as it stayed in the
South.
Leaders of the Civil War
Abraham
Lincoln
Jefferson
Davis
U. S.
Grant
Robert E.
Lee
William T.
Sherman
Stonewall
Jackson
Important Battles of the Civil War
Fort Sumter
Gettysburg
Atlanta
Campaign
Sherman’s
March to the
Sea
Appomattox
Courthouse
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Gettysburg
• Having concentrated his army around the
small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Gen.
Robert E. Lee awaited the approach of Union
Gen. George G. Meade’s forces. On July 1, early
Union success faltered as Confederates pushed
back against the Iron Brigade and exploited a
weak Federal line at Barlow’s Knoll. The
following day saw Lee strike the Union flanks,
leading to heavy battle at Devil's.
• Den, Little Round Top, the Wheatfield,
Peach Orchard, Culp’s Hill and East
Cemetery Hill. Southerners captured
Devil’s Den and the Peach Orchard, but
ultimately failed to dislodge the Union
defenders. On the final day, July 3rd,
fighting raged at Culp’s Hill with the
Union regaining its lost ground. After
being cut down by a massive artillery
bombardment in the afternoon, Lee
Effects of the War
• Political Effects
• North
• South
Effects of the War
• Economic Effects
• North
• South
Effects of the War
• Social Effects
• North
• South
The Four Sectors of the Economy
• Households
The Four Sectors of the Economy
• Private Business
The Four Sectors of the Economy
• Banks
The Four Sectors of the Economy
• Government