Thomas Jefferson-Secretary of State

Supreme Court
Established
13 lower Federal Court districts
3 Circuit Courts
Supreme Court had final say
John Jay 1 st Chief Justice

Congress would move to
Philadelphia from NYC while new capital city was being planned between Maryland and
Virginia in present-day
Washington, D.C.
Alexander Hamilton compromised with Southern legislators to pay off American debts by agreeing to locate the new American capital city in the South
The next argument would be whether or not the United
States would establish a national bank favored by
Hamilton but strongly opposed by Jefferson and Madison
Washington would agree with
Hamilton that even though
Constitution did not say the
U.S. could set up a national bank it did not say it could not do so (first example of implied powers)

Tariffs (taxes on imported goods) would be charged to encourage Americans to buy products made in America
Southern states not supportive as their economy was based on farming and had very little manufacturing interests.
Hamilton would win support in Congress for lower tariffs to raise money rather than to protect businesses providing the U.S. with
90% of their revenue by the 1790’s
The final portion of Hamilton’s master plan was to establish a series of national taxes.
A tax would be approved on a variety of items including whiskey which would not sit well with many distillers and would lead to riots.

Hamilton’s national tax programs would lead to one of the nation’s first tests of the ability of the government to control uprisings in July of 1794
Whiskey distillers in Western Pennsylvania near the town of present day Heidelberg,
PA attacked tax collector John Neville at his home.
Hamilton urged President Washington to send troops to squash the rebellion. After negotiations proved futile, Washington gave in to Hamilton’s plan.
Hamilton and Henry Lee led a force of
13,000 militia and put down the rebellion in quick order with 3-4 rebels killed and 1 militia member killed. It proved that the new nation could control uprisings in short order. This made Jefferson nervous about
Hamilton.

Native Americans living between
Appalachian Mountains and
Mississippi River denied any authority the United States had over them
Britain and Spain more than willing to prevent American settlement of western lands
Washington made treaties with
Native Americans to prevent troubles but settlers ignored treaties and settled on Native
American land anyway.
Fighting would break out between the two groups .

Washington sent an army under
General Arthur St. Clair to restore order in Northwest Territory in
November of 1791
Chief Little Turtle of the Miami tribe led 1000 Native Americans to annihilate St. Claire’s forces near the
Wabash River in present day Fort
Recovery in western Ohio on the
Indiana border leaving only 48 unharmed to escape to tell of the carnage. 623 American soldiers were killed
Worst defeat of the U.S. Army ever by Native Americans. Washington would fire St. Clair and Congress would open a full scale investigation of the Executive branch.
This problem had to be dealt with swiftly and quickly.

Conquering the West
Washington sent
Revolutionary War
General “Mad” Anthony
Wayne to challenge
Native American
Demands that Americans leave all territory north of the Ohio River.
In August 1794, Wayne would crush Native
Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers near present day Toledo, Ohio
In the Treaty of
Greenville of 1795 ,
Native Americans would agree to give up much of the land in present day
Ohio.
http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?videoId=VVhLoXCbr6A

***French Revolution would begin in
1789, and would end with the beheading king and queen of France
***Britain would go to war with
France in 1793. Americans in the
South would sympathize for the
French. Americans in the north would trade with Britain
***Hamilton and Adams would side with the British while Jefferson would side with the French
***France tried to drag the U.S. into their fight. Washington would issue
Proclamation of Neutrality April 22,
1793 forbidding Americans from fighting for either side. French and
British ships banned from U.S. ports
***British ships would stop American merchant ships and force American crews into service in the British navy.
This was called impressment and it angered Americans.

Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty
John Jay sent to England to negotiate a settlement to prevent war with Britain
Britain agreed to :
1) Withdraw all troops from American soil
2) Pay damages for all American ships seized
3) Allow some American ships to trade with
British colonies in Caribbean
4) Forgive all debts incurred prior to 1776
Narrowly approved by Senate as many
Americans were still outraged and demanded retribution for the impressment of Americans into the British Navy
Treaty with Spain made in 1795 referred to as PINCKNEY’S TREATY for the diplomat
Thomas Pinckney who negotiated with
Spain.
1. Gave Americans free navigation of the
Mississippi River
2. Gave Americans Right to Trade in New
Orleans.

Treaty of London 1794
(Jay’s Treaty)
Treaty of San Lorenzo
(Pinckney’s Treaty)

-September 1796 Washington announced he would not seek a third term and would retire to Mount Vernon at the age of 64
-Warned against political parties and getting involved in problems of other countries
-His parting words would influence foreign policy for the next 100 years when he said : “observe good faith and justice toward all nations…Tis our policy to steer clear of permanent alliances.”
-Our country would make every effort to keep to ourselves.

Federalists
Rule by the wealthy class
Strong federal government
Focus on manufacturing
Loose interpretation of Constitution
British Alliance
National Bank
Protective Tariffs
Democratic-Republicans
Rule by the people
Strong state governments
Focus on farming
Strict interpretation of the Constitution
French alliance
State banks
Free trade

ELECTION OF 1796
Candidates sought office as members of a political party for the first time
Held caucuses (meetings) to chose their candidate for each party
Federalists nominate John Adams for
President and Charles Pinckney for
Vice-President
Democratic Republicans put chose
Jefferson for President and Aaron
Burr for Vice-President
Adams Jefferson while once friends became rivals and started mudslinging
Adams won Presidency and Jefferson won Vice-Presidency with second highest electoral votes
The U.S. had a Federalist President and Republican Vice-President

Presidency of John Adams
In an attempt to avoid war with France
Adams sent a diplomats to France
French agents sent by French Minister
Charles Talleyrand attempted to bribe
Americans for a loan .
Americans told the French they would get
“NOT A SIX PENCE!” . Adams referred to the French agents as X, Y, and Z . This would become known as the “XYZ
AFFAIR”
Adams told Congress to prepare for war with France by increasing navy and building warships.
After French warships attacked U.S. ships a peace agreement was reached with
France in 1800.

Allowed the President to imprison aliens or those he considered dangerous out of the country
Made it a crime to speak , write or publish “false, scandalous or malicious” criticisms of the government. This was done to silence anti-Federalist pro-Republican opinions.
Threat of war with France made
Americans suspicious of aliens
(people living in the U.S. who were not citizens)
VA and KY Resolutions of 1798 and
1799 ruled Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional and suggested states nullify them (overturn federal law) .
This proved the principle of state’s rights because the ACTS contained powers reserved for the states per the
10 th Amendment