IDs and Definitions
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Peterloo
Whigs / Tories
Chartist Movement
Corn Laws – Great Britain
Crimean War
Paris Commune
Pan-Slavism
Dual Monarchy
Questions and Imperatives
• Discuss the various leaders in Europe during
the nineteenth century – who, what, where,
why.
• Describe the leadership of Russian Tsars in the
19th century.
“Peterloo”
• England (post-1815)
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though she had been victorious in the wars, she had spent much money and was now
bankrupt
in 1819 there were a lot of poor, desperate people (high prices, inflation,
unemployment)
upper classes started looking over their shoulders as they remembered the French
revolution; became a bit paranoid
there was a peaceful march, political demonstration in St. Peter’s fields in Manchester
in
1819; the marchers, a crowd of 60,000 wanted to have their economic distress
relieved (had do-able economic ideas
but the parliament over-reacted and called out the home guard, fearing it was a
revolution ( a few were killed, over 400 wounded)
they then realized they had been mistaken, that it had been peaceful and the
demonstrators had a point, but demand for reform fell on deaf ears
became known as Battle of Peterloo
women had demonstrated along side the men...with the changes in industry, men and
women could do the same jobs
“Peterloo”
Great Britain
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parliamentary system: Whigs and Tories
both from aristocracy
country governed by two houses of Parliament - the Lords and Commons
– House of Lords = non-elective upper house
– House of Commons = elective lower house
1830, alliance of Whigs along with reform-minded liberals defeated the Tories
Whigs introduced an act to amend the representation of the people, passed by
House of Commons, but rejected by House of Lords
surge of protests had the King and Lords give in
the new majority party forced through reform (Reform Bill of 1832)
- voting was extended, but on the basis of property, increasing about 50%
- House of Commons emerged as an important legislative body
- districts were redistributed, new industrial areas gained representation
Chartism
• Mass movement, group of radical reformers who called for
parliamentary reform
• Chartists wanted universal male suffrage, but defeated in 1839, 1842, 1848
• Wanted abolition of property qualifications for parliament
• working men and women rioted for rights
• adopted domesticity: women defined themselves as wives and mothers and
eventually retreated from activism; wanted to resolve sexual antagonisms
among working people & to refute claims that working people were
immoral; they tried to create a positive class identity
• tried to convince husbands to turn from their drinking ways and be responsible
husbands, fathers, and breadwinners
• “peaceably if we can, forcibly if we must”
• boycotted shops of those who did not support chartism
• Note: England missed the revolutions of 1848...reforms had already started
Corn Laws
• first introduced in Britain in 1804 as landowners (dominated Parliament)
wanted to protect their profits by imposing a tax on imported grain
• then the Napoleonic Wars came and it was difficult to import grains
• when the wars were ending (and by 1815), farmers feared that an new influx
of imported grain would lower prices
• pressured by the farmers, Parliament passed a law which permitted the import
of grains only when the price of British grains reached a certain level
• people were angry about this legislation and paying high prices for bread
• 1840s, economic life is very difficult
Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850)
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Tory Prime Minister in 1834-35 and 1841-46
major reformer
organized the professional police of London
joined with Whigs and a minority of his own party to repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846
allowed free imports of grain, because of threat of famine and rising food prices
corn laws (really grain laws) established in 1815 to protect landowners by imposing
tariffs on imported grains
Repeal of Corn Laws caused much debate in the House of Commons
– many of these men were landowners as well as
representatives
– Tory Party split and Peel’s career ended
– Corn Laws repealed in 1846, (a reduced tax)
Peel said he believed in free trade and wanted to avoid a
class war
Chartist movement collapsed after the repeal of the Corn Laws
(people had gotten something and were happy)
Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
• Head of Parliament in name only
• Monarchy to be an example of virtuous behavior
• 1847 - Ten Hours Act
– limited the workday for women and young children
– passed by Tories as a way to “smooze” the
working class
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Ireland
– potato crop failed 1845, 1846, 1848, 1851 ==> famine
– high food prices, widespread suffering, social upheaval
– G.B., little help too late
– nearly 1,000,000 Irish died and same amount emigrated (primarily to US)
– a country of workers living in a conquered province (Catholic)
John Stuart Mill
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1806-1873
greatest liberal philosopher of his time
Principles of Political Economy and On Liberty
interested in working class, how they are affected by
political and economic growth
probed the problem of how to protect the rights of
individuals and minorities in the emerging age of mass electoral participation
(the tyranny of the majority)
known as a feminist because he supported women’s suffrage
had a close relationship with Harriet Taylor, a feminist with whom he worked
wrote On the Subjection of Women
1866-67, female suffrage voted down
ELECTORAL REFORM dominated British political life for decades
middle class liberals wanted a say in government
Reform Bills
Party Leaders
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William Gladstone (Whig):
1866, unsuccessful at bill to widen suffrage
supported Ireland self government and in 1886 and
1893 proposed bills
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Benjamin Disraeli (Tory):
1867, successful in expanding suffrage (based on rent
payment...richer)
novelist, son of a Jewish stockbroker
felt his party needed to broaden its base to survive
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Expansion of Suffrage continued; women received the right to vote after WWI
Napoleon III
France
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Plebiscite held in December 1851
1852, Louis Napoleon crowned himself Emperor Napoleon III and the Second Republic
became the Second Empire
He introduced a new constitution
Napoleon III did not have the gifts of his Uncle (Napoleon Bonaparte)
he lacked the military expertise and charisma of his uncle and France had changed
no longer ready for revolutions and ideological crusades
had become Bourgeoisfied
wanted to represent the people and work hard for them economically
visions of national unity and social progress
his visions could not be accomplished by political parties with their special interest
groups
Napoleon ruled France as an Autocrat (ruled by edict)
but he had a humanitarian streak, wanted to be loved
more interested in making money than in winning wars (France was no longer predominant)
France at Home
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the legislative body was elected but had no real power
they were just “yes” men
there was no liberal politics, but liberal economics
the middle class was doing just fine
Napoleon was championing their interests
Napoleon wanted to stimulate the economy and win back business classes
encouraged new investment banks and railroad construction
prior to 1860, Napoleon allowed no political opposition, after he relaxed
certain restrictions so not to chance uprisings
• Napoleon rebuilt Paris; he widened the boulevards (to deter riots?), new
buildings and gardens
• Napoleon hoped that economic progress would reduce social and political
tensions
• (What do you thinks about this?)
France Abroad
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(1848) Louis napoleon had said that he was going to restore the glory of France ???
Napoleon III couldn’t mobilize an army and no one wanted war anyway but…
– supported Italy against Prussia in the unification of Italy
– Italy was now a threat to France since she became a European power
– France didn’t get much for their help anyway
– there was competition in scrambling for colonies
Crimean War 1853-56
– the western powers of France and Britain wanted to prevent Russia from the
Mediterranean (keep them at the Black Sea)
– enormous tolls in casualties (more typhoid than bullets)
– the west won and the Treaty of Paris followed in 1856 taking things back to the
status quo of 1853
during the American civil war - tried to elevate a Habsburg duke as president of Mexico
looked like French colonization
– after civil war, America did not look well on this
– the duke was later thrown over by the Mexican government and shot
Napoleon was getting older and sicker
– people were tired of authoritarian rule
– gave in more
– problems in Europe created problems for France
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France’s Third Republic
• After France’s defeat by the German Confederation (recall German
Unification), a French Republic was proclaimed (1870).
• National Assembly chose Adolphe Thiers as their provisional president; he was
sent to negotiate peace with Bismarck
• the seat of government was moved from Paris to Versailles (just outside of
Paris) so the government would be less subject to public pressure
• Thiers:- a conservative liberal, brilliant, defender of
individual liberty, but hated the unwashed masses;
he was from the Bourgeoisie
• made peace with the Germans, did not want problems
from the French people
• assumed a neutral position in politics to try to bring
people together
Paris Commune
Paris Commune
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People of Paris, patriots, continued to fight after the peace
they lived off of rats and zoo animals until starved into submission
these same people of Paris were angry
– government move to Versailles
– national elections for new Republic resulted in conservatives and monarchists in the
National Assembly
– National Guard no longer being paid and many counted on this income (Guard had
been used to fight the Prussians)
On March 18, 1871, Thiers sent the army into Paris to confiscate 200 cannon, the
Parisians felt this was their property
angry mobs of Parisians drove off the Versailles troops
instead of negotiating, Thiers evacuated the city in preparation to fight the mobs
Paris was left in the hands of various radical factions whose leaders set up elections and
organized the city as self governing
proclaimed themselves the Paris Commune, March 1871 & with it, Civil War
Communards came from a cross section of classes
their moderate demand was that the leaders of the Commune govern Paris with no
interference from the conservative countryside
…Brutral Suppression
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Thier’s troops were outnumbered by the Communards’ national guard and so he appealed to
Bismarck to release some French prisoners of war to help him squelch this uprising
by May 21, Thiers had enough troops to strike, sent them in to brutally crush Commune
neither side showed mercy (a bloody week)
Communard extremists set fire to many buildings, the Louvre and Notre Dame were barely saved
about 20K died, 50K Communards were tried and many sent to penal colonies, thousands escaped
into exile
“The brutal suppression of the Commune claimed more lives than any single event in the French
Revolution.” - lasted 72 days
Monarchists formed the majority it the assembly, monarchists from both the Bourbons and
Orleanists and they could not decide together who should rule as a Monarch or an Emperor.
A vote in the Assembly in 1875 legitimately created the Third Republic
Eastern Europe & Pan-Slavism
• advocated political union of the Slavic races (19th century)
• movement both in Austrian Empire and Russia (those who
considered themselves Slavs, not Russians)
• Slavs: Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Serbs, Croates, & Ruthenians
under Austrian rule
• Hungarians not perceived as Slavs!
• Poles were also considered Slavs, but some lived under Austrian
control and others under Russian control
• Slavs wanted to throw off Habsburg rule, and eventually become
nations of their own
• leaders were German speaking, center in
Vienna
• Austrian Empire ruled by the Habsburgs
• made up of German speaking people and Slavs
(with their own languages)
Habsburg Empire
• recall Revolutions in 1848 within the
Empire
• Emperor Ferdinand I promised reforms,
but with a weakened empire, abdicated in favor
of his nephew (about 18 years old at the time),
Franz Joseph
• Franz Joseph crowned Emperor, reigning from
1848-1916
• Franz Joseph realized the diversity within the
Empire (language, culture, traditions,...)
• he believed a uniform government over all would
keep all together
Dual Monarchy
• Wars for unification drove Austria out of N. Italy
• Franz Joseph wanted to prevent further problems
within Empire
– issued new constitutions
– But, unsuccessful in attempts to calm the waters
• time for compromise
• 1848, Hungary demanded independence from Austrian Empire
– led by the largest population of a people in Hungarys
– Magyars forced a compromise - Austro-Hungarian agreement
• Austria and Hungary became two separate nations (1866)
• Franz Joseph remained the Emperor of Austria and became the
King of Hungary
• domestic policies were decided within the individual states
And the others???
• minorities were ruled by Magyars in Hungary (harshly)
• Slovenes, Slovaks, and Ruthenians remained under control
of Austria
• Poles and Czechs received some special privileges
• with these types of separations, the fear of pan-Slavism
was falling away
• the compromise was an attempt to buy off the Magyars at
the expense of the other ethnic groups
• ethnic clashes got worse within the empire, each seeing
the other getting the better deal at different times
• even Hungarians demanded more concessions
The Russian Empire
• Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825)
– strict authoritarian control
within Russia
– early liberal rule in Russia’s
territories: annexed Finland,
became King of Poland, but
allowed each to have own
laws, could use own languages
– changed and became man with
iron hand at home and abroad
Tsar Nicholas I (1825-1855)
– similar in actions to Alexander I
– repressed all uprisings
– the protests did not encourage
him to respond positively to
the people, but pushed him
further away from liberalism
• Russia remained an agricultural
country, not touched by
the industrial revolution
• she was still a feudal empire and dependent on serfs
Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881)
• more moderate than previous Tsars
• realized his country was behind the times -his country was not competitive -even Russian nobles realized that
• Alexander also wanted to prevent revolution his motives were both practical
and humanitarian?
• freed serfs in 1861, became “Tsar Liberator”
Alexander’s Reforms
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# of schools increased
relaxed controls on universities
Instituted secondary education for women
modernized the army
relaxed punishments for some crimes
set up local councils (zemstvos) giving them
responsibility for roads, schools, and welfare
institutions -- they had no say in government
per se, but took part in civic life
• construction of a railroad system within Russia
(trans-Siberian)
Assassination
• Alexander offered many reforms in his own country, but was
not willing to grant the Poles a constitution
• demonstrations led by religious leaders in Warsaw (1863)
ended with many executions of Poles in the next two
years, and many Poles sent to Siberia
• socialist groups began to threaten government with words and
deeds
• Alexander moved back to a policy of repression, but decided
he would soon have to give in to demands (too late)
• radical Socialist movement, Tsar killed by group (March 1881)
called “Will ofthe People,” a secret society formed in
1879
• first woman, Sophia Perovskaia, executed in Russia for
terrorism
Crimean War
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Russia expanding?
Ottoman Empire (“Sick man of Europe”)
Who controlled Holy Lands
Great Britain want free trade (since repeal of
Corn Laws)
• Also France and Piedmont
Crimean War
Who is this?
DISCUSSION QUESTION: Which of
the “isms” had the strongest
impact on the various classes?