Revision Questions
1. What is the definition of energy and what are the units of measurement?
(2)
2. What is a calorie?
(2)
3. What is a joule?
(1)
4. What is a watt?
(1)
5. What is power?
(2)
6. Define work.
(2)
7. What is ATP and why is it so important for the release of energy in the body? (4)
8. What are the 3 ways in which ATP can be produced?
(3)
9. Give an overview of how ATP is produced in the ATP/PCr energy system.
(10)
10. Give an overview of how ATP is produced in the lactic acid system (glycolysis) energy
system.
(10)
11. Describe the events that occur during the electron transport chain.
(4)
12. What causes fatigue from the lactic acid (glycolysis) system?
(8)
13. Give an overview of ATP production in the aerobic system, with reference to each
stage of this energy system.
(15)
14. Describe the principle of oxygen deficit.
(5)
15. What is steady state?
(4)
16. Describe the recovery from exercise (EPOC).
(6)
17. What are the physiological differences between prolonged exercise, prolonged
exercise in a hot environment and short term exercise?
(9)
18. What are the metabolic responses to incremental exercise?
(4)
19. Discuss the use of the lactate threshold in exercise and the factors that contribute to
an increase in lactic acid.
(8)
20. Explain the different fuel selections during different exercise intensities.
(4)
21. Explain the cross over concept.
(4)
22. How does the duration exercise affect fuel selection?
(4)
23. How do fats and carbohydrates interact with each other during exercise?
(6)
24. Discuss the different sources of fuel during exercise.
(5)
25. Describe the ‘crossover concept’ with regard to exercise intensity and
duration.
(4)
26. What determines the blood hormone concentration?
(5)
27. What does the magnitude of hormone receptor effect depend on?
(3)
28. How do hormones bring about their effects?
(2)
29. How does the hormone insulin interact with receptors to be transported around the
body?
(5)
30. How does diabetes occur?
(4)
31. What endocrine glands are there in the body?
(6)
32. What is the function of Growth Hormone?
(2)
33. What are the effects of exercise on Growth Hormone?
(4)
34. How does Growth Hormone aid in the maintenance of blood glucose?
(4)
35. What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary glands?
(1)
36. What are the functions of ADH?
(2)
37. What are the hormones released from the thyroid gland?
(3)
38. What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?
(1)
39. What are the functions of the adrenal medulla?
(3)
40. What are the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex?
(2)
41. What are the functions of Mineralcorticoids?
(3)
42. What are the functions of Glucocorticoids?
(4)
43. What hormones does the pancrease release?
(3)
44. What are the functions of testosterone?
(4)
45. What are the functions of estrogen?
(4)
46. How does the intensity of exercise affect glycogen utilization?
(6)
47. Explain the four ways by which plasma glucose is maintained during exercise. (6)
48. What are the 3 functions of cortisol?
(3)
49. What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine during exercise?
(4)
50. What are the factors that determine blood hormone concentration?
(4)
51. What are the effects of insulin at rest and during exercise?
(5)
52. Describe the changes in cardiac output during exercise.
(6)
53. Explain how blood flow is redistributed around the body during exercise.
(7)
54. Describe the circulatory responses that occur with incremental exercise.
(7)
55. Describe the circulatory recovery response to intermittent exercise.
(7)
56. Explain what is meant by ‘cardiovascular drift’.
(4)
57. What is the amount of haemoglobin found in a normal male and female?
(2)
58. What is the amount of oxygen carried in a normal male and female?
(2)
59. What is partial pressure?
(2)
60. Explain the oxghemoglobin dissociation curve, focusing on the use, flat and steep
portions.
(10)
61. What factors affect the oxghemoglobin dissociation curve?
(3)
62. How does exercise affect the oxghemoglobin dissociation curve?
(3)
63. What is myoglobin and where is it found?
(4)
64. How is myoglobin different to hemoglobin?
(4)
65. What are the differences in myoglobin and oxygen at the start and end of exercise?
Why does this happen?
(8)
66. What are the way in which carbon dioxide is transported?
(3)
67. How is carbon dioxide converted to bicarbonate?
(5)
68. Explain bicarbonate exchange.
(8)
69. Describe the changes in PO2 and PCO2 with different exercises.
(6)
70. Describe the rest to work transitions to exercise in constant-load exercise.
(4)
71. What happens during prolonged sub maximal exercise? Why does this occur? (6)
72. What happens during incremental exercise?
(3)
73. Explain the Ventilatory Threshold
(8)
74. How do trained and untrained athlete’s ventilatory responses differ?
(6)
75. How do male and female ventilatory responses differ?
(2)
76. What is hypoxemia and how does it relate to exercise?
(4)
77. What are the suggested causes to hypoxemia in athletes?
(6)
78. Why is a significant increase in core temperature a threat to life?
(3)
79. Describe the voluntary and involuntary heat production mechanisms.
(4)
80. What are the 4 ways that heat can be lost?
(4)
81. Describe the evaporation rate & describe what factors this rate depends on. (6)
82. What are the functions of the anterior hypothalamus?
(3)
83. What are the functions of the posterior hypothalamus?
(3)
84. Discuss the thermal events during exercise?
(8)
85. What is the heat index and how is it used?
(4)
86. Discuss exercise in the heat/ hot environments.
(8)
87. What are the guidelines to prevent exercise related heat injuries.
(7)
88. What are the ways to prevent dehydration during exercise?
(5)
89. How does exercising in the heat accelerate muscle fatigue?
(6)
90. What differences do age and gender have on thermoregulation?
(4)
91. How do we acclimatize to heat?
(8)
92. What are the primary adaptations to heat acclimatization?
(4)
93. How do we adapt to cold environments?
(6)
94. Name the 3 principles of training and describe what each entails.
(9)
95. How is VO2max improved with training?
(4)
96. Discuss each training adaptation for VO2max.
(15)
97. How will detraining affect VO2max?
(4)
98. What are the structural and biochemical adaptations to endurance training? (5)
99. What are the effects of intensity and duration on mitochondrial adaptations? (5)
100.
Why is oxygen deficit lower after training?
(4)
101.
How is the plasma glucose concentration affected by training?
(6)
102.
How is the blood pH affected by training?
(5)
103.
How is the lactate removal affected by training?
(6)
104.
What are the physiological effects of strength training?
(8)
105.
What are the adaptations to strength training?
(8)
106.
What are the limitations to strength training?
(8)