06.08 Regular & Honors
Segment Exam Study Guide
Module 4:

Be able to identify and describe the three formed elements of blood from a diagram

What are the components of blood serum?

What is likely to be found inside plasma?

What role will your valves play in the human heart?

How is blood volume determined?

What causes blood pressure to occur in our body?

What are some factors that contribute to high blood pressure?

What are some factors that contribute to low blood pressure?

What are some of the physical symptoms of arteriosclerosis?

How will kidney function affect your blood pressure?

What happens to your blood vessels while inhaling smoke?

What is the effect on blood pressure when your blood vessels dilate?

What are some steps a person can take to reduce hypertension?

Does family history play a role in hypertension? Explain

How will excessive amounts of water affect your blood pressure?

Describe the difference between your systolic and diastolic pressure?

What sequence of events occurs during the initial heart sound?

What sequence of events occurs during the second heart sound?

Be able to describe causes from each of the following………
o Hypertension
o Arteriosclerosis
o Hemophilia
o Anemia

How will our endocrine system contribute to our blood pressure?

What effect will constriction of arteries have on blood pressure?

What defense mechanisms does our body contain to prevent blood from flowing backwards? (Honors)

Why are capillaries unable to contract or relax? (Honors)

What layer of an artery will be in direct contact with blood, as well as plaque? (Honors)

Be able to identify and describe the 3 layers of arteries and veins from a diagram (Honors)

What is measured during an electrocardiogram? (Honors)
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
Be able to describe what occurs during each of these phases……..(Honors)
o Atrial Depolarization
o Ventricular Depolarization
o Ventricular Repolarization

What can be detected if an electrocardiogram produces abnormal results? (Honors)

Be able to describe what occurs during each of these waves………..(Honors)
o P Wave
o QRS Wave
o T Wave

How are we able to determine blood typing?

What role does hemostasis play in the body?

Be able to identify the correct sequence of events during hemostasis

What components are used during hemostasis

What specifically will occur during each of these stages?
o Vessel Spasm
o Coagulation
o Platelet Plug Formation

How would a muscle injury surrounding a broken vessel effect hemostasis?

What are some causes and symptoms of hemophilia?
Module 5:

What role does epinephrine play on our respiratory system?

How does your respiratory system work to effectively ensure cellular respiration takes place?

How would damage to your rib muscles affect respiration?

If a person has a punctured lung, how will that affect respiration?

How would a diaphragm injury affect respiration?

How would forms of lung disease affect your alveoli?

How would an increase in surfactant likely affect respiration? (Honors)

How would a decrease in surfactant likely affect respiration? (Honors)

Identify the proper sequence that an oxygen molecules takes to diffuse in the bloodstream (Honors)

How is your body able to push food through your digestive system?

What would occur if your body was lacking bile?

Be able to describe the role that each of these will play during digestion…….
o Acetylcholine
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o Adrenaline
o Secretin
o Gastrin
o Pepsin
o Bile

Identify the proper sequence that a carbon dioxide molecules takes to diffuse out of the bloodstream
(Honors)

Why is the function of villi essential to digestion? (Honors)

Be able to identify and describe the function of each from a diagram (Honors)
o Mucosa
o Submucosa
o Muscle Layer
o Serosa

Be able to describe the role (and digestive enzymes) that each accessory organ plays in digestion…
o Salivary Glands
o Liver
o Gall Bladder
o Pancreas

Be able to identify the function, chemical formula, and monomers for each macromolecule……
o Carbohydrates
o Proteins
o Lipids
o Nucleic Acids

Which macromolecule cannot be obtained through ingestion?

What role does activation energy have on enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

What causes digestive enzymes to denature as digestion takes place?

What factors would cause the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to increase?

What factors would cause the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to decrease?

What are two environmental factors that can increase or decrease the efficiency of an enzyme?

Be able to identify what role each of these will have on enzyme-catalyzed reactions……..
o Enzymes
o Substrates
o Cofactors

Be able to identify enzyme efficiency from graphs and charts
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Module 6:

What role does ADH have on our excretory system?

What role will your nephrons play during urine formation?

In addition to your nephrons, what other parts of your kidney assist in forming urine?

Describe the function that each component of your kidney will play to form urine

Be able to describe the path that fluid takes from the time it enters the kidney until it leaves the body
as urine.

What organ is responsible for producing urea?

What organ is responsible for removing urea from the blood?

What role will your ureters play during urine formation? (Honors)

What role will your urethra play during urine formation? (Honors)

Be able to identify the path of urine leading out of the body (Honors)

How are viruses and bacteria different?

What parts of your body will make up your non-specific immune system?

How are physical and chemical nonspecific immune systems different?

Which white blood cells will play a role in specific immunity?

Which cells are associated with humoral immunity, and what role will they play?

Which cells are associated with cell-mediated immunity, and what role will they play?

How will your memory T cells contribute to specific immunity?

How will antibiotics specifically target pathogens in your body?

How does a vaccine contribute towards your specific immunity?

Why are pathogens specifically harmful to our bodies?

Why should you avoid taking antibiotics if you are healthy?

How does your thymus gland contribute to your lymphatic system?

How do your Peyer’s Patches contribute to your lymphatic system?

Which portions of your body have the highest concentration of lymph nodes?

What specific roles will your lymph nodes play?

Be able to describe the path that a lymphocyte will take throughout the body

Which types of cells will lymphocytes specifically target?

How will an increased lymphocyte count affect the body?

How will a decreased lymphocyte count affect the body?

How does the lymph system affect cancer cells in the body?

Be able to identify the location and function of the following from a diagram………..
o Ovaries
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o Fallopian Tube
o Cervix
o Follicles
o Uterus
o Testes
o Epididymis
o Vas Deferens
o Seminiferous Tubules
o Urethra
o Prostate Gland

Be able to describe what each layer develops into……..(Honors)
o Endoderm
o Mesoderm
o Ectoderm

What occurs during gastrulation? (Honors)

What are some changes that occur during the first trimester? (Honors)

What are some changes that occur during the second trimester? (Honors)

What are some changes that occur during the third trimester? (Honors)

Be able to identify and describe the function of each from a diagram……….
o Placenta
o Umbilical Cord
o Ductus Arteriosus
o Ductus Venosus
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