ASAS SAINTIFIK KEGIATAN MANUSIA
Norlena Salamuddin, PhD
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Sains Sukan
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Sains Pergerakan Manusia
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Kepelbagaian bidang
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Kepelbagaian Aplikasi

Asas Saintifik Pergerakan Manusia
Kemunculan Satu Disiplin Ilmu Saintifik
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Disiplin ilmu saintifik mempunyai fokus utama
Pencantuman beberapa disiplin membentuk satu disiplin baru
Ditambah dengan kemajuan dalam penyelidikan
Minat yang sama sering menjadi pencetus

Asas Saintifik Pergerakan Manusia
Sains Senam dan Ilmu Berkaitan
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Ilmu utama yang pelbagai termasuklah:
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Fizik
Kimia
Anatomy/Fisiologi
Perubatan

Asas Saintifik Pergerakan Manusia
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Satu disiplin akademik
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Suatu pengetahuan formal yang ditemui, dibangunkan dan disebarkan melalui penyelidikan
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Ciri-ciri disiplin akademik
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Satu bidang pengetahuan
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Mempunyai kerangka konseptual
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Prosedur akademik dan kaedah penyelidikan yang tepat
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Ada proses penemuan dan hasil akhirnya

Skop Sains Sukan – tiga bidang utama
Psikologi : merangkumi aspek perlakuan dalam bersukan termasuklah aspek pembelajaran
Fisiologi : bagaimana sistem fisiologi bertindakbalas dan penyesuaian terhadap latihan
Biomekanik : bagaimana prinsip-prinsip fizik dan mekanikal mendasari pergerakan manusia

SAINS SENAM
MEKANISMA
ADULT FITNESS/
MEDICAL ASPECTS
GERIATRIC FACTORS
ERGONOMICS
SAINS SUKAN
PAEDIATRIC FACTORS
NUTRITION
PERFORMANCE

Biology: interdisciplinary study of life

EXERCISE SCIENCE: GENERAL TERM -
• study of biological responses and adaptations to exercise and training
• depends upon the disciplines of biomechanics, physiology, psychology, sociology, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering
• includes various specialities

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EXERCISE SCIENTISTS: uses exercise or training to understand biology
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SPORT SCIENTISTS: uses biology to understand sport function to bridge the gap between science and sport

To be a better sport scientist(s):
1. be a very good scientist
2. be interested in the sport(s) and the development of elite performance
3. knowledge of sport(s) – personal interest
4. knowledge of training practices and outcomes
5. be willing to train like they do ? – better understand the sport
6. regular discussions with athletes and coaches
7. understand the politics
8. provoke thought -challenge
Become part of the sport.

Bidang Sains Sukan
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Fisiologi Senam
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The study of the causes and consequences of bodily functioning and changes occurring due to physical activity
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Based on an understanding of the anatomic and physiological bases of human movement
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Investigates the biochemical reactions that supply muscles with energy
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Examines changes in the cardiovascular system and other physiological parameters

Bidang Sains Sukan
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Perubatan Sukan
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The study and application of the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of sports injuries
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Design and help implement conditioning programs
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Assess injuries and needs for immediate first aid
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Provide preventive taping and treatment modalities
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Work with physicians to help athletes regain their abilities to perform

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Bidang Sains Sukan
Pembelajaran motor
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The study of the internal processes associated with movement or repetitive actions that result in changes in response or performance
Important to the learning of motor skills are:
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Relationship of movements to prior knowledge and skills
Transfer of learning
Involvement of cognitive processes
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Types of practice sessions
Feedback
Building on the neuro-muscular pathways learned through motor control, motor learning, knowledge of results, feedback, and optimal practice methods

Bidang Sains Sukan
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Perkembangan motor
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The maturation and changes in motor behavior throughout life and the factors that affect them
Performance of motor skills is influenced by genetic, environmental, and developmental factors
Throughout life, individuals progress from unskilled movements to the learning of complex motor patterns
Perceptual-motor skills are especially important to the learning of sport skills

Bidang Sains Sukan
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Biomekanik Sukan
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The study of the effects of anatomical and physiological effects of natural laws and internal and external forces acting on the human body during movement
Factors that influence human movement include:
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Force of muscular contractions
Flexion, extension, pronation and supination of muscles
Composition of muscle fibers
Equilibrium, center of gravity, and base of support
Transfer of momentum
Force absorption
Leverage
Biomechanical analyses examine acceleration, energy, mass, power, torque, and velocity

Bidang Sains Sukan
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Sejarah Sukan
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The descriptive and analytical examination of significant people, events, organizations, and trends that shaped the past
Descriptive history explains
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Events
Individual contributions
Pivotal happenings
Analytical history explains
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The significance of historical occurrences
Interpretations within the societal context

Bidang Sains Sukan
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Pengurusan Sukan
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The study of the theoretical and applied aspects of leading, planning, organizing, staffing, funding, and conducting sporting events
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Includes management functions planning, organizing, directing and evaluating
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Involves business components of marketing, accounting, economics, finance and law

Bidang Sains Sukan
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Falsafah Sukan
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The study of the beliefs and values of humans as displayed within sport and an analysis of their meaning and significance
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Examines the beautiful and ugly and the good and bad in sport
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Seeks an understanding of how and why people play and engage in sport

Bidang Sains Sukan
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Psikologi Sukan
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The study of human behavior in sport, including an understanding of the mental processes that interact with motor skill performance
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Includes the study of the theories of learning, importance of reinforcement, and linkages of perceptual and motor factors
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Involves a understanding of achievement motivation, arousal, attribution, and personality development

Bidang Sains Sukan
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Sosiology Sukan
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The study of sport as a social phenomenon and an examination of the social structures,
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Seeking to understand why people play and how their involvement with sports influences them
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Examines concepts such as social mobility, class and gender stratification, racial and ethnic discrimination, team dynamics, and social consciousness and values

Bidang Sains Sukan
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Teknologi
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Incorporates the use of computer software as a tool to achieve physical education, exercise science and sport goals
Exercise and sport scientists use technology hardware and software to help in the analysis of human movement, to measure the effectiveness of exercise programs on bodily functions, and for data collection and analysis
The internet provides access to articles published in professional journals and via search engines

Bidang Sains Sukan
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Pengajian Ilmu Kemanusiaan
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Help focus on the aesthetic aspects of movement, such as through art, literature, and music
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Art includes various forms of dance and sculptures of athletes and human movement
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Literature can include sports biographies as well as analytical critiques about sport and physical activity
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Music can accompany human movement to enrich the experience

SPORTS SCIENCE:BASIC FUNCTIONS
1. EDUCATION
2. SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK
3. RESEARCH

EDUCATION
1. coach (coaching the coach)/students
2. athlete
3. other sports scientists – mentor junior scientists

SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK
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INTEGRATED APPROACH
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PICK THE BEST TESTS - BUT!!!
- relatively simple test - good reliability
- insure fast and reliable feedback for coaches and athletes
- make sure results are comprehensible and usable
ONGOING RE-EXAMINATION OF TESTING SERVICE

• a diligent and systematic enquiry or investigation in order to discover facts or principles
• to investigate carefully
• SEARCH FOR TRUTH AND CLARITY
• CURRENTLY - WITHOUT RESEARCH – SPORT IS
RARELY PUSHED AHEAD

RESEARCH AND SPORT SCIENCE
1. Practical
2. How can it be applied – not always apparent to the coach/athlete
3. Performance oriented
- coach - sport scientists interaction
- results should be reported ASAP
often carried out within the sports testing programme

A NECESSITY : INTEGRATED
PROGRAMME PLANNING
• Why should coaches be interested in Sport Science?
– a good coach does not simply imitate but innovates
- Art and Science
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IDEALLY SPORT SCIENCE AND COACHES WORK
TOGETHER TO FORMULATE A TRAINING/TESTING
PROGRAMME

THE IDEAL : DELIVERING SPORT SCIENCE TO
THE ELITE ATHLETE AND COACHES
MSN
Persatuan Sukan
COACH/ATHLETE
Komiti
Kejurulatihan
DATA
COLLECTION

TESTING/RESEARCH/PROGRAMME
PLANNING:

EXERCISE CONTINUUM
STRENGTH
EXERCISE
POWER
EXERCISE
ENDURANCE
EXERCISE
?
STRENGTH
TRAINING
POWER
TRAINING
ENDURANCE
TRAINING

Asas Saintifik Pergerakan Manusia
Summary Points
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Exercise Science and Sports Science are new fields of study formed by merging other disciplines
Major areas of concentration include: physiology, biomechanics and psychology
Anecdotal evidence can be presented through: testimonial approach, tenacity, knowledge of authority, and rationalistic method

Asas Saintifik Pergerakan Manusia
Summary Points
(cont.)
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Scientific method uses : controlled observation, hypothesis, and experimentation
Basic research lays foundation for Applied and
“Translational” research, which allows for improvements to specific areas of Exercise and
Sports Science

THE END