Ch 14 Forging the
National Economy
The most boring title in the world for
a chapter. I mean seriously American
Pageant, work with me.
First: Andrew Jackson Review
• President #7
• “Old Hickory”
• A Thesis: Most
dominant actor in
American politics
between Jefferson
and Lincoln.
Who might be a counter argument to this thesis?
Essential Question:
Champion of
the
“Common Man”?
OR
“King”
Andrew?
Andrew Jackson 1767-1845
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•
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•
1st Westerner to reach the White House
Expanded executive powers
Fought in Revolutionary War as a BOY!
Lived with Rachel Robards before she was
divorced. Scandalous!
• Prosecutor, judge, congressman, senator,
THEN a general.
The Center of
Population in the
Country Moves
WEST
The Reign of “King
Mob”
Andrew Jackson Presidency
• First clue that something was different? The
party.
Two Big Issues:
• 1. Nullification crisis- South thought tariffs and
transportation subsidies in “America system”
of Henry Clay unfair. Why?
Southerners Mad!
• Tariffs made prices go up for them
• Subsidies favored northern transportation
• Jackson’s constituency: South and West
• Jackson’s response: Veto the Mayville road 1830
• But when South Carolina “nullified” the tariff,
Jackson called them treasonous.
• Congress reduced the tariff, reducing the
Nullification Crisis
Who had the most vetoes ever?
The winner: FDR -
635
Jackson’s second big issue
• 2nd Bank of the USA
• Vetoed the charter extension (would end in
1836) Moved funds to state charter banks.
What is Jacksonian Democracy?
• Cheaper public land
• Move Indians west (backs state authority in Georgia vs.
Cherokee nation). Does not protect Indian rights
• Spoils system-but opposed to favoritism in govt.
spending
• Legacy: Whigs form to combat him. The two party
system. Pioneers of techniques party organization.
• Laissez Faire politics
• Heirs of TJ
• Simple, frugal, unobtrusive government. Antiaristocrat.
Indian Removal
Trail of Tears (18381839)
Money money money
Ch 14
• America grows up! America gets big! America
is proud of herself and is stretching across the
continent…with one big problem….slavery
“Go West Young Man, go west and
grow with the country”
•
•
•
•
Horace Greeley or John B Soule?
Greeley-founded of New York Tribune
Soule-Presbyterian minister
No matter…it was the phrase of the 19th
century
Timeline of Westward expansion
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•
1804 - Under order of President Thomas Jefferson, the Lewis and Clark Expedition depart from
St.Louis, Mo., on May 14, to chart a course to the Pacific Ocean.1841 - First emigrant wagon train
for California. Forty-seven people leave Independence, Mo., on May 1, and reach California on
November 4.
1842 - Settlement of Oregon begins via the Oregon Trail.
1847 - After violent clashes with settlers over polygamy, Mormons leave Nauvoo, Ill., and head
for the West under Brigham Young. They eventually settle at Salt Lake City, Utah.
1848 - Gold discovered January 24 in California. In February, Mexico ceded claims to Texas,
California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah and portions of Colorado. U.S. pays Mexico $15
million.
1849 - 80,000 prospectors emigrate to California to follow the gold boom.
1859 - First commercially productive oil well drilled near Titusville, Pa. by Edwin Drake on August
27; led to expansion of oil fields in the southwest territories.
1861 - First transcontinental telegraph line completed October 24.
1862 - Homestead Act was approved on May 20, grants free family farms to settlers.
1867 - The Grange was organized December 4 to protect farmers interests.
1869 - Transcontinental railroad completed; golden spike driven at Promontory, Utah, May 10,
marking the junction of Central Pacific and Union Pacific railways.
George Catlin
River bluffs 1320 miles above St. Louis(1832)
George Catlin
Buffalo Chase with Bows and
Lances (1832-1833)
The Frontier
• Strong idea throughout American history
• Tall tales and legends (Paul Bunyan, Davy
Crockett)
• Pioneers
• JFK-”New Frontier”
Explosive Urban Growth
New York,
• In 1790 2 cities w/20,000
Philadelphia
• By 1860 43 w/20,000
• By 1860 USA is 4th most populous country in
the world!
1.
2.
3.
Westward Movement
•
Americans marched quickly toward west
– very hard w/ disease & loneliness
•
•
Frontier people were individualistic,
superstitious & ill-informed
Westward movement molded environment
– tobacco exhausted land
– “Kentucky blue grass” thrived
5.3 million
Population Growth
from 1620 to 1860
City growth
Westward expansion
Growth of cities and states by
1850
The March of the Millions
•
High birthrate accounted for population
growth
– Population doubling every 25 years
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•
Near 1850s, millions of Irish, German came
Beginning in 1830, immigration in the US
soared
Irish Immigration
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•
•
Irish Potato Famine 1845-1849
Main ports of entry – New York, Philadelphia,
Baltimore, and Boston
Irish were too poor to move inland and farm so
they stayed in the cities
–
Boston did not particularly like the Irish – catholic,
illiterate, poor
“No Irish need apply!”
–
–
Benevolent society to help Irish
Spawned “Molly Maguires” (miners union)
–
NY’s Tammany Hall, Irish political machine
–
•
•
Ancient Order of Hibernians
Gradually improved and became active
politically
German Immigration
• Most Germans came due to crop failures
– Germans better off than Irish, came west, many to
Wisconsin
• A few were political refugees from collapse of
democratic revolutions in 1848
• German contributions include Kentucky rifle,
Christmas tree, kindergarten, and abolitionists
• Some Americans were suspicious because they
tried to preserve language, culture and lived in
separate communities, and drank beer
Sources of
Immigration, 182040
Sources of
Immigration, 184060
Settlements of Immigrants
•Irish in Northeastern cities: New York
and Boston
•Germans would settle in Midwest
Early Nativism
•
American “nativists” feared 1840s & 1850s
invasion of immigrants
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–
•
Took jobs, grew Roman Catholicism
Catholics built their own schools, were #1
denomination by 1850
1849: Nativists form Order of the Star-Spangled
Banner, developed into “Know-Nothing” party
–
–
Wanted immigration restrictions
Nativists occasionally violent, burned Boston convent
(1834)
–
Philadelphia Irish fought back, 13 killed in several
days of fighting (1844)
• A shift from goods made by hand to factory
and mass production
• Technological innovations brought production
from farmhouse to factories
– Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S.
– Beginning of US Factory System
• US slow to embrace factory system
– Scarce labor
– Little capital
– Superiority of British factories
american
Henry
Clay, US
John
C. Calhoun,
Congressmen
from
Senator from South
Kentucky
Carolina
system
Promote nationalism was internal
improvements to unite the US.
•Transportation system of roads,
canals, steamships and rivers.
•1800 to 1850 roads, canals and
rivers first forms of transportation
•1860, the railroad is added
Provide economic growth
•Americans buying American goods
•American self-sufficiency.
•Protective tariff (allows US factories to grow)
•2nd Bank of the United States
3 Sections working together to build the country
Economy
Leader
__________
Role of
Government
NORTHEAST
•Business and
Manufacturing
•Daniel Webster
____________
•Wanted Tariffs
•Backed internal
improvements
•Wanted end to cheap
public land
•Increasingly
nationalistic
•Against Slavery and
believed the U.S. Govt.
must abolish it.
Economy
Leader
__________
Role of
Government
SOUTH
•Cotton growing
•John C. Calhoun
_____________
•Opposed tariffs and
government spending
on American System
•Increasingly
supportive of states’
rights
•Pro-slavery and
opposed any steps of
the U.S. Govt. to try
and abolish it.
Economy
Leader
__________
Role of
Government
WEST
•Frontier agriculture
•Henry Clay
_____________
•Supported internal
improvements
•Wanted cheap land
•Loyal to the U.S.
Govt.
•Against slavery but
some supported
letting the people
decide the slavery
issue
• Population shift because of westward expansion
– the West demanded transportation.
– The Land Act of 1820, gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to
purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash
• Erie Canal started in 1817 and completed in 1825
– NY Governor DeWitt Clinton built the Erie Canal
– Connected New York City from Hudson River with the Great Lakes and
the West
• Clinton’s Big Ditch--------Other canals follow
• Navigable rivers and the steamboat
– the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.
Erie Canal System
Principal Canals in 1840
Highways
• Bad roads made transportation highly unreliable
• The National Road begun in 1811 and completed
by 1832
– Connected Maryland to Illinois.
– Built by US government
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Conestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820s
•Help unite the
country as well
as improve the
economy and
the infant
industry.
•Because of the
British
blockade
during the War
of 1812, it was
essential for
internal
transportation
improvements.
The Railroad Revolution,1850s
• 1850 to 1860, RR proved most
significant development toward
national economy
• Americans demanded transcontinental
railroad to California.
– Completed by 1869.
Pioneer Railroad Promoters
• 1800 to 1850: Roads, canals, navigable rivers
with steamboats were the main modes of
transportation.
• 1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant
development toward national economy
• Competition between Railroads and Canals
• Obstacles
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–
–
–
opposition from canal backers
danger of fire
poor brakes
difference in track gauge meant changing trains
Map rr
Effects of the
Transportation Revolution
• 1860-61, Pony Express connected East-West
• Telegraph instantly sent messages across US
• Attraction of many large capital investments and
encouraged risk taking in the US economy
• People moved faster and country expanded
– Unifying spirit among fellow country men
– A need for a transcontinental railroad that connected
east to west
•Telegraph revolutionized
communication
•Would replace the Pony
Express by 1861
Trails
•Built first textile mill in 1793 in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
Samuel Slater was the "Father
•Born in England on June 9, 1768
of the American Factory
System."
and worked in British factories.
•Slater came to US to make his
fortune in the textile industry.
•Slatersville Mill was the largest and
most modern industrial cotton mill
of its day
Early Textile Loom
The Lowell Mills
• Americans beat the British at their own
game, made better factories
• Francis C Lowell (a British “traitor”)
came over here to build British factories
met up with Boston mechanic, Paul
Moody
– Together they improved the mill and
invented a power loom that revolutionized
textile manufacturing
The Lowell System
Lowell, Massachusetts, 1832
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Young New England farm girls
Supervised on and off the job
Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a day
Escorted to church on Sunday
Women & the Economy
• 1850: 10% of white women working for pay
outside home
– Vast majority of working women were single
– Left paying jobs upon marriage
• “Cult of domesticity”
– Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker
• Empowers married women
– Increased power & independence of women in
home led to decline in family size
Workers & Wage Slaves
• With industrial revolution, large
impersonal factories surrounded by slums
full of “wage slaves” developed
• Long hours, low wages, unsanitary
conditions, lack of heat, etc.
– Labor unions illegal
• 1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were
children under 10
Workers & Wage Slaves
• 1820s & 1830s: right to vote for laborers
– Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved
conditions
– Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better
conditions
• 1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher
wages or 10-hour day
– 1837 depression hurt union membership
• Commonwealth v. Hunt
– Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal conspiracies
as long as they were peaceful
•1830s,
Industrialization
grew throughout the
North…
•Southern cotton
shipped to Northern
textile mills was a
good working
relationship.
Resourcefulness & Experimentation
 Americans were willing to try
anything.
 They were first copiers, then
innovators.
1800  41 patents were approved.
1860  4,357 “
“
“
The invention
which changed
the South, cotton
and slavery.
•Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the
cotton industry.
•He is also noted for the concept of mass
production and interchangeable parts by
creating dyes for pistols and rifles.
•Very important early pioneer in America’s
industrial revolution.
Cotton Production
Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine
• Cotton gin invented in 1793
– 50 times more effective than hand picking
• Raising cotton more profitable
– South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton”
 New England factories
flourish with Southern
cotton
1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first
commercially successful and reliable
steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize
water travel.
The steamboat was often the only mechanical
means of river travel and freight transportation
from 1808 through 1930.
John Deere & the Steel Plow
Cyrus McCormick
& the Mechanical Reaper
Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph
“WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”
Cyrus Field
& the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s
Sewing Machine
Perfected by Singer
Gave boost to northern industry
Became foundation for ready-made clothing industry
Led many women into factories
From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat),
Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)