EOC Review:
Wars in U.S. History
Mr. Johnson
U.S. History
French & Indian War
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When?
1754-1763
Who?
British/Colonists vs. French/Indians
Why?
Imperial conflict
Turning Points: Braddock fails; William Pitt takes
charge
• End of War?
Treaty of Paris of 1763
• Results
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France lost its N. Am. empire
War debt for British… taxation!!!
Proclamation Line of 1763
Colonial militias… unity, military experience (Albany Plan)
Revolutionary War
• When?
1775-1783
• Who?
British/Loyalists vs. Colonists/Patriots
• Why?
Independence, taxation, salutary
neglect, land/expansion
• Turning Points? Saratoga, Franco-American alliance
• End of War?
Treaty of Paris of 1783
• Results
– Independence
– Articles of Confederation
Proclamation of Neutrality
War of 1812
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When?
President?
Who?
Why?
Turning Points?
End of War?
Results
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1812-1814
James Madison
U.S. vs. Britain
Impressment, Indian attacks
Washington, D.C.; Ft. McHenry
Treaty of Ghent; Battle of N.O.
Wave of nationalism
Era of Good Feeling
“2nd War for Independence”
Boosted American industry
War of 1812
Homefront
• Economy – helped industry; hurt shipping
• Women & minorities – Indians were weakened b/c
their British allies lost the war
• Civil liberties - ???
• Media & public opinion – S&W supported war
hawks; N&E opposed b/c they depended on English
trade… Hartford Convention
• Power of government – weak… failed invasion of
Canada; strong… Battle of N.O. led to nationalism
Mexican War
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When?
1846-1848
President?
James K. Polk
Who?
U.S. vs. Mexico
Why?
Manifest Destiny, Texas border disputes
Turning Points?
Bear Flag Revolt; Vera Cruz
End of War?
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Results
– Mexican Cession
– Manifest Destiny fulfilled
– Wilmot Proviso/Compromise of 1850
Mexican war
Homefront
• Economy – lots of new land; Homestead Act; RR
construction
• Women & minorities – Mexicans lost land
• Civil liberties – Thoreau… Civil Disobedience
• Media & public opinion – war was controversial b/c
unfair to Mexico & spread slavery
• Power of government – Strong… Manifest Destiny
Civil War
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When?
1861-1865
President?
Abraham Lincoln
Who?
Union (North) vs. Confederacy (South)
Why?
Slavery, states’ rights,tariffs & election of Lincoln; Ft.
Sumter
• Turning Points?
Gettysburg; Vicksburg;
Emancipation Proclamation
• End of War? Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox
• Results
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Slavery abolished & 13/14/15th Amendments
Reconstruction of the south
National supremacy over states
Bloodiest war in American history
Civil War
Homefront
• Economy – helped northern industry; hurt southern
agriculture
• Women & minorities – Af Am slavery
ended/13/14/15 amendments; women nurses in
Red Cross
• Civil liberties – suspension of habeas corpus; martial
law
• Media & public opinion – Lincoln was controversial
b/c of racial issues & b/c war was long & costly
• Power of government – Strong… national
supremacy beat states rights
Indian Wars
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When?
Late 1800s
President?
Johnson through Harrison
Who?
U.S. vs. Plains Indians
Why?
Manifest Destiny, land, gold, RRs
Turning Points? Sand Creek, Ft. Laramie, Little Big
Horn
• End of War?
Ghost Dance/Wounded Knee
• Results
– See next slide
Indian Wars
Homefront
• Economy – new land… Homestead Act; RRs
• Women & minorities – Indians lost land… Dawes Act
assimilation; Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Shows; Buffalo
Soldiers
• Civil liberties • Media & public opinion Century of Dishonor – U.S.
had broken treaties with Indians
• Power of government – “from sea to shining sea”
Spanish-American War
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When?
1898
President?
William McKinley
Who?
U.S. vs. Spain
Why? imperialism; USS Maine; Yellow journalism
Turning Points?
San Juan Hill, Manila Bay
End of War?
Treaty of Paris
Results
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Short, sucessful war (“splendid little war”)
Spain loses its empire
U.S. gains an empire (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico)
Platt Amendment (Cuba)
Spanish-American War
Homefront
• Economy – empire was a boost to trade
• Women & minorities – annexed citizens didn’t have
full rights (i.e. Filipinos)
• Civil liberties - ???
• Media & public opinion – “splendid little war”;
yellow journalism; popular war
• Power of government – strong b/c we won war
quickly
World War I
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When?
1914-1918
President?
Woodrow Wilson
Who?
Allied Powers vs. Central Powers
Why?
Assassination of F.F.; submarine warfare
Why US involvement? Zimmerman Note
Turning Points?
Trenches… stalemate;
Russian Revolution
• End of War?
Armistice; Treaty of Versailles
• Results
– U.S. returns to isolationism, fails to join League of Nations
– Red Scare in U.S./nativism
– Wartime regulations/“Return to Normalcy”
World War I
Homefront
• Economy – boosted b/c of war prod’n; shortages of
food… victory gardens, farmer profits
• Women & minorities – women in factories… 19th
amendment; segregated armed forces
• Civil liberties – Espionage and Sedition Act; Schenck
v. US;
• Media & public opinion – pro-war propaganda;
neutrality changed to involvement
• Power of government – strong for war economy;
weak b/c Wilson’s League of Nations failed
World War II
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When?
1939-1945
President?
F.D.R.; Harry S. Truman
Who?
Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers
Why? Military aggression; appeasement; LendLease; Pearl Harbor
• Turning Points?
Stalingrad, D-Day, Midway
• End of War? Fall of Berlin (VE Day) Atomic bombs
(VJ Day)
• Results
– Holocaust
– Creation of United Nations
– Cold War U.S. vs. Soviet Union
World War II
Homefront
• Economy – pulled US out of depression; rationing; GI
Bill to aid veterans
• Women & minorities – Rosie the Riveter; Japanese
American internment
• Civil liberties – Four Freedoms speech
• Media & public opinion – Pearl Harbor changed
public opinion in favor of war
• Power of government – draft; war prod’n board;
atomic bomb
Korean War
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When?
1950-1953
President?
Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower
Who?
U.S. & S. Korea vs. China & N. Korea
Why?
38th Parallel, N. Korea invaded S. Korea
Turning Points?
U.N. invasion, Chinese invasion
End of War?
38th Parallel
Results
– Containment of communism
– Limited war
– Civilian control over military (MacArthur fired)
Cold War
Homefront
• Economy – fallout shelters; duck and cover; Taft
Hartley Act
• Women & minorities – nativism
• Civil liberties – spies (Hiss & Rosenbergs);
McCarthyism/Red Scare
• Media & public opinion – Hollywood blacklist;
• Power of government – space race; nukes; NASA;
National Defense Education Act; CIA
Vietnam War
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When?
1965-1975
President?
L.B.J., Richard Nixon
Who? U.S. & S. Vietnam vs. N. Vietnam & Vietcong
Why?
Domino Theory; Gulf of Tonkin
Turning Points?
Tet Offensive, Pentagon Papers,
Vietnamization
• End of War?
U.S. withdraws, South falls
• Results
– 26th Amendment
– War Powers Act
– Distrust of government/Social unrest
Vietnam War
Homefront
• Economy – undermined LBJ’s Great Society;
stagflation
• Women & minorities – Civil rights & black
power/New Left
• Civil liberties – Kent State shootings
• Media & public opinion – Pentagon Papers…
plumbers… Watergate; antiwar movement; My Lai
massacre; 1968 Dem. Convention
• Power of government – draft; 26th Amendment;
blank check… War Powers Act
Grenada
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When?
1983
President?
Ronald Reagan
Who?
US vs. Grenadan Communists/Cuba
Why?
Communist overthrow of Grenadan gov’t
Turning Points?
n/a
End of War?
Communists eliminated
Results
– Vast US military superiority
– Short, controlled war… no more “Vietnams”
Panama
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When?
1989
President?
George HW Bush
Who?
US vs. Panamaian military
Why?
Noriega… unfriendly dictator + drugs
Turning Points?
n/a
End of War?
Noriega imprisoned
Results
– Short, controlled war… no more “Vietnams”
– New Panamanian govt friendly to US
– 1999… canal handed over to Panama
Persian Gulf War
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When?
President?
Who?
Why?
Turning Points?
End of War?
Results
1991
George H.W. Bush
U.N. vs. Iraq
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
n/a
Kuwait liberated
– Lopsided war: “Exorcising the ghosts of Vietnam”
– Saddam left in power
– Weapons inspections
Bosnian War
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When?
President?
Who?
Why?
Turning Points?
End of War?
Results
1995
Bill Clinton
N.A.T.O. vs. Bosnian Serbs
Human rights
n/a
Dayton Peace Agreement
– Continuation of human rights policy
– U.S. involvement limited to air campaign… no more
“Vietnams”
Somalia
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When?
President?
Who?
Why?
Turning Points?
End of War?
Results
1993
Bill Clinton
U.S. vs. Somalian warlords
Human rights
“Black Hawk Down”
U.S. withdraws troops
– Continuation of human rights policy
– Reluctance to involve military in protracted peacekeeping
efforts in Africa…
– …U.S. did little to stop Rwandan genocide
Afghanistan
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When?
President?
Who?
Why?
Turning Points?
End of War?
Results
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2001
George W. Bush, Barack Obama
U.S. vs. Taliban/Al-Qaeda
9/11 attacks
???
Withdrawal planned for 2014
Longest American war (13 years)… waning public support
Overthrow of Taliban, disruption of Al-Qaeda
bin Laden killed, 2011
Reconstruction of Afghanistan
War on Terror
Homefront
• Economy – 9/11 hurt economy; national debt
increased
• Women & minorities – Arab Americans & Muslims…
discrimination
• Civil liberties – PATRIOT Act; NDAA; Homeland
Security; drones/UAVs; “kill lists”; airport security;
waterboarding; Guantanamo Bay
• Media & public opinion – “threat level”; internet
news; waning public support; atrocities undermine
support for war
• Power of government – vastly increased (see civil
liberties)
Iraq War
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When?
2003-2011
President?
Bush, Obama
Who?
U.S./U.K. vs. Iraq
Why?
Human rights, terrorism, suspected WMDs
Turning Points?
n/a
End of War? Capture of Baghdad, arrest of Saddam
Results
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Overthrow of Saddam
Failure to find WMDs
Iraqi insurgency
Increasingly unpopular war
Libyan Civil War
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When?
President?
Who?
Why?
Turning Points?
End of War?
Results
2011
Barack Obama
NATO/Libyan Rebels vs. Gaddafi
Human rights, dictatorship
n/a
Rebel victory, Gaddafi dead
– Multilateral cooperation
– No US soldiers killed
– ???
Wars in American History
War
Dates
President
French &
1757Indian War 1763
n/a
American
Revolution
17751783
n/a
Quasi War
17981800
Combat
-ants
Causes
Turning
Points
End &
Results
Homefront
Wars in American History
War
Dates
Barbary
Wars
18011815
War of
1812
18121815
Mexican
War
18461848
Civil War
18611865
Presi
dent
Combat
ants
Causes
Turning
Points
End &
Results
Homefront
Wars in American History
War
Dates
Western
Indian
Wars
Late
1800s
SpanishAmerican
War
1898
World War
I
19141918
Presi
dent
Combat
ants
Causes
Turning
Points
End &
Results
Homefront
Wars in American History
War
Dates
World War
II
19391945
Korean
War
19501953
Vietnam
War
19651975
Presi
dent
Combat
ants
Causes
Turning
Points
End &
Results
Homefront
Wars in American History
War
Dates
Invasion of
Grenada
1983
Invasion of
Panama
1989
Persian
Gulf War
1991
Bosnian
War
19921996
Somalian
Civil War
19921995
Presi
dent
Combat
ants
Causes
Turning
Points
End &
Results
Homefront
Wars in American History
War
Dates
“War on
Terror” +
Afghan
War
2001????
Iraq War
20032011
Presi
dent
Combat
ants
Causes
Turning
Points
End &
Results
Homefront