Types of Knowledge
Declarative
Knowledge =
things you “know
to be” or “that
exist” - such as
subject-related
facts, concepts
and
generalizations
(Who, What, When,
Where)
EX: knowing all
about the rules,
types of shots, in
basketball
Procedural
Knowledge =
requires an action
to demonstrate
competence - a
performancebased task
associated with a
particular subject
EX: Successfully
sinking the free-line
shot
Learning Styles for Studying – the
Visuals (70%)
Learning Style #1- The
Visual/Verbal- learn best when
information is presented in a
graphic language format – eyes
process/input the information –
(see and remember)
Learning Style #2- The
Visual/Nonverbal- learn best when
information is presented using
pictures, charts, figures, symbols or
designs – eyes process/input the
information – (see and remember)
General Tips for Visual
Learners
1. Write down what to remember, such as a list of
things to do, facts to learn f
2. Write down information in your own words to
learn information in a familiar way.
3. Underline or highlight ONLY important words as
you read.
4. When learning a new vocabulary word, visualize
the word.
5. Keep lists of things to remember in a place
where you will be sure to see it several times a
day. Suggestions: bulletin board, by your desk at
home, in your notebook, on the mirror in the
bathroom, etc.
6. Draw a picture of any information you want to
learn. Try making a diagram, a chart, etc.
Learning Styles for Studying –
the Other 2 Modes (30%)
Learning Style #3- The
Auditory/Verbal- learn best
when information is presented
aloud in an oral language
format – ears process/input the
information (listen and
remember)
Learning Style #4- The
Tactile/Kinesthetic -learn best
when physically engaged in a
"hands on" activity – (do and
remember)
General Tips for Auditory and
Kinesthetic Learners
Auditory
1. Use a tape recorder to record notes when
reading instead of writing facts down. Play it
back while you are riding in the car, doing
dishes, washing the car, jogging etc.
2. Sub-vocalize - talk to yourself about any
information you want to remember. Try to recite
it without looking at your notes or the book.
3. Discuss with others from your class and then
quiz each other on the material. Really listen to
yourself as you talk.
4. When learning a new vocabulary word, say it
out loud.
5. Say facts out loud, put the facts to music, or
read them into a tape recorder. Then listen to
what you have recorded often.
6. When writing, talk to yourself. First tell yourself what you
will write, and then read aloud what you have written or
tape record it.
7. Always read material in your textbook after hearing the
information first in class, (unless the instructor assigns the
reading first before class so you can participate in class
discussions).
Kinesthetic (combine any of the above)
8. Take frequent breaks in study periods only 5-10 minutes in
length.
9. Use the computer to reinforce learning through the sense
of touch.
10. Memorize or drill while walking, jogging or exercising.
11. ***Write facts to be learned on 3" x 5" flash cards, with
a question on one side and the answer on the other. Lay out
the cards, quiz yourself, shuffle them, lay them out again
and quiz yourself again.
Try the Index/Flash Card System:.
Studying for a test is the process of moving information
from short-term to long-term memory so that it can
be retrieved and used for the tasks on the test.
Scientific research has demonstrated that flashcards are
the best way to accomplish this task
1. Write a cue, a question, a term or a concept on
one side – HINT – if you were the teacher, what
questions would you ask on the exam?;
1.
2.
3.
Use information from your Content Mastery Maps
http://www.studygs.net/mapping/buzanmap.htm
Use content from your class notes/handouts
Use information from your textbook
2. Write an answer or explanation for the cue,
question or term on the back. Put the answer or
explanation in your own words whenever possible.
3. Divide a shoe box into 4 compartments: known,
familiar(you think you know, but can’t put it
into words), unknown, and questions.
4. Draw a card from the back; depending on the
degree to which the answer is known, place in
the compartment;
5. Further study those that are familiar and
unknown - As they become known, move
forward;
6. Vary the practice with the cards – start with the
answer and give the question (like Jeopardy)
7. Say the question/answer out loud, put the facts
to music, or read them into a tape recorder.
Then play the index card system again.
CONTENT MASTERY MAP
Major Course Generalizations – the BIG things I need to
be able to know and/or do. **These would be the
“essential or core” questions – main points or purpose
of the teaching/learning unit
What do I need to
know?
What I need to be able
to do