“Over Here”
The Homefront
During World War I
“Over Here”
■To win over there, the U.S. had to
effectively mobilize over here
–Wilson consolidated federal
authority to organize U.S. war
production & distribution
–Wilson began a massive
propaganda campaign aimed at
winning over the American
public to support the war effort
Homefront Propaganda
■Wilson formed the Committee on
We Are Fighting”
&
Public “Why
Information
(CPI) & hired
“The
Meaning
of
America”
muckraker
George
Creel
to
Sauerkraut
was
renamed
“Liberty
Cabbage”
The
Prussian
Cur
&
& pretzels
were
no
longer
served
in
bars
publicize
the
U.S.
war
effort:
The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin
Bach, Beethoven,
& Brahms
–Voluntary
censorship
in press
were not played in symphonies
–75,000 “4-minute men” gave
speeches (facts or emotions?)
–Propaganda motion picture films
■Led to sweeping anti-German
sentiment & some vigilantism
“The Flag of Liberty represents us all”
Which groups are these posters targeting?
“Emotional” Wartime Propaganda
Murder
Pillaging &
Kidnapping
Rape
A “Creel Commission” Film
IWW anti-war critic
"It's allimage
right, of vigilantism
Find
Frank Little was
pal; just tell
dragged through the
them he was a
streets of Butte,
traitor"
Montana & lynched
Anti-German Vigilantism
Homefront Censorship
■Wilson encouraged censorship:
–Espionage Act—aiding the
enemy, obstructing troop
recruitment, or encouraging
Wilson
set
out
to
encourage
U.S.
unity
“disloyalty”
were
declared
illegal
(like Lincoln during the Civil War, Wilson
–Trading-with-the-Enemy
Act—
was willing to use force if needed)
censored the foreign press
–Sedition Act—made it illegal to
speak “disloyally” towards the
U.S. gov’t, the flag, or U.S. troops
Schenk Eugene
was sentenced
conspiracy
to circulate
Homefront
Censorship
V. Debsfor
was
jailed when
his
pamphlets
encouraging
soldierstotoReason
mutiny
Socialist
newsletter
Appeal
■First
Amendment
restrictions
were
encouraged Americans to resist enlisting in
upheld
by tothe
Supreme
Court:
the military
fight
a “capitalists’
war”
–3 cases were decided in 1919:
Schenk v US, Debs v US,
Socialism
in thev U.S.
Abrams
US never
that supported
recovered
WWI attacks
gov’tfrom
convictions
under the
Espionage Act of 1917
Defendants
passed out
documents
that denounced
1st–The
Amendment
rights
can
be
restricted
gov’t
usedtothe
wartime
thewhen
sending
of
U.S.
troops
Russia
resist the
it presents a “clear & present(to
danger”
Bolshevik
Revolution)
that called
for a
climate
to undermine
radical
(Like
“yelling
‘fire’
in a &
crowded
theater”)
general
strikeunions
& other “revolutionary
actions”
labor
(IWW) & socialism
Homefront: The Red Scare
■A “red scare” hit America as a
result of the Russian Revolution
–Americans feared Lenin’s anticapitalist revolution & were
angry over Russia’s pullout on
the Eastern Front
–Wilson sent troops to the USSR,
refused to recognize the new
gov’t, & did not allow Russia to
attend the post-war conference
The
Red Scare
“What a year
has brought
forth”
NY World
The
Red Scare
“Put Them
Out & Keep
Them Out”
Philadelphia
Inquirer
Palmer used this act of violence as an
opportunity to invoke the Alien Act ofThe
1918 &
arrested or deported ~6,000 suspected
Redradicals
Scare:
(some were innocent U.S. citizens)
Palmer
Raids
U.S.
Attorney
Police
arrested
General
“suspected
Mitchell
Reds’
in
Palmer’s
Chicago,
1920
Home was
bombed
A Bureaucratic War
A Bureaucratic War
■To coordinate the war effort, 5,000
new gov’t agencies were created:
–War Industries Board (WIB)
Imposed
“gasless”
days
&
shut
down
oversaw
all
factories,
determined
factories for days to divert or conserve fuel
priorities, fixed consumer prices
–Food Admin supplied food to
WIB director Bernard Baruch became
soldiers
by
appealing
to
civilians
the “dictator of the American economy”
–Fuel
Admin
rationed
coal
&
oil
Asked for a spirit of self-sacrifice, imposed
–RR &
Admin,
War Shipping
Board,
“meatless”
“wheat-less”
days & encouraged
Americans
to plantBoard
“victoryhelped
gardens”move
& War Trade
resources to troops
U.S. Food Administration
U.S. Food Administration
U.S. Fuel Administration
U.S. Shipping Board
A Bureaucratic War
■WWI was expensive, costing the
U.S. $32 billion, but was paid for by
–Liberty
Bonds (raised
$23 billion)
An unprecedented
alliance
–A boost in personal & corporate
income taxes (led to $10 billion)
■The partnership between business
& the gov’t met the war demand &
increased business profits 300%
The American War
Workforce
Workers in the War
■WWI led to a new alliance
between the gov’t & labor unions:
–AFL headman Gompers was
named to the Council of Nat’l
Defense to help enlist union
support for the war effort
–War Labor Board (WLB) was
formed to standardize wages &
hours, protect union rights, &
give equal pay for women
But the WLB seized companies during
strikes (national interests come first!)
Coal
Miner’s
Strike 1919
“Keeping
Warm”
Los Angeles
Times
Workers in the War
■The war called for more laborers:
–8 million women found new,
better-paying jobs in war
industry (but few housewives
entered the workforce, unlike
WW2)
–450,000 Southern blacks moved
north for new industrial jobs &
better pay (led to race riots)
–100,000 Mexican laborers
Women Helped Recruit & Sell War Bonds
Women Joined the Red Cross
The True Sons
of Freedom
Du Bois’ New Negro:
“We return. We return
from fighting. We
return fighting.”
Returning black soldiers:
“I’m glad I went. I done
my part & I’m going to
fight right here until
Uncle Sam does his.”
“Rescuing
a Negro
during“Migration”
the race riots
The African
American
in Chicago,
1919”
Northward,
1910-1920
At the beginning
of the war, the United
Conclusions
States owed $3 billion to foreign nations
■World War
At 1
thechanged
end of the America:
war, foreign
nations
owed
the
U.S.
$13
billion
–The U.S. emerged as the world’s
strongest economic power &
ushered in the “Roaring 20s”
–But the U.S. gov’t intervened in
American lives as never before:
draft, censorship, propaganda,
war bonds, partnering with big
business & unions