DAEDALUS AND ICARUS
Ever since humans first saw birds soar through the sky, they have wanted to fly. The ancient
Greeks and Romans pictured many of their gods with winged feet, and imagined
mythological winged animals. According to the legend of Daedalus and Icarus, the father and
son escaped prison by attaching wings made of wax and feathers to their bodies.
Unfortunately, Icarus flew too near the sun, and the heat caused the wax and feathers to
melt. The feathers fell off, and Icarus plummeted to the sea. Daedalus landed safely in Sicily.
HERO'S ENGINE
Legendary characters used the
power of mythology to fly through
the heavens. About 100 AC a
Greek inventor known as Heron
"the Precursor" of Alexandria
came up with a new invention that
depended
more
on
the
mechanical interaction of heat and
water. He invented a rocket-like
device called an aeolipile. It used
steam for propulsion. Hero
mounted a sphere on top of a
water kettle. A fire below the kettle
turned the water into steam, and
the gas traveled through the pipes
to the sphere. Two L-shaped
tubes on opposite sides of the
sphere allowed the gas to escape,
and in doing so gave a thrust to
the sphere that caused it to rotate.
CHINESE SOLDIER LAUNCHES FIRE ARROW
CHINESE REPULSE MONGOLS
In 1232 AD the Chinese used rockets against the Mongols who were
besieging the city of Kai-fung-fu. An arrow with a tube of gunpowder
produced an arrow of flying fire.
WAN HOO AND HIS SPACE VEHICLE
According to one ancient legend, a Chinese official named Wan-Hoo attempted a
flight to the moon using a large wicker chair to which were fastened 47 large rockets.
Forty seven assistants, each armed with torches, rushed forward to light the fuses. In
a moment there was a tremendous roar accompanied by billowing clouds of smoke.
When the smoke cleared, the flying chair and Wan-Hu were gone.
TORPEDO ROCKET
All through the 13th to the 15th Century there were reports of many rocket
experiments. For example, Joanes de Fontana of Italy designed a surfacerunning rocket-powered torpedo for setting enemy ships on fire.
DRAWING OF STAGED ROCKET
In 1650, a Polish artillery expert, Kazimierz Siemienowicz, published
a series of drawings for a staged rocket.
INDIAN TROOPS ROUT BRITISH
The English confrontation with Indian rockets came in 1780 at the Battle
of Guntur. The closely massed, normally unflinching British troops broke
and ran when the Indian Army laid down a rocket barrage in their midst.
CONGREVE'S INCENDIARY ROCKETS - 1806
William Congreve's incendiary rocket used black powder, an iron case, and
a 16-foot guide stick. The British used Congreve rockets in 1806 to attack
Napoleon's headquarters in France. In 1807, Congreve directed a rocket
attack against Copenhagen; approximately 25,000 rockets were fired.
THE ROCKETS' RED GLARE
Francis Scott Key coined the phrase the "rocket's red glare after the British fired Congreve
rockets against the United States in the War of 1812. Congreve had used a 5 m guide-stick to
help stabilize his rocket. William Hale, another British inventor, invented the stickless rocket in
1846. The U.S. army used the Hale rocket more than 100 years ago in the war with Mexico.
Rockets were also used to a limited extent in the Civil War.
WRIGHT BROTHERS FLIGHT
On December 17, 1903, two brothers from Dayton, Ohio, named Wilbur
and Orville Wright, were successful in flying an airplane they built. Their
powered aircraft flew for 12 seconds above the sand dunes of Kitty Hawk,
North Carolina, making them the first people to pilot a heavier-than-air
machine that took off on its own power, remained under control, and
sustained flight.
TSIOLKOVSKY ROCKET DESIGNS
Tsiolkovsky, a Russian
school teacher,
published a report in
1903 that suggested the
use of liquid propellants
for rockets in order to
achieve greater range.
Tsiolkovsky stated that
the speed and range of a
rocket were limited by
the exhaust velocity of
escaping gases.
‫הודף – חומר להנעת טילים רקטיים‬
‫הודף = דלק ‪ +‬מחמצן‬
‫– הודפים מוצקים‬
‫– הודפים נוזליים‬
‫– הודפים למנועי כלאיים – שילוב של מוצק‬
‫(על פי רוב הדלק) ונוזל (המחמצן)‬
‫– הודפים במצב ג'ל (נוזל מוקרש)‬
‫הודפים מוצקים‬
‫הדלק והמחמצן הנם מעורבבים יחד‬
‫ולאחר עיבוד מתקבלת תערובת מוצקה‪.‬‬
‫יתרונות‪ :‬פשטות‪ ,‬עלות נמוכה‪ ,‬אמינות‬
‫גבוהה‪ ,‬כוננות להפעלה מיידית‪.‬‬
‫חסרונות‪ :‬אין כמעט אפשרות של בקרת‬
‫הדחף לאחר ההדלקה‪ ,‬אין אפשרות של‬
‫כיבוי והדלקה מחדש‪ ,‬ביצועים אנרגטיים‬
‫נמוכים יחסית‪ ,‬סכנה בטיחותית בעת‬
‫אחסון‪.‬‬
‫הודפים נוזליים‬
‫הדלק והמחמצן הנם בנפרד אחד מהשני‬
‫הן בעת אחסון והן בעת פעולת המנוע‪.‬‬
‫יתרונות ‪:‬ביצועים אנרגטיים גבוהים‬
‫יחסית‪ ,‬יש אפשרות של בקרת הדחף‬
‫כולל כיבוי והדלקה מחדש‪ ,‬סכנה‬
‫בטיחותית בעת אחסון פחותה מזו של‬
‫הודפים מוצקים‪.‬‬
‫חסרונות ‪ :‬מורכבות‪ ,‬עלות גבוהה‪ ,‬זמן‬
‫ארוך להכנה לשיגור‪.‬‬
‫הודפים למנועי כלאיים‬
‫דלק פחמימני‬
‫(פוליאתילן‪ ,‬פוליבוטדיין)‬
‫בתצורה של גליל חלול‪.‬‬
‫מחמצן נוזלי (חמצן נוזלי‪,‬‬
‫מי חמצן) אשר זורם‬
‫בחלל הגליל‪.‬‬
‫הודפים במצב ג'ל‬
‫בעיקרון הם מתנהגים כמוצקים בעת האחסון‬
‫וכנוזליים בעת פעולתם‪.‬‬
‫יתרונות‪ :‬כל יתרונות ההודפים הנוזליים בתוספת‬
‫של רמת בטיחות‪ ,‬ביצועים אנרגטיים וצפיפות‬
‫אנרגיה‪ .‬זאת בעיקר בגלל היכולת לשאת‬
‫בחלקיקים מתכתיים‪.‬‬
‫חסרונות‪ :‬כדומה לנוזליים וגם אין עדיין טכנולוגיה‬
‫מפותחת‪.‬‬
GODDARD
In 1926, Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket and laid the foundation for
a technology that would eventually take man to the moon and beyond. Fueled by
liquid oxygen and gasoline, Robert Goddard's rocket flew for only 2.5 seconds,
climbed 12.5 m, and landed 46 m away in a cabbage patch.
1932 Rocket Motor Design
In addition to Dr.
Goddard's pioneer
work, American
experimentation in
rocketry prior to
World War II grew,
primarily in technical
societies. This is an
early rocket motor
designed and
developed by the
American Rocket
Society in 1932.
OBERTH
The foremost authority on rocketry was Dr. Hermann Oberth, a Hungarian-born
German. In 1923, he published a book about rocket travel into outer space.
Because of his important writings, many small rocket societies sprang up around
the world. In the spring of 1930, a young Wernher von Braun assisted Oberth in
his early experiments in testing a liquid-fueled rocket with about 7 kgf of thrust.
V-2 ROCKET
At the Peenemuende
Research Facility in
Germany, the Germans,
under the technical
direction of Von Braun,
developed the V-2
Rocket. The V-2 became
one of the best known of
all early missiles. By the
end of World War II, the
Germans had fired
nearly 3,000 V-2
weapons against
England and other
targets.
V-2 ROCKET
The V-2 rocket was
small by comparison to
today's rockets. The
14-m rocket could
carry a 750 kg
warhead 360 km. It
achieved its great
thrust by burning a
mixture of liquid
oxygen and alcohol at
a rate of about one ton
every seven seconds.
V-2 AT WHITE SANDS
The German team
of specialists was
initially assigned
to Fort Bliss Texas
where they
reassembled and
tested V-2 rockets
brought to
America from
Germany; later
they came to
Redstone Arsenal
in Huntsville,
Alabama.
VON BRAUN IDEA FOR SPACE STATION
In Huntsville, the German team, including an increasing number of
American-born members, would develop plans for exploring space
and would build the rockets that would serve as the foundation for
the American space program for years to come.
U.S. ARMY REDSTONE
Early on, the
Huntsville team
developed the
Redstone rocket, also
known as "Old
Reliable" because of
its many diverse
missions. The
Redstone was a highaccuracy, liquidpropelled, surface-tosurface missile. The
Von Braun team
developed and
launched the first
Redstone missile in
August 1953.
SPUTNIK
On October 4, 1957, the Russians launched Sputnik,
the world's first artificial satellite.
LAIKA
Laika was a space
pioneer. The first ever
living creature launched
into space, Laika was
carried into space on
board the Russian
satellite, Sputnik 2, on
November 3rd, 1957, thirty
days after the first
successful satellite launch
of Sputnik 1. Laika's
spacecraft had no descent
capsule, so she burned up
along with the satellite as it
returned to the Earth's
atmosphere. To avoid
suffering, she was put to
sleep before re-entry.
JUPITER-C LAUNCH
In January 1958,
Jupiter-C lofted
the first American
satellite into orbit
just 3 months after
the Von Braun
team received the
go-ahead. The
satellite payload
was called
Explorer I.
JUNO II
Von Braun and his
team were
responsible for the
Jupiter-C hardware.
The family of
launch vehicles,
developed by the
team, also came to
include the Juno II
used to launch the
Pioneer IV satellite
on March 3, 1959.
Pioneer IV passed
within 60,000 km of
the moon before
going into solar
orbit.
THE FIRST PERSON IN SPACE:
YURI GAGARIN (USSR)
On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first human to achieve
spaceflight and orbit the Earth. His spacecraft, Vostok 1, circled
Earth once in a flight that lasted 108 minutes. At the highest point,
Gagarin was about 327 kilometers above Earth.
MERCURY ASTRONAUTS
The United States began Project Mercury. It was designed to place a manned
space capsule in orbital flight around the Earth, investigate man's reaction to
this new environment, and recover the capsule and the pilot safely.
FIRST AMERICAN ASTRONAUT
In 1961,
Marshall's
Mercury
vehicle
boosted the
America's first
astronaut,
Alan B.
Shepard on a
suborbital
flight.
SATURN V LAUNCH
The Marshall
Center's first major
program was
development of the
Saturn rockets. The
Saturn V, first
launched on
November 8, 1967,
was the most
powerful member of
the Saturn family
producing as much
power as 85 Hoover
Dams.
FIRST MAN ON THE MOON
The crowning achievement for the Saturn V rocket came when it
launched Apollo 11 astronauts to the moon on July 20, 1969. Neil
Armstrong was the first man that set foot on moon surface.
LUNAR ROVING VEHICLE
The Saturn V provided the capability for Earth escape and Earth orbital
missions for Apollo and later for Skylab. The Lunar Roving Vehicle was
designed to transport astronauts and materials on the moon. A Lunar
Roving Vehicle was used on each of the last three Apollo missions in
1971 and 1972 to permit the crew to travel several miles from the lunar
landing site.
SKYLAB ILLUSTRATION
On May 14, 1973,
Skylab, America's
first space station,
was launched
aboard a two-stage
Saturn V vehicle
and successfully
placed in orbit .
Saturn IB rockets
were used to launch
three different threeman crews to the
Skylab space
station.
APOLLO-SOYUZ Test Project
The final launch of a Saturn rocket came on July 15, 1975, as part of the ApolloSoyuz Test Project. Earlier that day, a Russian Soyuz spacecraft lifted off its
launchpad at a Soviet launch site carrying three cosmonauts. Seven and onehalf hours later, the U.S. Apollo spacecraft was launched with its crew of
American astronauts. Rendezvous and docking of the two ships were
accomplished on July 17. The two ships remained docked for 2 days, conducting
joint experiments and exchanging national mementos.
SPACE SHUTTLE ILLUSTRATION
The Apollo
program
demonstrated that
men could travel
into space, perform
useful tasks there,
and return safely to
Earth. But space
had to be more
accessible. This
lead to the
development of the
Space Shuttle.
SHUTTLE LAUNCH
A new era in
space flight
began on April
12, 1981. That's
when the first
Space Shuttle
mission was
launched. The
Marshall Space
Flight Center
developed the
propulsion
system for the
Shuttle.
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE
The Shuttle also provides a new capability to repair or service spacecraft in orbit.
For example, spacewalking astronauts successfully completed repairs and
upgrades to the Hubble Space Telescope in 1993. Today, the telescope, developed
by the Marshall Space Flight Center, is returning unprecedented views of the
universe.
‫התרסקות המעבורת קולומביה‬
‫האסון התרחש ב‪ ,1.2.03 -‬בגובה של ‪ 63‬ק"מ‪ ,‬כ‪15 -‬‬
‫דקות לפני הנחיתה המתוכננת של המעבורת‪ .‬סיבות‬
‫ההתרסקות טרם ידועות‪.‬‬
‫התרסקות המעבורת קולומביה‬
‫התרסקות המעבורת קולומביה‬
‫על המעבורת היו שבעה אסטרונאוטים אשר נספו‪.‬‬
‫התרסקות המעבורת קולומביה‬
‫האסטרונאוט הישראלי הראשון‪ ,‬אל"מ אילן רמון ז"ל‪.‬‬
FRANCE – ARIANE-5
Ariane-5 launcher
has a payload
capability of 7,300
kg in a dual-payload
mission to
geostationary
transfer orbit and
8,000 kg in a single satellite launch.
FRANCE – ARIANE-5
Using a limited
number of engines,
Ariane 5 has an
architecture that is
both simple and
robust. The vehicle
consists of a 30meter-tall main
cryogenic core stage,
two 30-meters-tall
solid booster stages,
and an upper stage.
RUSSIA - SOYUZ
More than 1,670 missions
have been performed by
Soyuz launchers to orbit
satellites for
telecommunications,
Earth observation,
weather and scientific
missions, as well as for
manned flights. Soyuz
offers payload lift
capability of 4,100 kg to
5,500 kg into a 450-km
circular orbit.
RUSSIA - BURAN
The first and only orbital
launch of the shuttle Buran
was on November 15,
1988. The flight was
unmanned and had no
software installed. The
vehicle was launched on
the powerful Energiya
booster into a 250 km
orbit. The Buran orbited
the Earth twice before
firing its thrusters for
reentry. The vehicle
touched down at
Tyuratum.
UKRAINE - ZENIT
Zenit, introduced in 1985,
is a liquid-fueled launch
vehicle. It uses liquid
oxygen and kerosene and
can deliver over 30,000
pounds into Low-Earth
Orbit. A three-stage
version is currently in
development and will be
used for geostationary
missions.
Length: 57 m
Diameter: 3.5 m
Liftoff Thrust: 740 tons
CHINA
China has developed a
manned spacecraft
and high-reliability
launching vehicle.
China's first unmanned
experimental
spacecraft "Shenzhou"
was successfully
launched and
recovered November
20-21, 1999
JAPAN - MITSUBISHI
The H-IIA Rocket has the
capacity to put a two to
three ton class artificial
satellite into the static
satellite orbit.
Length: 52.5 m
Diameter: 4.0 m
Weight:
Standard type: 290 ton
Augmented type: 410 ton
JAPAN - MITSUBISHI
LE-7A
First Stage Engine for
the H-IIA Rocket
Propellant:
Liquid oxygen/Liquid hydrogen
Thrust (vacuum):112 ton
Isp (vacuum): 438 sec
Weight: 1,800 kg
INDIA - GSLV
Geosynchronous
Satellite Launch Vehicle.
The GSLV uses solid
propellant first stage core
vehicle and storable liquid
propellant second
stage. The first stage has
been augmented with four
liquid strap-on boosters
each equipped with an
engine similar to the one
used to power the rocket's
second stage.
ISRAEL - SHAVIT - OFEK
An Israeli-made Shavit missile
blasted off from the Palmahim
air force base carrying the Ofek5 spy satellite aloft on May 28,
2002. Israel launched the
sophisticated spy satellite in an
attempt to extend its ability to
monitor military developments in
the region and in a clear
demonstration of its advanced
missile capabilities. With the
launch of the Ofek-1 in
September 1988, Israel became
the eighth country to launch its
own satellite (U.S., Russia,
Ukraine, India, China, Japan,
Israel, and France).
ISRAEL – Arrow Missile
The Arrow 2 system can
detect and track incoming
missiles as far way as 500 km
and can intercept missiles 5090 km away. The Arrow 2
uses a terminally-guided
interceptor warhead to
destroy an incoming missile
from its launch at an altitude
of 10 to 40 km at nine times
the speed of sound. The
command and control system
is designed to respond to as
many as 14 simultaneous
intercepts.
ISRAEL – Arrow Missile