Islamic World
• Standard: Trace the origins and
expansion of the Islamic World between
600 CE and 1300 CE.
• Essential Question: What were the
origins and expansion of the Islamic
World?
Islam
• Element:Explain the origins of Islam and the
growth of the Islamic Empire.
• Vocabulary: Islam, Allah, Muhammad,
Muslim, Hijrah, mosque, hajj, Qur’an, caliph,
Umayyads, Abbasids
Islam
• founded by the Prophet
Muhammad
• Ceremony: Ramadan
Mecca
Mecca is the holiest city in the
Muslim world it is the location of
the Kaaba. The Kaaba: an
ancient stone building where all
Muslims face to pray, pilgrims
must walk around it 7 times
Medina
The city where Muhammad was
buried. The Mosque of the
Prophet is pictured above and to
the right.
Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Israel is a holy city for
Christians, Jews, and Muslims. The
Dome of the Rock is a very
important site for all religions too,
but it is controlled by Muslims.
• How did Islam
Originate?
– Islam originated around 610
A.D. with a man named
Mohammad
– He was from the city of
Makkah (Mecca)
– He became troubled by the
greediness of some people
and went to the hills to
meditate
– Allah revealed things to
Mohammad through the
angel Gabriel, and told
Muhammad to teach what he
had heard
– Mohammad returned to
Mecca and began preaching
Islam, which means
“surrender to God”
The Quran
– The holy book of Islam
– Islam means “peace through
submission to the will of Allah”
– The Quran contains ethical
guidelines and laws for Muslims
Islam
Key Belief:
• The four major concepts are at the center of
Islam:
– God (Allah)
– the community (Uma)
– the divine revelation (Koran)
– the law (Shari’ a) additional Islamic laws based on
the Quran and the example set by Muhammad
while he was alive
Islam
Key Belief:
• Monotheistic:
– Allah is the Arabic word for God
– Allah created the universe
• Salvation comes from submitting to the will of
Allah
– Muslim = a follower of Islam (one who submits)
• Mohammad was a prophet, and so were Jesus
and Moses
The Teachings of Muhammad
5 Pillars of Islam:
1. Faith: a person must make
a statement of their faith
2. Prayer: 5 times a day facing
Mecca
3. Alms: giving to the poor,
religious tax
4. Fasting: abstaining from
eating, especially during
Ramadan
5. Pilgrimage or haj: those
Muslims that can afford it
must make a trip to Mecca
at least once in their life
How Did Islam Spread?
– Mohammad’s teachings appealed to
many people, especially the poor
– In A.D. 622 Mohammad and his
followers moved north to Yathrib
(Madinah). This journey became
known as hijrah.
– In Madinah, he was accepted as
leader and prophet of God and set
up an Islamic government
– To defend his new government,
Mohammad built an army
– Conquered Mecca in A.D. 630 and
made it a holy city of Islam
– Mohammad died two years later, but
his is empire continued to grow
through teaching, conquest and
trade
Rightly guided caliphs
•
•
•
•
•
•
632-661
first four caliphs
according to the sunni faction
Spread Islam east and west
Showed tolereance of Jews and Christians
Ali, last rightly guided caliph moved capital to
Koofa, Iraq
Muslim Split
• Element: Explain the reasons for the split
between Sunni and Shia Muslims.
• Vocabulary: Sunni, Shia
Chronological Order of Islamic Leaders
• Muhammad
• 4 Caliphs “rightly guided ones”
– Abu Bakr
– Uthman
– Umar
– Ali
• They all knew Muhammad and followed his
example as left in the Quran
The Umayyad Caliphate
• During this time Islam split into 2 major sects
as a result of disputes over leadership:
– Sunni: follower’s of Muhammad’s example, the
leaders of his group were Umayyad
– Shi’a: or Shiite, believe that their leaders should
be descendants of Muhammad, they followed
Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali
Islam Expands
• After the Sunni/Shi’a split the Islamic religion
slowly developed into 3 distinct Caliphates
– Abbasids: Middle East, drove out the Umayyad
– Umayyads: left the Middle East, conquered Spain,
or Al Andalus
– Fatimid: in North Africa and Egypt
Umayyads
•
•
•
•
•
661-750
Dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire
moved capital to Damascus, Syria
split between Sunni and Shi’a
development of Sufi movement
Abbasids
• 750-1055
• Dynasty that fueled much of the Muslim
Empire
• Shift capital to Baghdad
• growth of a trade network
• Most effective period-under the caliphs
• Islam spread quickly
• Had a prosperous empire
Seljuks
• 1055-1258
• Turkish group
• migrated into the Abbasid Empire in the tenth
century
• later established their own empire
• Fought off the Mongol Empire in Asia Minor
Muslim Trade Routes
• Element: Identify the Muslim trade routes to
India, China, Europe, and Africa and assess the
economic impact of this trade.
C.Where were Muslim Trade Routes Located? What
was the impact of Muslim trade?
Muslims were the leading merchants in the Middle East and northern
Africa until the 1400s
1. They traded spices, cloth, glass, carpets and other items
2. As Islam expanded, so did the Arabic language. Arabic became the
language of trade.
3. Muslim traders kept excellent records and, over time, this developed
into a new business – banking.
Islamic Scholars
• Element: Identify the contributions of Islamic
scholars in medicine (Ibn Sina) and geography
(Ibn Battuta).
• Vocabulary: Ibn Sina, Ibn Battuta
Islamic Scholars
“The seeking of
knowledge is a duty of
every Muslim”
Mohammad
Islamic Scholars
• Muslim scholars borrowed medical ideas from
the Greeks, Syrian, Arabs and Indian Scholars
• Muslim medical knowledge far surpassed that
of the West
• Muslim scientists used astronomy to explain
geography in dealing with trade routes
al-Razi (865-925)
• Persian scholar
• greatest Muslim physician (medicine)
• wrote an encyclopedia, Comprehensive Book,
drew knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arabic
and Indian sources as well as on his own
experience
• wrote Treatise on Smallpox and Measles,
believed patients would recover quickly if they
breathed clean air
al-Zahrawi (d. 1013)
• Medicine:
– cauterization of wounds
– searing with a branding
iron
– crushing of stones in the
bladder
Avicenna
Considered one of the greatest
thinkers and medical scholars in
history
Real name: Abū Alī al-Ḥusayn Ibn
Abd Allāh Ibn Sīnā
Ibn Seena or Avicenna
• “Ibn” an Islamic name meaning “son of”
• Known for his contributions in the areas of
Math, Medicine, and Philosophy
• Wrote 2 books: The Book of Healing and The
Canon of Medicine
– Both were used as Medical textbooks up until the
19th century
– Combined thoughts from the Greeks with his own
Ibn Battuta
• the city large and elegant, its buildings, as was
typical along the coast, construction of stone
and coral rag (roofing slate). Houses were
generally single storied, consisting of a
number of small rooms separated by thick
walls supporting heavy stone roofing slabs laid
across mangrove poles. Some of the more
formidable structures contained second and
third stories, and many were embellished with
cut stone decorative borders framing the
entranceways.
Ibn Battuta continued…
Tapestries and ornamental niches covered the
walls and the floors were carpeted. Of course,
such appointments were only for the wealthy;
the poorer classes occupied the timeless mud
and straw huts of Africa, their robes a simple
loincloth, their dinner a millet porridge.
• (July, Pre-colonial Africa)
Ibn Battuta
• Traveled throughout the Muslim world in the
14th century
• Wrote about his travels in Africa and the
Mansa Musa Kingdom in Mali
• Traveled some 73,000 miles over 30 years
• A lot of what we know about early Islam
comes from his writings
• A geographer
Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta Mall in Dubai, UAE and the
Ibn Battuta Crater on the Moon
Crusades
• Element: Describe the impact of the Crusades
on both the Islamic World and Europe.
• Vocabulary: Crusades
The Crusades
“Cities and Thrones and Powers
Strand in time’s eye,
Almost as long as flowers,
Which daily die;
Just as new buds put forth
To glad new men,
Out of the spent and unconsidered Earth
The Cities rise again.”
– Kipling
The Crusades
Definition:
• A series of military
expeditions carried out
by European Christians
against the Muslims
from the eleventh to
the thirteenth centuries
The Crusades
Cause:
• death of the Seljuk leader Malik
Shah
• Turks broke into smaller groups
and were closing in on the
Byzantine Empire
• the Eastern Orthodox Christians
asked for help from the Roman
Catholic around A.D. 1093
The Crusades
• Cause:
• began when Pope Urban II agreed to help
Byzantine Emperor Alexius I and issued a call
for a “holy war”
• Pope wanted to provide leadership for a great
cause
• urged Christians to liberate Jerusalem and the
Holy Land (Palestine) from the Muslims
• Several crusades were launched over a period
of about 300 years
Pope Urban II
Goals of the Crusades
• Reclaim Palestine for the Christians (places
where Jesus and the Apostles lived)
• Get rid of troublesome knights
• Opportunity for land, wealth, and a new
position in society
• Adventure
• New trade routes
The Wars
• First Crusade
• 1096-1099
First Crusade
• Cause: expansion of Ottoman’s, Pope Urban II
call to all Christians, answered by three armies
of knights that gathered at Constantinople
• Result: Crusaders will capture a strip of land
extending from Edessa in the north to
Jerusalem in the south in 1099 and
established 4 feudal crusader states ruled by
European nobles
The Wars
• Second Crusade
• 1144-1155
Second Crusade
• Cause: Muslims counterattack in 1144 wins
back Edessa (movie: Kingdom of Heaven). The
loss of Edessa spurred a new battle to win it
back from Muslim control.
• Result: Saladin, Kurdish warrior and Muslim
leader will fight off Crusader force and
recapture Jerusalem by 1187
The Wars
• Third Crusade
• 1187-1192
Third Crusade
Causes:
• loss of Jerusalem
• Church extend
leadership to European
Monarchs
• Phillip II of France,
Frederick I of Prussia
and Richard the Lion
Heart of England
Results:
• Phillip goes home after
argument over
leadership with Richard
• Frederick drowned
• Richard led attempt
against Saladin
• truce signed after many
battles
– Jerusalem would stay
under Muslim rule
– granted Western
pilgrims access to
Christian holy places
The Wars
• 4th Crusade:
• 1202-1204
• Causes: Pope not
content with 3rd
Crusade and still
intended to retake
Jerusalem
• Results: a complete
failure; Crusaders never
made it to fight, knights
looted Constantinople
instead
Subsequent Crusades
• Children’s Crusade: no one knows what
happened to the peasant children once they
got off the boat
• Crusades five through nine: no change of
result as compared to the first three crusades
• Reconquista: Spanish and Portuguese
recapture of the Iberian Peninsula against the
Muslims (Moors) in the thirteenth to fifteenth
century
Impact of the Crusades
Islamic World:
• slowed the advance of Islam
• prevented the formation of a unified Islamic
power
• Byzantine Empire fell to the turks
• Commercial trading shifted from Muslims to
Italians in the Mediterranean
Impact of the Crusades
• Europe:
• advancements for women, while men were off
fighting
• Expanded trade for Europe
– a gradual shift to the Atlantic, and Spain and
Portugal seeking new trade routes and opening
the world up to additional exploration
• Weakened the power of the Church
• Strengthened the power of Kings in Europe
Bitterness between Christians and
Muslims to this day
Comparative Religions
• Element: Analyze the relationship between
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
• Vocabulary: Judaism, Christianity, Islam
Believers Known as…
Islam
Muslims
Judaism
Jews
Christianity
Christians
Founder
Islam
Muhammad
Judaism
Abraham (Moses)
Christianity
Jesus
Date Founded
Islam
622 CE
Judaism
Unknown
Christianity
c. 33 CE
Name of God
Islam
Allah
Judaism
Yahweh
Christianity
God
Sacred Writing
Islam
Qur’an (Koran)
Judaism
Hebrew Bible including the
Torah
Christianity
The Holy Bible
Religious Law
Islam
Shari’a
Judaism
Halakhah
Christianity
Canon Law
House of Worship
Islam
Mosque
Judaism
Synagogue
Christianity
Church, chapel, cathedral
View of Fellow Religions
Islam
Jews and Christians are
respected as “People of
the Book,” but they have
wrong beliefs and only
partial revelation.
Judaism
Islam and Christianity are
false interpretations and
extensions of Judaism.
Christianity
Judaism is a true religion,
but with incomplete
revelation. Islam is a false
religion.
Relationship
• Islam, Judaism and Christianity
• “Abrahamic religions”
• trace their history to Abraham in the Hebrew
Bible