Ch. 27.1: The Diplomacy of the New Era
- Pacifism
- Anger/Resentment
- Economic Problems (1919-1920 +
Great Depression)

Ch. 27.1: The Diplomacy of the New Era
• Washington Naval
( Disarmament ) Conference
(1921)
– 5-Power Treaty: U.S. (5), G.B.
(5), Japan (3), France (1.67),
Italy (1.67)
– 4-Power Treaty: U.S., France,
G.B., Japan agreed to respect each other’s territory in the
Pacific.
– Nine-Power Treaty: All agreed to respect Open Door Policy

Ch. 27.1: The Diplomacy of the New Era
• London Conference (1930)
– U.S., Europe, Japan reached further agreement on naval disarmament, but G.B. + France insisted on many loopholes.
• World Disarmament Conference (1932)
– Yet another effort at disarmament, although it failed.
• Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
– More than 50 nations signed this agreement, which “outlawed”
“the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends.”
– Was ineffective, b/c it 1) permitted defensive wars, and 2) had no provision for enforcing against offenders.
• Dawes Plan (1924)
– U.S. gave $ to Germany. Germany gave $ to Britain/France. B/F paid back $ to U.S.

Ch. 27.1: The Diplomacy of the New Era
– Reason?
?
– Sec. of State Henry
Stimson’s Response…

Ch. 27.2: Isolationism and Internationalism
– Despite ideological/political differences, U.S. officially recognized the U.S.S.R. in
1933.
– Why?

Ch. 27.2: Isolationism and Internationalism
• The U.S. had a tradition of involvement in Latin America
– Monroe Doctrine
– Mexican American War
– Roosevelt Corollary
– Cuba/Puerto Rico
– Mexico (Pancho Villa)
• The new policy (“Good
Neighbor”) meant that the U.S. would use economic means to bring about desired change – rather than military means like in the past.
• Example: Nullification of Platt
Amendment in Cuba

Ch. 27.2: Isolationism and Internationalism
– Despite a supposed tradition of isolationism, the
U.S. had largely been involved in world affairs since at least the late 19 th c. Wilsonian internationalists had attempted to apply democratic principles (i.e. self-determination, disarmament, etc.) to foreign policy.
– Failed disarmament conferences and ineffective
L.O.N. led to…
– Nye Committee…

Ch. 27.2: Isolationism and Internationalism

Ch. 27.2: Isolationism and Internationalism
• The Neutrality Act of 1935 authorized the president to prohibit all arms shipments to forbid U.S. citizens to travel on the ships of belligerent nations.
– Prompted by Mussolini’s invasion of
Ethiopia
• The Neutrality Act of 1936 forbade the extension of loans and credits to belligerents.
• The Neutrality Act of 1937 forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the Spanish Civil War, but allowed cash-and-carry…
– This will be revised in 1939 to allow
Cash-and-Carry for weapons too.

Ch. 27.2: Isolationism and Internationalism
• Aggression…
– Germany: Rhineland (1936), Austria
( Anschluss ) (1938), Sudetenland (1938),
Czechoslovakia (1938)
• Then Poland on 9/1/39 = WWII Begins
– Italy: Ethiopia (1935), Albania (1939)
– Japan: Manchuria (1931), China (1937),
Panay (1937)

Ch. 27.2: Isolationism and Internationalism
• Munich Conference
– Meeting between Hitler,
Chamberlain, Daladier,
Mussolini in 9/1938 in
Munich, Germany.
– Hitler got to keep everything he’s already taken (R.A.S.), but promised not to take anything else (e.g. Czechoslovakia).

Ch. 27.3: From Neutrality to Intervention
• Nazi-Soviet Pact
– Agreement between
Hitler Stalin
• “non-aggression” for 10 years
• Split up
Poland/Eastern
Europe between them
• Why?

Ch. 27.3: From Neutrality to Intervention

“This is the last territorial claim I have to make in
Europe”
He totally bought it!

“ The enemy did not expect my great determination….Our enemies are little worms, I saw them at
Munich…Now Poland is in the position I wanted”
A. Hitler

• Complete isolation before WWI
• Left out of Versailles
• Emperor – Hirohito
During G. Depression…
• Ultra -nationalist forces take control (Tojo)
• New Japanese empire
• 1931 – invasion of Manchuria
• 2 nd Sino - Japanese war – ‘37
As empire expands..
• Needs natural resources to fuel expansion
• Rely on U.S. (steel and oil)
• July ’41 – U.S. embargo
• Dutch East Indies…must neutralize U.S.
• Pacific Fleet – Pearl Harbor