Chapter 1
Section 1:
The Earliest Americans
I can understand how
early civilizations
developed in the
Americas.
Page 6-9
I can understand how early civilizations
developed in the Americas.
Most scientists believe
that early people came
to the Americas from
Asia by way of a land
bridge.
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As people learned to
farm, they formed
permanent settlements,
Bullet Points
Page 29
The Mayas, Aztecs, and
Incas built civilizations in
Central America and
South America.
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The First Americans
• Many ideas (theories) about how people came
to the Americas
Land-Bridge Theory
• Glaciers(thick sheets of ice) cover world
• Bridge of land connected Siberia to Alaska
• 20-30 thousand years ago hunters go over
bridge called the Bering Strait to follow their
prey
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm
?id=pringle-first-americans-trail-interactive
Other Theories
• Coastal-route theory: people traveled by boat
down the Pacific coast
• Native Americans dispute both theories
– Each tribe has their own theory
Learning to Farm
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Hunting was key to survival
Animals disappear
Had to change the way they lived
Became gatherers
Nomadic- don’t live in one place
• Don’t search for water
• Irrigation (method to water crops by
channeling water from rivers or streams)
• Raise animals
• Produce surplus (extra)
• Cities develop
Three Civilizations
• Civilization (an advanced culture in which
people have developed cities, science and
industries)
• Mayas
• Aztecs
• Incas
Mayas
• Mexico and Central America
• Large cities
• Developed the arts, a government and a
written language
• Mayan Calendar
• Decline is a mystery
Aztecs
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Mexico City area
Tenochtitlan-capital city
Religion important
Practiced human sacrifice
Their army takes over more than ½ of Mexico
Harsh rulers
Incas
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Largest empire not in Europe or Asia
South America
Cuzco-capital city
Road system
Builders, weavers and metalworkers
Section 2:
Cultures of North America
I can understand how
geography influenced the
cultures in North
America.
Page 10-15
I can understand how geography
influenced the development of cultures in
North America.
The mound builders
were among the
earliest cultures in
North America
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People of North America
developed varied ways of life,
depending upon the
environment in which they
lived
Bullet Points
Page 29
The league of the Iroquois
created a pact between
warring nations in the
Eastern Woodlands
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First Cultures of North America
• Culture (ways of life)
• Mississippians built first cities in North
America; mound builders
• Anasazi built cliff dwellings
• Hohokam, highly skilled farmers
Ways of Life
• Culture areas (regions in which groups of
people have a similar way of life)
Meeting Basic Needs
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Women=gatherers
Men=hunters
All were farmers
Farming areas had larger populations
Trade among tribes was common
Seashells and beads=money
Shared Beliefs
• Spirits in nature and a part of their everyday
lives
• Storytellers-passed on history to others
Native Americans of North America
Far North
• Harsh land
• Hunted from kayaks
(small boats made from
skins)
• Didn’t farm- too cold
Northwest
• Permanent settlements
• Lots of food
• Didn’t farm
• Potlatch (ceremony at
which the hosts
showered their guests
with gifts)
Far West
• Changing weather
• Lots of food
• Different types of
housing
– Pit houses
– Cone shaped houses
Southwest
• Dry weather(most of
the year)
• Little farming
• Apartment houses
made of adobe (sundried brick)
Great Plains
• Big farmers in some
areas
• Lived in earth lodges,
tepees
• Hunting parties to
follow the bison
Eastern Woodlands
• Forests
• Hunters, fishers, and
gatherers
• Algonquin
• Iroquois
• Clans (groups of
families that were
related to one another)
• Sachem (tribal chief)
Southeast
• Weather=mild
• Farmers
• Cherokees
• Creeks
Section 3
Trade Networks of Asia and Africa
I can understand how
trade linked Europe,
Africa, and Asia
Page 16-19
I can understand how trade linked
Europe, Africa, and Asia.
The Muslim world linked
Asia to Africa and Europe
through trade
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Various trading states
emerged in both East Africa
and West Africa
Bullet Points
Page 29
China dominated East
Asian trade along the Silk
Road
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The Muslim Link to Trade
• Started trade routes
• Linked Europe, Africa and Asia
Rise of Islam
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Trade helped religion grow and spread
Muhammad (prophet and founder of Islam)
Taught one true God
Quran- sacred book of Islam
Advances in Learning
• Contributions to math, medicine and
astronomy
• Developed algebra
• Developed technology
East African Trade Centers
• Zimbabwe connected east coast trading with
the center of Africa
– Taxed traders
• Kilwa (trading center) in East Africa
West African Trade Centers
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Ghana (trading center) in West Africa
Traded a lot of gold and salt
$$$
Mali-new empire, becomes center of learning
The East Asian Link in Trade
• China unified
• Linked by highways, canals and postal system
• Trade centers grew into cities in China
World Traders
• Chinese had higher level of technology
• Invented printing with movable type
• Navigators- Navigation (the science of locating
the position and plotting the course of ships)
• Invented the magnetic compass
Spice Trade and the Silk Road
• Silk Road= great trade route of the ancient
times
• Series of roads
• Brought trade in from the Middle East and
Europe
Section 4
The European Heritage
I can understand the
major influences that
shaped European
civilization.
Page 22-27
I can understand the major influences that
shaped European civilization.
Judaism and Christianity
formed the foundation for
religious beliefs.
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Greece and Rome shaped
ideas about democratic
government
Bullet Points
Page 29
After the Middle
Ages, Europeans
began to look beyond
their boundaries
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Judaism
• Monotheistic (believes in only one God)
• Started by the Israelites
• Everyone must obey God’s laws, no matter
what or who you are
Christianity
• Jesus (Jewish teacher, seen as a savior chosen
by God)
• Christianity is the belief that Jesus was sent by
God to save the world
• Beliefs: love, mercy, forgiveness, and salvation
(everlasting life)
• Threat to the Romans at first
Athenian Democracy
• Athens= direct democracy (form of
government in which an assembly of ordinary
citizens makes decisions
• Adult males could participate
• Depended on well educated citizens
Roman Government and Law
• Republic (form of government in which people
choose representatives to govern them)
• Elected a senate and assembly to make laws
• Laws said that everyone was equal under the
law
– Innocent until proven guilty
The Middle Ages
• Feudalism (system in which a ruler grants
parts of his land to lords)
– Lords then give military service and $$ to ruler if
needed
• Catholic Church popular and center of
learning
The Crusades
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Holy wars
Catholic pope wanted the Holy Land back
9 crusades
Failed
The Renaissance
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Rebirth of learning
Science and invention grew
Gutenberg invented the printing press
Trade routes switch to the Atlantic Ocean
The Reformation
• Martin Luther (German monk who wanted to
reform the Catholic Church)
• Started a movement away from the Catholic
Church
• Protestant churches emerge
An Age of Exploration Begins
• Henry the Navigator (led the new era of
exploration)
– Wanted to spread Christianity and Portuguese
power
• Center of exploration at Sagres
• Vasco da Gama (Portuguese sailor)
– Made a trade route around the tip of Africa