FEDERALIST ERA TO
THE1850S
1789-1816
WASHINGTON, ADAMS, JEFFERSON AND
MADISON…TAYLOR
STANDARD. 2.6
CONSTITUTION: “A BUNDLE OF COMPROMISES”
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Virginia Plan– James Madison, Edmund Randolph
“BIG STATE” PLAN
Three branched Federal Government:
Legislative branch:
Bicameral Legislature
Representation based on a states’ population and wealth
• Powers
• Objections:
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New Jersey Plan– William Paterson
“SMALL STATE” COUNTER PLAN
3 Branched federal govt.
Legislative branch: Each state equal in representation.
Unicameral Legislature
• Powers
• Objections:
Great Compromise
• Connecticut (Great) Compromise– Roger Sherman
• Contents:
• Powers of Congress in Article I, section 8
• 3/5ths Compromise– James Wilson and Roger Sherman
• Slave Trade Commerce Compromise
• Constitution signed: September 17, 1787
• Copies sent to the States on September 28, 1787
• Number needed for ratification: 9
• RATIFICATION
• Special “ratifying conventions” were called in each of the 13 states.
• America split into 2 factions:
• Federalists--- Federalist Papers—John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James
Madison
• Anti-Federalists--- Objections
RATIFICATION CONTINUED
• Federalists promised that if ratified that the new government would protect our
Civil Liberties. (Bill of Rights)
• 1st state to ratify Delaware
• 9th state new Hampshire June 21, 1788
• It was critical that all the states approve to show unity.
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1st Congress elected in spring of 1789.
1st President chosen: George Washington, VP- John Adams
Speaker of the House: Frederick Muhlenberg (Pa)
Chief Justice: John Jay (NY)
President Pro Tempore: John Langdon (NH)
• Preamble– list of the purpose and goals of the Constitution.
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Form a more perfect Union
Establish justice
Provide for the common defense
Insure Domestic Tranquility
Promote the General Welfare
Secure the Blessings of Liberty
• Articles:
• I—Congress II- President III– Supreme Court IV– States V– Amendment process VI–
Supremacy Clause VII– Ratifying Process
SETTING UP THE GOVERNMENT
WASHINGTON’S ADMINISTRATION: (1789-1797)
PRECEDENTS ESTABLISHED
JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789
BILL OF RIGHTS
CABINET 1789
STATE DEPARTMENT
TREASURY DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF WAR
ATTORNEY GENERAL
MAJOR ISSUES:
1. BILL OF RIGHTS
2. DEBT--$157 MILLION
1. FOREIGN DEBT $80 million
2. OUTSTANDING WAR BONDS $ 56 million
3. BONUSES AND PENSIONS $21 million
REVENUES: LAND SALES= $19,000
HAMILTON’S PLAN
1789– TARIFF ACT– 5% Protective Tariff on all imports [$4 million]
1790– EXCHANGE WAR BONDS– new bonds at face value
1790– ASSUME THE DEBT OF THE STATES-- $21 million [Washington, DC as new capital]
1790– GRADUALLY RAISE TAXES ON WHISKEY—by 1794= 25%
WHISKEY REBELLION 1794
1790– BANK OF THE UNITED STATES
3. FORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES
• 4. 1789—FRENCH REVOLUTION
• 1793– KING LOUIS XVI BEHEADED– “REIGN OF TERROR”
• 5. 1790– INDIAN PROBLEMS ON OHIO FRONTIER– “MIAMI CONFEDERACY” -LITTLE TURTLE AND BLUE JACKET
• 1795– TREATY OF GREENVILLE (OHIO)
• 6. 1793– WAR: ENGLAND AND FRANCE
• 1793 US RECOGNIZES FRENCH REPUBLIC
• “CITIZEN” GENET CONTROVERSY
• 1794– NEUTRALITY PROCLAMATION
• 1794– JAY’S TREATY
• 1795– TREATY OF SAN LORENZO [PINCKNEY’S TREATY]
• WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS
• ACCOMPLISHMENTS:
• ELECTION OF 1796
• ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS
• 1. “XYZ” AFFAIR
• “NEAR WAR”– 1798-1800, France
• 2. 1798– ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS
• 1799-KENTUCKY AND VIRGINIA RESOLUTIONS
• 3. CONVENTION OF 1800
• 4. MIDNIGHT APPOINTMENTS
“NOW THE REAL REVOLUTION BEGINS..”
Election of 1800 and the failure of the electoral system: 12th Amendment
ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON; 1801-1809
Inaugural AddressMarbury v. Madison, 1803.
1. 1803– Louisiana Purchase
1803– 1806 Lewis and Clark Expedition
Oregon Trail
2. Hamilton-Burr Duel (beginning of the end of Federalist Party)
3. Napoleonic Wars 1803- 1815 England v. France (US neutral)
Interference with US trade
Orders of Council
Seizing of ships and cargo
Seizing of sailors-- impressment
USS Chesapeake Affair
Embargo Act
PRESIDENCY OF JAMES MADISON
1. War of 1812 “America’s 2nd War for Independence”– June 1812-Dec. 1814
Causes: Red Stick Confederacy– Tecumseh, Br. Troops in Ohio Territory, Orders of Council,
War Hawks
“ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS, MANIFEST DESTINY AND THE AGE OF JACKSON”
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• PRESIDENCY OF JAMES MONROE
Death of the Federalist Party.
Start of Manifest Destiny:
Andrew Jackson invaded Florida and Spain could do nothing to
stop him, based on that the US and Spain signed the:
• Transcontinental Treaty– Florida and border of Texas
Missouri Compromise 1820
Independence in Latin America– Simon Bolivar
1823 Monroe Doctrine
Rise of sectionalism and Clay’s American System
• PRESIDENCY OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS
Election of 1824– “corrupt bargain”
Tariff of Abomination
Election of 1828
• PRESIDENCY OF ANDREW JACKSON (KING ANDREW)
Rise of the “common man”
Spoils system
Nullification Crisis
Bank War
Indian removal Worcester v. Georgia, 1832
Texas: Independence
MANIFEST DESTINY continued
• In 1836 Martin Van Buren was elected president. He continued
many of Jackson’s policies. But an economic panic ruined his
presidency. The Panic of 1837.
• In 1840 the “Whig” William Henry Harrison won the presidency– “Log
Cabin” Campaign. Harrison died 1 month into his presidency.
Replaced by John Tyler. Tyler’s administration was a failure. Tyler
betrayed his party.
• One of the major issues that was developing was the annexation of
Texas.
• 3 presidents had turned Texas down– because of the slavery issue.
• In the election of 1844, a “dark horse candidate” James K. Polk won
Democrat nomination based on the promises that if elected he would
annex Texas, take Oregon and get California. Polk won.
• In Feb. 1845 Texas was annexed by a joint-resolution.
• By 1843 1000s of Americans had moved to Oregon. At the time the
US-GB had joint control of the territory.
• Polk claimed the US had sole right to Oregon– “54-40, or fight!” Eng.
backed down and in 1846 the US-GB signed the Buchanan-Pakenham
Treaty setting the border at 49N.
• Then Polk turned his attention to Mexico. There was a border
dispute over the southern border of Texas. US stated it was the Rio
Grande River, Mexico claimed it was the Nueces River. After
negotiations broke down, Polk ordered Gen. Zachary Taylor to the
MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR
• In 1846 Mexican troops attacked Taylor’s position and then a divided Congress
declared war on Mexico.
• Wilmot Proviso and Lincoln’s “Spot Resolutions” clouded the debate.
• During the war the US captured the desert Southwest, California and American
troops by Sept. 1847 marched into Mexico City.
• The war made heroes out of Zachary Taylor, John C. Fremont and Winfield Scott.
• The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed in Feb. 1848.
• The US paid Mexico $15 million for the Mexican Cession, and the Rio Grande
became the southern border of Texas..
• Later in 1853 the US purchased the Gadsden Purchase (southern 1/4th of Arizona
and New Mexico for a possible transcontinental railroad route)
• In 1848 gold was discovered at Sutter’s Fort near present day Sacramento,
California which triggered one of the world’s largest gold rushes. By 1849
California was ready for statehood but as a free state.
• ELECTION OF 1848
• Zachary Taylor, a Whig, won a bitter election. Major issues “popular sovereignty”
and California statehood.
• Compromise of 1850
IMPACT OF WESTERN EXPANSION
• ON SLAVERY: THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT
• 1. Southern arguments in favor of slavery.
• 2. Abolitionist arguments against slavery.
• 3. Types of abolitionists:
• American Colonization Society
• Moderate
• Radical
• Leading abolitionists:
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William Lloyd GarrisonFrederick DouglassSarah and Angelina GrimkeHarriet TubmanHarriet Beecher Stowe• ON NATIVE AMERICANS
• Buffalo and Reservations
• Important battles between US troops and Native Americans
THE SAND CREEK MASSACRE AND THE BATTLE OF LITTLE
BIGHORN
• 1. Western expansion killed off the buffalo and the Indians of the Great Plains lost their
way of life. Many of these were forced to move reservations. Most tribes hated living on
reservations and as a result the 1800s were full of Indian uprisings.
• 2. 1861– US government broke a treaty with the Cheyenne Indians, the Indians went on
the warpath.
• 3. US forces, under Col. Chivington, surprised the Cheyenne at Sand Creek, Colorado. It
turned into a massacre. The army killed almost all the Indians at Sand Creek, mostly
women and children.
• 4. In 1876, Sioux Indians led by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and Red Cloud attacked the 7th
Cavalry under the command of Col. George A. Custer at the Little Bighorn River in
Montana. Everyone in the 7th Cavalry was killed. It was the last Indian victory. By 1877 the
Sioux were back on the Reservations in the Dakotas or Oklahoma.
• 5. Violence broke out in the Northwest when the army tried to move the Nez Perce under
Chief Joseph to a reservation. For many months the Nez Perce avoided capture as they
tried to make their way to Canada. They were stopped 30 miles from the border.
• 6. In 1890, the last important “battle” was Wounded Knee. Fear that the “Ghost Dance” of
Wovoka was a sign for an uprising, prompted the army to attack the Sioux at Wounded
Knee. 150 unarmed Sioux were massacred.
“A CENTURY OF DISHONOR” AND THE DAWES SEVERALTY ACT
• 1881 Helen Hunt Jackson wrote a book about Indian sufferings, A Century of Dishonor.
• In it she described the horrible way Indians had been treaty.. The worst land, broken
treaties and the victims of massacres.
• Her book led to the passage of the Dawes Severalty Act in 1887.
• It abolished tribes and sold reservation land to individual families and conferred citizenship
for those who purchased the land.
• Most Indians were not willing to give up their tribal connections and turned the act into a
failure.
• WESTERN CULTURE
• MOTIVIATIONS FOR MIGRATING WEST:
• 1. Religious: Many missionaries went west to convert the Indians.
• Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter Day Saints (Mormons).
• Founder: Joseph Smith, based on the Book of Mormon (given to him by the angel Moroni)
later he was murdered in Nauvoo, Ill.
• Due to persecution Brigham Young led the Mormons to Utah.
• 2. Land: Especially after the Civil War—Homestead Act (1862) 160 acres for free if one
stayed on it for 5 years.—last territory to open Oklahoma 1889 (Sooners)
• Morrill Land Grant Act– A&M colleges.