Periodic Table: A Review of
history, uses, and descriptions of
selected elements.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UoD-QomL--w/TWEm_3fq6xI/AAAAAAAAAFI/U2p0-oQaVqg/s1600/periodictable.gif
Ancient Discoveries
Copper History
http://www.greatmining.com/mining_images/copper-crystal-2.jpg
• First metal mined and crafted?
• Discoveries:
• 9000 BC in the Middle East
• Turkish beads dated 6000BC
• Serbian tools 5000BC
• Smelting:
• China before 2800 BC
• Central America 600 AD
• West Africa 9th-10th century AD
• Copper Age
• Axes
• Armor
• Currency
Black Sea
Turkey
Mediterranean
Sea
Serbian
Copper tools axes,
hammers,
hooks and
needles
Serbia
Iraq
Iran
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
http://www.topnews.in/law/worlds-oldest-copper-age-settlement-found-237308
Hays, 2011
Wikipedia
Ancient Discoveries
Copper Uses
• Today Used:
• Wire and cable
• Electronics
• Architecture
• Art and jewelry
Mediterranean
Sea
Copper Electron
Configuration:
2, 8, 18, 1
http://www.globalmountainsummit.org/statue-ofliberty.html
• Copper:
• Unexposed: a reddish-orange color
• Exposed: greenish
• High electrical conductivity
• Soft and malleable
• Atomic number is 29
• Transition metal
(Wikipedia)
Iran
Iraq
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
Ancient Discoveries
Gold History
http://gold-nuggets.org/raw-nuggets/images/raw-nugget3big.jpg
• Status
• Ancient societies in Middle East
• Egyptian tombs oldest uses
Turkey
• Tutankhamen’s or King Tut
Iraq
Egypt
King Tut’s tomb and
treasures when on
exhibit in Dublin 2011.
http://dirtydirtydublin.wordpress.com/2011/07/03/culture-king-tut-comes-to-dublin/,
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gold-270438.jpg
Northwest Territorial Mint, 2012
Wikipedia
Iran
Saudi Arabia
Ancient Discoveries
Gold Uses and Description
• Most common uses:
• Coins and jewelry
• Tableware
• Dental
• Electronics
• Medicinal
• Gold:
• Yellowish, shiny, and soft
• High Density
• Good heat and electric conductor
• Malleable and ductile
• Atomic number 79
• Transition metal
(Wikipedia)
Gold Electron
Configuration:
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1
Ancient Discoveries
Lead History
http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/12009816/Lead_Zinc_Copper_Ore.jpg
• Manufacturing began 9,000 years ago
• Lead beads 6400 BC Turkey
• Statuette of Osiris 3800 BC
Turkey
• Egyptian glazed pottery 3000-4000BC
• Coins in 4000BC
• Chinese
• Greeks
• Romans
Iraq Iran
Saudi Arabia
Egypt
Ancient
Roman
Coin
• Gladiators and Warriors covered fists
http://www.searchamateur.com/pictures/romancoin-1.jpg
Kingston Technical Software, 2012
Wikipedia
Ancient Discoveries
Lead Uses
• Uses:
• Plumbing
• Paint additive (lead poisoning)
• Not pencils
• Small arms ammunition
• Shotgun pellets
• Sailboat ballast and SCUBA
• Ore processing
Syria
Iraq
Italy Greece
Cairo
Greece
SyriaIraq
Turkey
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lead_pipe_Bath.jpg
Lead pipe in Roman bath in
Bath, Somerset, England
(Wikipedia)
Ancient Discoveries
Lead Description
• Lead:
• Bluish-white fresh cut
• Dull Gray exposed cut
• Liquid Lead: shiny chrome-silver luster
• Soft
• Heavy metal
• Poor electric conductor
• Not very malleable
• Atomic number is 82
• Post-transition metal
http://cdn.dickblick.com/items/029/64/swatches/02964_LiquidLead-l.jpg
(Wikipedia)
Lead Electron
Configuration:
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
Ancient Discoveries
Silver History and Uses
http://s1.hubimg.com/u/1051692_f496.jpg
• Discovered shortly after copper and gold Asia Minor
Cairo
• Silver precious metal:
• Jewelry
• Investing and coins
• Silverware
• Other uses of silver include:
• Electrical contacts and conductors
• Catalyst in chemical reactions
• Photographic film
• Dentistry
NW Territorial Mint, 2012
Wikipedia
Wikipedia
Ancient regions of Asia Minor
Turkey
Ancient Discoveries
Silver Description
Cairo
• Silver:
• Lustrous white metallic
• Soft
• Highest electrical conductivity
• Very ductile and malleable
• Atomic number is 47
• Transition metal
(Wikipedia)
Silver Electron
Configuration:
2, 8, 18, 18, 1
Ancient Discoveries
Iron History
http://imbuecongroup.com/images/iron_ore_-_no_label.jpg
• Used before 5000 BC
Iran
• The earliest artifacts:
• Iran 5000 BC
• Egypt 4000 BC
• China 2000 BC
Egypt
Sahara
• Egyptians beads iron meteorites
• 2000 BC production
• From south of the Sahara to
China
Mongolia
North
Korea Japan
Cairo
India
(Wikipedia)
Cairo
China
Syria
Ancient Discoveries
Iron Uses
• Smelting iron :
• Tools and weapons
• Iron Age (1200 BC)
• Today’s uses:
• 95% of worldwide metal production
• Proteins
• Wrought Iron
• Cast Iron
• Steel
• Vitamins
(Wikipedia)
Cairo
http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/collections/migration-and-middle-ages/picture/seoba-srednji-vek/149
Example of Iron age
weapons and armor
Ancient Discoveries
Iron Description
• Iron:
• Grayish
• Lustrous
• Pure iron soft (softer than aluminum)
• Poor electric conductor
• Malleable and ductile
• Atomic number is 26
• Transition metal
• Common in Earth’s Crust (Fourth)
• Forms much of the inner and outer core
(Wikipedia)
Iron Electron
Configuration:
2, 8, 14, 2
Cairo
Ancient Discoveries
Carbon History
• Carbon was discovered in
prehistory
Black Sea
• Known to earliest civilizations in
the forms:
• Soot
• Charcoal
• Earliest known use Egyptians and
Sumerians (3750BC)
(Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg
Cairo
Turkey
Syria
Iran
Iraq
Saudi Arabia
Cairo
Egypt
Ancient Discoveries
Carbon as Charcoal
• Charcoal was used:
• In the manufacture of bronze
• Domestically used smokeless fuel
• Ancient Egyptian medicine:
• Absorb odor rotting flesh
• Intestinal
• Today’s Uses:
• Alloys with iron (carbonized steel)
• Graphite for pencils, lubricants, and pigments
• Batteries, eclectic motors, and nuclear reactors
• Artwork and grilling
• Wood, coal and oil are used as fuel
University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, 2012
Wikipedia
Cairo
http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/science/fire.htm
Ancient Discoveries
Carbon in Diamond Form
• Diamonds:
• 2500 BC in China
• Production started in the 1870s (discovery in South Africa)
• 4.5 billion carats have been mined
• The most recent mines:
• Canada, Zimbabwe, Angola, and Russia
• In the United States:
• Arkansas, Colorado, and Montana
• Industrial diamonds: hardness and heat conductivity
• Gem-quality diamonds: clarity, cut, carat, and color
(Wikipedia)
Ancient Discoveries
Carbon in Diamond form
• Dominant industrial uses:
• Cutting
• Drilling
• Grinding
• Polishing
• Most common diamonds are industrialgrade called “bort”
(Wikipedia)
Cairo
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/home/science/earthsciences/geology/minerals-and-crystals/classification/nativeelements/Diamond/Bort-Diamonds/Bort-Diamonds-1.html
Bort Diamond
Ancient Discoveries
Carbon Description
• Carbon:
• Highly transparent jewel like,
or dark black
• Diamonds are extremely hard
• Charcoal is extremely soft
• Good electric conductor
• Not malleable
• Atomic number is 6 and
• Non-metal
(Wikipedia)
Cairo
Carbon Electron
Configuration: 2, 4
Ancient Discoveries
Sulfur History
http://www.uh.edu/engines/sulfurlump.jpg
• Chinese:
• Discovered 600BC
• By 300 BC the Chinese extracted sulfur from pyrite
• Flammability and reactions with other metals
• Medicine
• Ancient Egyptian: ointment to treat a type Pink Eye
• Ancient Greeks:
• Used in fumigation
• Medicine
• Bleaching cloth
• Historical times sulfur was called “brimstone
(Wikipedia)
Greece
Turkey
Ancient Discoveries
Sulfur Uses and Description
• Today sulfuric acid is used:
• Extract phosphate ores (fertilizer
manufacturing)
• Was used for high quality gun powder
• Oil refining
• Wastewater processing, mineral extraction
• Sulfur:
• Bright yellow
• Distinct odor
• Poor conductor electricity
• Soft and brittle
• Atomic number of 6
• Non-metal
(Wikipedia)
Sulfur Electron
Configuration:
2, 8, 6
Ancient Discoveries
Mercury History
http://www.newmoa.org/prevention/mercury/projects/legacy/img/azogue_1.jpg
• Identified in China and India before
2000 BC
Mongolia
Cairo
• The Chinese and Tibetans
• Prolong life
• Heal fractured bones
• Maintain good health
India
India
North
Korea
Japan
China
Syria
Turkey
Iraq
Egypt
(Wikipedia)
Japan
China
Mongolia
Syria
• Also known as quick silver
• Egyptian tombs in 1500 BC
North
Korea
Iran
Saudi Arabia
Ancient Discoveries
Mercury Uses
• The first emperor of China:
• Tomb
• Ingested “elixir of life”
Cairo
• Use of mercury in medicine today declined
(toxic)
• Mercury in over-the-counter drugs:
• Topical antiseptics
• Stimulant laxatives
• Diaper-rash ointment
• Eye drops
• Nasal spray
(Wikipedia)
Mongolia
North
Korea
India
Japan
China
Syria
http://ilookchina.net/tag/qin-shi-huangdi/page/2/
Model of Emperor Qin
Shi Huangdi Tomb
Ancient Discoveries
Mercury Uses
• Other uses include:
• Thermometers (no longer used)
• Barometers and Manometers
• Float Valves
• Many others
• Mercury is also still used in scientific research and
in aspects of dental restorations.
(Wikipedia)
Japan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)#Applications. http://www.walthermsr.de/Manometer_1.htm, http://marine-equipment.de/preisvergleich/barometer.html
A pound coin floats in
mercury due to the
combination of the buoyant
force and surface tension.
Ancient Discoveries
Mercury Description
• Mercury:
• Silvery-white metal
• Only metal liquid at standard
temperatures
• Dense
• Poor heat conductor
• Fair conductor of electricity
• Atomic number of 80
• Transition metal
(Wikipedia)
Mercury
Electron
Cairo
Configuration:
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2
North
Korea
Japan
Ancient Discoveries
Zinc History
http://jlu12.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/zinc.jpeg
• India extraction 1000BC
Iran
• Identified zinc as a unique
metal in 800 AD.
• Judean brass from the 14th
to 10th centuries BC
contains around 25% zinc
Mongolia
Pakistan
Nepal
North
Korea
Japan
India
China
Syria
India
Arabian Sea
Cairo
Bay of Bengal
Thailand
(Wikipedia)
Ancient Discoveries
Zinc Uses
Today Zinc is used:
• Batteries
• Alloys (create brass)
• Other industrial uses (fire retardant)
• Dietary supplement (vitamins)
• Topical use (zinc oxide for sunscreen)
Cairo
Thailand
(Wikipedia)
Ancient Discoveries
Zinc Description
• Zinc:
• Bluish-white
• Lustrous
• Hard and brittle at most temperatures
• Fair conductor of electricity
• Atomic number of 30
• Transition metal
Cairo
Zinc Electron
Configuration:
2, 8, 18, 2
Thailand
http://jomeginterbiz.com/zinc.php
(Wikipedia)
Ancient Discoveries
Chromium History and Uses
http://images-of-elements.com/chromium.jpg
• China over 2000 years ago:
• Coating weapons
• The Terracotta Army
• Used in:
• Metal Working
• Chrome plating
• Stainless steel
• Dye and pigment
• Wood preservative
Cairo
http://www.thequirkytraveller.com/wp-content/uploads/TQT-Terracotta-Warriors.jpg
Terracotta Warriors
Thailand
http://placestovisitinchina.com/images/Terra-Cotta_Warriors.jpg
(Wikipedia)
Terracotta army
Ancient Discoveries
Chromium Description
• Chromium:
• Steely-gray
• Lustrous
• Hard but still malleable
• High melting point
• Magnetic properties
• Atomic number of 24
• Transition metal
Cairo
Chromium
Electron
Configuration:
2, 8, 13, 1
Thailand
(Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg
Recent Discoveries
Platinum History and Uses
http://images-of-elements.com/platinum-2.jpg,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Platinum_crystals.jpg
• The first description found in South American gold in
1557
Cairo
Antonio de Ulloa y de la Torre-Girault
• Ulloa:
• Spanish general, explorer, and first Spanish
governor of Louisiana. Published findings 1748
• Platinum uses:
• Laboratory equipment
• Electrical contacts and electrodes
• Dentistry equipment
• Jewelry
(Wikipedia)
Thailand
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa
Recent Discoveries
Platinum Uses
• Platinum:
• Pure form silver-white
• Lustrous
• Ductile and malleable
• Excellent conductor of electricity
• Atomic number 78
• Transition metal
PlatinumCairo
Electron
Configuration:
2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1
Thailand
(Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum
Recent Discoveries
Tungsten (Wolfram) History
• Torbern Olaf Bergman first observed
http://www.criticalmetals.com/images/tungsten.jpg
Fausto Elhúyar Juan José Elhúyar
Cairo
• Elhúyar brothers first isolated it in 1783
• Fausto a Spanish chemist
• Juan José “scientific spy”
• Tungsten alloys used:
• Light bulb filaments
• X-ray tubes
• Electrodes in TIG welding
• Military grade penetrating missiles
(Wikipedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Fausto_Elhuyar
http://cerezo.pntic.mec.es/m
garc144/marcocientificos/del
Thailand
huyar.html
Placio De Mineria
http://www.bshs.org.uk/travel-guide/wp-content/uploads/3561518141_669ac10288_b_800.jpg
Recent Discoveries
Tungsten Description
• Tungsten:
• Steel-gray
• Hard
• Good conductor of electricity
• Brittle
• Atomic number of 74
• Transition metal
(Wikipedia)
Cairo
Tungsten Electron
Configuration:
2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2
Thailand
Recent Discoveries
Vanadium History
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_SJc_uUnXdyU/Sw_UMwtxUmI/AAA
AAAAAARE/pu4I6YKg8zg/s1600/Vanadium.jpg
• Discovered by: Andrés Manuel del Río
Fernández was a Spanish–Mexican scientist
Cairo
Andrés Manuel del Río
• Made discovery but later retracted
• Some of it’s uses include:
• A steel additive increasing the strength of
steel
• Axles
• Bicycle frames
• Crankshafts
• Gears
Thailand
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_del_R%C3%ADo
http://www.nagpurpyrolusite.in/fullimages/ferro-vanadium-830198.jpg
(Wikipedia)
Recent Discoveries
Vanadium Description
• Vanadium:
• Blue-silver-grey
• Hard
• Ductile and malleable
• Atomic number 23
• Transition metal
Vanadium Electron
Configuration:
Cairo
2, 8, 11, 2
Thailand
(Wikipedia)
Recent Discoveries
Polonium Radium Histories
• Marie Skłodowska-Curie
• Revolutionary research on radioactivity
• The first woman to win a Nobel Prize
• The only woman to in two field and multiple
sciences
• The first female professor at the University of
Paris
• Discovered polonium and radium with her
husband Pierre Currie
(Wikipedia)
http://images-ofelements.com/polonium.jpg
http://images-of-elements.com/radium.jpg
Marie Skłodowska-Curie
Cairo
(Madam
Curie)
Thailand
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie
Recent Discoveries
Polonium History and Uses
•
July 13, 1898:
• Noticed an increased radioactivity from uranium
sample (pitchblende)
• Source was an unknown element
http://images-ofelements.com/polonium.jpg
Cairo
• Rare and highly radioactive
• No stable isotopes
• Occurs in uranium ores
Thailand
• Few Uses:
• heaters in space probes
• and sourced of neutrons and alpha particles
http://images-of-elements.com/polonium.jpg
(Wikipedia)
Recent Discoveries
Polonium
• Polonium
• Silvery
• Rare
• Highly radioactive no stable
isotopes
• Atomic number of 84
• Post-transitional metal
Polonium
Cairo
Electron
Configuration:
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6
Thailand
(Wikipedia)
Recent Discoveries
Radium Uses
• December 21, 1898 :
• Isolated
• Different than polonium
• Extracted from uranium-rich
• Radium was formerly used in:
• Self-luminous paints for watches
• Nuclear panels
• Aircraft switches
• Clocks
• Instrument dials
• Medical use:
• Radon gas was used as a cancer treatment
(Wikipedia)
http://images-of-elements.com/radium.jpg
Cairo
http://images-of-elements.com/radium.jpg
Thailand
Recent Discoveries
Radium Uses
• Was added to:
• Toothpaste
• Hair creams
• Food items (curative powers)
Cairo
• Today:
• Radioactive
• As well as its decay product (radon gas)
Thailand
• Chemically similar to calcium
• Can replace calcium in bones
• Exposure can cause cancer and other disorders
(Wikipedia)
Recent Discoveries
Radium Description
• Radium:
• Almost pure-white but oxidizes to
black
• All isotopes are highly radioactive
• Atomic number of 88
• Alkaline earth metal
• Heaviest of all the known alkaline
earth metals
(Wikipedia)
Radium
Cairo
Electron
Configuration:
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2
Thailand
Recent Discoveries
Promethium History
• Chien-Shiung Wu:
• Chinese-American physicist
• Expertise experimental physics and radioactivity
Cairo
Chien-Shiung Wu
• Manhattan Project 1942-1945
• Nicknames: "First Lady of Physics", the "Chinese
Marie Curie", and "Madame Wu"
• Nobel Prize for Physics in 1957
(Wikipedia)
Thailand
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_Shiung_Wu
Recent Discoveries
Promethium Uses
• Uses:
• Mostly used only for research purposes, (except for
promethium-147)
• Some signal lights
• Atomic batteries
• Standard for most space-exploration related uses
• Was used in self-luminous paint
• First prepared in 1942
• Isolation did not occur until the Manhattan Project
(Wikipedia)
Thailand
Recent Discoveries
Promethium
http://images-of-elements.com/promethium.jpg
• Promethium:
• Metallic appearance
• All of its isotopes are radioactive
• Forms salts when combined with
other elements
• Atomic number is 61
• Inner transition metal lanthanide
series
(Wikipedia)
Cairo
Promethium
Electron
Configuration:
2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2
Thailand
References
• Wikipedia
• Hays, Jeffrey (March, 2011). COPPER AGE, BRONZE AGE AND IRON AGE.
Retrieved by:
http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=1495&catid=56&subcatid=362
• Saurav, Shukla (11/15/2010). World's oldest Copper Age settlement found.
Retrieved by :http://www.topnews.in/law/worlds-oldest-copper-agesettlement-found-237308
• Northwest Territorial Mint (2005-2012). Gold Historical Background.
Retrieved by: http://bullion.nwtmint.com/gold_history.php.
• Northwest Territorial Mint (2005-2012). Silver Historical Background.
Retrieved by: http://bullion.nwtmint.com/silver_history.php
• Kingston Technical Software, (2012). Lead in History. Retrieved by: :
http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Elements-Toxic/Lead-history.htm
• University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research (September 27,
2012). History of Carbon. Retrieved by:
http://www.caer.uky.edu/carbon/history/carbonhistory.shtml
• Fausto and Juan José D’Elhuyar y de Suvisa. Retrieved by:
http://cerezo.pntic.mec.es/mgarc144/marcocientificos/delhuyar.html
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Picture References
Periodic Table of Elements. Retrieved by: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UoD-QomL--w/TWEm_3fq6xI/AAAAAAAAAFI/U2p0-oQaVqg/s1600/periodictable.gif
Copper. Retrieved by: http://www.greatmining.com/mining_images/copper-crystal-2.jpg, http://www.topnews.in/law/worlds-oldest-copper-age-settlement-found237308, http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=1498&catid=56&subcatid=362#30
Statue of Liberty: http://www.globalmountainsummit.org/statue-of-liberty.html
Maps provided by Google Earth
Gold. Retrieved by: http://gold-nuggets.org/raw-nuggets/images/raw-nugget3-big.jpg, http://dirtydirtydublin.wordpress.com/2011/07/03/culture-king-tut-comes-todublin/, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gold-270438.jpg
Lead. Retrieved by: http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/12009816/Lead_Zinc_Copper_Ore.jpg, http://kids.consultcase.com/rocks/galena.jpg,
http://cdn.dickblick.com/items/029/64/swatches/02964_LiquidLead-l.jpg, http://www.searchamateur.com/pictures/roman-coin-1.jpg
Silver. Retrieved by: http://s1.hubimg.com/u/1051692_f496.jpg, http://images-02.delcampestatic.net/img_large/auction/000/141/962/890_001.jpghttp://vistabella.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/5e06319eda06f020e43594a9c230972d/angle3/s508aba_3.jpg, http://www.alexanderandpearl.co.uk/ekmps/shops/aandp/images/gigi-french-silver-mirror-7543-p.jpg
Iron. Retrieved by: http://imbuecongroup.com/images/iron_ore_-_no_label.jpg, http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/collections/migration-and-middle-ages/picture/seoba-srednjivek/149
Carbon. Retrieved by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg
Charcoal Retrieved by: http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/science/fire.htm
Diamond. Retrieved by: http://www.ajediam.com/images/site/rough_diamonds_origin_Lofa_river_aluvial_6_20cm_op_800x789_op_800x789.jpg,
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/home/science/earth-sciences/geology/minerals-and-crystals/classification/native-elements/Diamond/Bort-Diamonds/Bort-Diamonds1.html
Sulfur. Retrieved by: http://www.uh.edu/engines/sulfurlump.jpg
Mercury. Retrieved by: http://www.newmoa.org/prevention/mercury/projects/legacy/img/azogue_1.jpg, http://ilookchina.net/tag/qin-shi-huangdi/page/2/,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)#Applications. http://www.walther-msr.de/Manometer_1.htm, http://marine-equipment.de/preisvergleich/barometer.html
Zinc. Retrieved by: http://jlu12.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/zinc.jpeg, http://www.neyco.fr/pages/page_activite.php?id_famille=1&id_sous_famille=10&lg=fr
Chromium. Retrieved by: http://images-of-elements.com/chromium.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg
Terracotta Warrior. Retrieved by: http://www.thequirkytraveller.com/wp-content/uploads/TQT-Terracotta-Warriors.jpg
Terracotta Army. Retrieved by: http://placestovisitinchina.com/images/Terra-Cotta_Warriors.jpg
Platinum. Retrieved by: http://images-of-elements.com/platinum-2.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Platinum_crystals.jpg
Antonio de Ulloa y de la Torre-Girault. Retrieved by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa
Tungsten. Retrieved by: http://www.criticalmetals.com/images/tungsten.jpg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg
Juan José Elhuyar. Retrieved by: http://cerezo.pntic.mec.es/mgarc144/marcocientificos/delhuyar.html
Fausto Elhuyar. Retrieved by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Elhuyar
Placio De Mineria. Retrieved by: http://www.bshs.org.uk/travel-guide/wp-content/uploads/3561518141_669ac10288_b_800.jpg
Vanadium. Retrieved by: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_SJc_uUnXdyU/Sw_UMwtxUmI/AAAAAAAAARE/pu4I6YKg8zg/s1600/Vanadium.jpg,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knarre.jpg, http://www.nagpurpyrolusite.in/full-images/ferro-vanadium-830198.jpg
Andrés Manuel del Río. Retrieved by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_del_R%C3%ADo
Polonium. Retrieved by: http://images-of-elements.com/polonium.jpg, http://trussty-jasmine.blogspot.com/2012/07/the-killer-named-polonium.html#axzz2Co7LVA6X
Radium. Retrieved by: http://images-of-elements.com/radium.jpg
Marie Skłodowska-Curie (Madam Curie). Retrieved by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie
Promethium. Retrieved by: http://images-of-elements.com/promethium.jpg
Chien-Shiung Wu. Retrieved by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_Shiung_Wu