Chapter 25
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Big Issues:
(1)American Revolution
(2)French Revolution
(3)Slave revolt in St. Domingue (Haiti)
(4)Confusion on Iberian Peninsula (Spain/Portugal)
 Island of St. Domingue- half
Spanish/half French
 French Haiti- chaos between
whites quarreling with free-blacks
 Toussaint L’Ouverture- literate,
well read
 wanted all of Haiti to be free of
slavery
 Wanted independent Haiti
 Napoleon sent troops, captured
L’Ouverture (died in prison)
 Haiti still won- Napoleon chaos
certainly helped
 Creoles
 Mestizos
 Peninsulares
 Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and
Portugal –weakened them
 Simon Bolivar
 Wealthy creole
 The “liberator”
 1810- led independence movement in
Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela
 Fought for all classes
 Jamaica Letter 1815- his statement of
principles of freedom and equality
 Napoleon loses
 Vienna Conference does what?______
 King of Portugal leaves his son in charge as regent of
Brazil
 “If they start a revolution from Portugal…give it to
them. Declare Brazil independent…as yourself as
king.”
 Brazil=Monarchy Pedro I
• Welcome to CHAOS…
• 1810-1823
• Father Miguel de Hidalgo- priest who began to call for
independence
 Died in 1811
• Jose Maria Morelos took over
 They wanted equality for mestizos, indians, slaves…everyone.
 Wanted a constitution
 Morelos killed by conservative Mexicans- upper class
• Colonel Agustin Iturbide overturned Spain- dictator?
 Overthrown and Republic of Mexico established 1824.
 1. Culture
 Elites adopted Western patterns, habits, styles including
Romanticism, Realism

Culture of masses remained unchanged, focused on folk
arts, music, traditions
2. Gender, Class, Race

Women gained limited improvement with Education

Racial Identity still determined class
 “We have achieved our independence…at the expense
of everything else.” – S. Bolivar
• Constitutions failed-about 12 written, but people
were not accustomed to “rights” (compare to
American colonists)
• Dictators- Military leaders called CAUDILLOS
• Economy- wealth still characterized by land
ownership not capital wealth of Latin Americans.
Little industry
 Manifest Destiny
 Huge land acquisition-
Jefferson and NapoleonLouisianna Purchase
 Americans believed “sea to
shining sea” was predestined
by God
 Mexican American War
 James K. Polk- President
 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-
Mexico ceded southwest to USA.
 Panama Canal- USA help
Panama gain independence
from Colombia- in return
…Panama Canal!!!
 Spanish-American War-1898 (the
forgotten War)
 USA shows naval superiority for the first
time
 Wins easily
 Takes Philippines (buys for $20 million),
Guam, Puerto Rico
 Cuba gains independence from Spain
Chapter 26
 Reasons:
Poor leaders
2. Backward Janissaries stunted technological growth
3. European greediness for territory
1.
Cautious though- Ottomans were weak-a replacement
might be WORSE
2. Began slowly taking land from Ottomans- but were
concerned about balance of power in Europe
1.
i.e. “Hey France, your piece of cake is bigger…no fair!”
 Napoleon…conquered Egypt
 British helped Ottomans get it back…but…
 1805-Wahhabi Rebellion
 Muhammad Ali
 Sent by Ottomans to govern Egypt
 1841 he fought the Ottoman and became ruler of Egypt
 Reformed military, economy
 Very Western thinking
 Modernized cotton production (supplied cheap cotton)
 Suez Canal
 Connected Red Sea to Mediterranean.
 Built by French and Egyptians
 When Egypt fell in $450 million debt, Britain took
financial control and later (1882) occupied Egypt.
 This canal was the “Lifeline of the British Empire”
because it allowed quicker access to its colonies in Asia
and Africa.
 Greek Independence- 1821
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Ottoman land was valuable
1.
2.
Strategic location- landlocked countries had to travel
through to get to Black Sea (i.e. Russia)
Oil in Persia and Arabia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png
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The Crimean War-1853
1.
2.
3.
Russia vs. Ottomans- Russia wanted land along the
Black Sea
Britain and France helped the Ottomans to prevent
Russia from becoming too powerful
Ottomans won BUT . . .
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Showed weakness
Began losing land anyway (Slavic people in Balkans, parts
of Africa)
BY 1914- Ottoman Empire was about 1/3 of it’s greatest size
 Balkan Crisis (1876-1878)- Nationalism rises and
Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro leave.
 1839-1876
 More tolerance for non-Muslims
 Legal reform
 Schools to teach Western Science and tech
 Telegraph and telephone system
 Women in education
 Constitution?
 Many conservatives disliked…
 Overwhelmed eventually”
 Early 1900s “Young Turks” take control in 1908 and
establish a Republic
 Unfortunately the Ottomans side in WW1 with
Germany…lose… and that’s the end.