Search and the ‘Net at 2004
Trends, Challenges and Cutting-Edge
Developments in Internet Search Services
Michael Hunter
Reference Librarian
Hobart and William Smith Colleges
for Rochester Regional Library Council
Member Libraries’ Staff
Sponsored by the
Rochester Regional Library Council
Supported by Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) and/or
Regional Bibliographic Databases and Resources Sharing (RBDB) funds granted by the
New York State Library 2003
For Today ….
State of the ‘Net and its Users
Search Industry Overview
Recent Developments in Established
Services
New Services
The Deep Web at 2004
Tracking the Living Web: Weblogs and RSS
Cutting-edge Developments
Trends and Challenges to Today’s Search
Services
The Internet and its
Users at 2004
How large is the Web?
What do you mean by the Web?
The totality of all Web sites
Sounds simple ….
BUT IS IT?
UC Berkeley’s How Much Information Project
http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info2003/internet.htm
NOTE: 10 terabytes = total print collections of the Library of Congress
Internet Use Worldwide
Internet Use in the US
http://www.pewinternet.org
Internet Use in the US
http://www.pewinternet.org
“Top Ten” things our users do online
http://www.pewinternet.org
ACTIVITY
%
E-mail
92
Use search eng.
For specific
question
Consumer info.
88
Get a map
79
Hobby info.
76
83
“Top Ten” things our users do online
http://www.pewinternet.org
Leisure info.
73
Weather
75
Get news
69
Instant message
67
Health/medical
info.
66
Undergraduates and Search Engines
Colaric, S. “Instruction for Web Searching: An Empirical Study”
College and Research Libraries 64 (2) March 2003 p. 111-116
QUESTION
%YES
%NO
%Don’t
Know
All work the same way
67
10
23
Engines look at all sites
64
18
18
Term(s) need to match
index
Gathers sites using a
crawler
58
19
23
15
9
96
OR retrieves more than AND
62
18
20
The Internet
Search Industry:
Consolidation
Performance Measures
Popularity
The Shrinking Search Industry
Editorial control of search is shared among few
Yahoo owns

AlltheWeb, Altavista, Inktomi, Overture (paid listings)
Google
MSN
AskJeeves owns Teoma
LookSmart owns Wisenut
Gigablast
NOTE: Ownership is different from database
affiliation
Google
Database Affiliates
Google
AOL
Netscape
Yahoo
Openfind
Database Freshness
http://www.searchengineshowdown.com/stats/
freshness.shtml
Based on a series of 6 current topic
searches
Pages that are updated daily
AND report that date on the page
Queries submitted May 17, 2003
Database Freshness
http://www.searchengineshowdown.com/stats/
freshness.shtml
Most have some results indexed in the
last few days
The bulk of most of the databases is
about 1 month old
Some pages may not have been reindexed for much longer
Popularity: Searches per day
self-reported data, as of 2/28/03
http://searchenginewatch.com/reports/article.php/2156461
SERVICE
Searches, in Millions
Google
Overture
Inktomi
LookSmart
FindWhat
AskJeeves
AltaVista
AlltheWeb
250
167
80
45
33
20
18
12
Recent
Developments
among
Established Services
Google
Froogle
Phonebook
Wildcard Words
Info:
Synonym feature
Supplemental Index
Search by location
News Advanced Search and News Alerts
???
Froogle
Locates information about products for
sale online
Gives URL’s of sites offering the item
Provides links to exact page in the site
where you can make the purchase
Froogle
Ranking follows normal Google ranking
processes
Paid placements always clearly marked
Price range limits available
Access at http://froogle.google.com or via
Google Advanced Search
Phonebook Command Search
Searches US residential (rphonebook:) and business
(bphonebook:) listings of Yahoo, MapQuest and other
services
rphonebook:
 MUST INCLUDE
Last name

City and/or State
MAY INCLUDE
• First name
• bphonebook:
 MUST INCLUDE
Business name (min. 1 word) City and/or State

MAY INCLUDE
• Full Business name
Wildcard Words
Google offers a word-sized asterisk to
function as a wildcard
Stands for a whole word
Cannot be used for part of a word


“three * mice” = 22,000
“three bl* mice” = 0
Wildcard Words
Several * can be used together
milosevic “International * * Hague”
Retrieves military tribunal OR
military court OR war tribunal OR military
tribunal
info:
Not exactly hidden, but not well-known
Searches for any information Google has
about a site
Convenient way to monitor linkage
Typing a URL in the search box will give
the same results
Synonym Feature
Place a tilde ~ immediately before a term
to retrieve synonyms or related terms from
the Google Index
Eliminate the original term by placing a
minus sign before it.
~hiking -hiking
Google’s Supplemental Index
For obscure or unusual searches
Queried when Google fails to find good matches
within its main web index.
Live 9/9/03
Sample queries:




“St. Andrews United Methodist Church” Homewood IL
“nalanda residential junior college” alumni
“illegal access error” jdk 1.2b4
supercilious supernovas
Search by Location (beta)
http://labs.google.com/location
U.S. only
Keyword(s) combined with address, city,
state or zip
Search results appear on a map
News Advanced Search
and News Alerts
Advanced News Search added this Fall
News Alerts





Requires a (free) account
One query per alert; limit of 50 alerts per email address
Alerts contain links to news containing your
alert keywords
Cannot edit a query; delete and create a new
one instead
Alerts sent once a day or “as it happens”
More about Google….
Google World http://indicateur.com

Maintained by a French Search Engine Site
and listed under Guides. Use Google
translator (see Language Tools) to translate
the site)
Google Lab http://labs.google.com

Place for cutting edge developments, many in
beta awaiting user feedback and testing.
Beyond Google: AskJeeves
Simpler, cleaner interface
Teoma crawler-based results blended with
AJ “answers”
Improved image database
“Smart Answers”

Popular queries mapped to news, image and
other sources “appropriate to the query”
ATW (FAST)
http://alltheweb.com
Continued commitment to a large database (2nd
to Google)
Powerful, new advanced search capabilities
Extensive page customization options
Results clustered by topic (“Folders”)
Both HTML and Multimedia given, when
available
NOTE: Folders located at the BOTTOM of each
results screen
Altavista
Simpler interface
More language options
Expanded image and multimedia collections
Results labeled“Refreshed in last 48 hours”
Includes PDF files
“US” and “Local” search options
“Prisma” query refinement
Altavista
Prisma Query Refinement
Offers a maximum of 12 terms having the
strongest associations with the original query
term(s)
Selected from the top 50 results of the original
query
NOTE: Clicking on a “Prisma” term adds it to
your original query, creating a new set of
Prisma terms.
Similar to Refine (1997) but less graphic
Teoma
Ranking Includes a site’s relationship to other
sites with similar content
Results

Ranked database results, with “Related Pages”
Refine

Clustering of your results and other related sites
based on term relationships and web community
linkages derived from your original results
Resources

“Link Collections from experts and enthusiasts”
(Subject metasites)
Hotbot
Searches Hotbot (Inktomi) OR Google OR
Lycos OR AskJeeves
Not a true metaengine
Advanced features operable only if
supported by source engines
Metacrawler
Along with Dogpile and Webcrawler,
owned by Infospace
Simpler interface
Offers the following customizations:
Selection of sources searched
Total number of results retrieved
Length of search (“time-out period”)
Offers a wide range of vertical searches:
Images, MP3, Shopping, Subject Directory,
Multimedia, News, Message Boards
New Services
Attracting Attention
Gigablast
Launched April, 2002
Smaller database than others


Over 200 million on 10/4/03
pope canterbury
Google:83,200
Gigablast:24,919
Created and maintained by Matt Wells (alone)
Only search engine “continuously updated with index
refreshed in real time” (Site submissions are immediately
searchable)
Ranking depends less on linkage than Google’s
ranking, to avoid penalizing newer pages.
No advertising (to date)
Gigablast Search Features
Basic search Full Boolean
Advanced Search: Full Boolean and 2 (!)
phrase boxes
Limit by site
Limit by domain (URL)
Links to a page available
Most “generic” html metatags indexed,
searched and made available for display

Unique to Gigablast!!!
Gigablast Search Features
Field searches include title, IP address
and non-html filetypes:

PDF, Word, Excel, PPT, PostScript, Ascii Text
Results from one site clustered
Cached version available
Results include date indexed and last
modified (!!)
Linking to Gigablast improves ranking
there
KillerInfo
http://www.killerinfo.com
Metaengine searching Google, AOL, Lycos,
Gigablast, MSN, Altavista, LookSmart and
Open Directory
9 topical Deep Web channels offered
Boolean and phrase search
No other Advanced Search features
Results clustering (a la Vivisimo)
Number of results not given
Adult content filter
Surfwax
http://surfwax.com
Demo site for federated search software

Simultaneous search of Deep Web, Intranets,
Web and more
Metaengine searches Wisenut, AOL,
MSN, Yahoo, Incarta, CNN, LookSmart
FOCUS search refinement feature

Online thesaurus of related terms and
definitions
Surfwax
http://surfwax.com
Site SNAP of a result offers




Author summary (from metatags)
Related sites
Site’s FOCUS words
Key Points (query-related sections)
Results ranking options: Relevance, Alpha
and Source
Preferences and Advanced Features
require a (free) account; more options
available to fee-based accounts
Nutch
http://nutch.org
Project to implement an open source web
search engine
Why open source?


With open source, search results processing is
transparent, not hidden. Bias (if any) can be
examined by anyone.
Open source applications are free and available
for use, modification or for-profit use. Users are
asked to contribute their innovations back to the
code base
Nutch is seeking volunteer developers and
donations
The Deep Web
at 2004
The Topography of the Internet
or The Layers of the Web
Mapping the web is challenging




Unregulated in nature
Influences from all over the globe
Fulfills many purposes, from personal to
commercial
Changes rapidly and unexpectedly
Divisions and terminology are inherently
ambiguous eg. “Deep” vs “Invisible”
Web
May I suggest a biological, nautical
metaphor, perhaps the ocean?
SURFACE WEB
SHALLOW WEB
OPAQUE WEB
DEEP WEB
DARK WEB
Surface Web
Static html documents
Crawler-accessible
Shallow Web
Static html documents loaded on servers that
use ColdFusion or Lotus Domino or other
similar software
A different URL for the same page is created
each time it is served.
Crawlers skip these to avoid multiple copies
of the same page in their database
Technically human accessible via
directories, Deep Web gateways or links from
other sites
Opaque Web
Static html documents
Technically crawler accessible
2 types:


Downloaded and indexed by crawler
Not downloaded or indexed by crawler
Opaque Web
Downloaded and indexed by crawler


Buried in search results you never look at
A casualty of “relevance” ranking
Not downloaded or indexed by crawler due
to programmed download limits



Document buried deep in the site
Part of a large document that did not get
downloaded (Typical crawl per page is 110 K or
less)
Document added since last crawler visit (Even
the best revisit on an average of every 2 weeks,
depending on amount of change at a site)
Opaque Web
Access to the Opaque Web



Specialized search engines
General and specialized directories
Subject metasites
These services typically index more
thoroughly and more often than large,
general search engines
Deep Web
Technically inaccessible to crawlers





Dynamically created pages
Databases
Non-textual files
Password protected sites
Sites prohibiting crawlers
Technically accessible to crawlers
•
Textual files in non-html formats
Dark Web
http://research.arbornetwords.com
Up to 5% of the web is completely
unreachable due to




Misconfigured routers
Contractual disputes between ISP’s
Broadband users with personal or corporate
firewalls
US Military sites
UC Berkeley’s How Much Information Project
http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info2003/internet.htm
NOTE: 10 terabytes = total print collections of the Library of Congress
http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info2003/internet.htm
Reducing the Deep Web:mod_rewrite
Making dynamic pages available to crawlers
Mod_rewrite software loaded onto a web server
containing dynamic pages (databases, etc)
Crawler follows a link to a stable URL on the server
www.mydomain.com/dvdplayers.html
Mod_rewrite searches all the server’s dynamic
pages containing dvdplayers and creates
temporary pages with stable URL’s.
These pages are linked to each other, creating a
stream of virtual pages that can be crawled by any
of the search engines
Search engines often check the stream for spam or
duplicate pages
Mining the Deep Web:Directed Query
Engines or Intelligent Agents
Designed to access distributed Deep
Web resources
Some can be configured to search
specific URL’s





Databases
Subject metasites
report collections
dynamic pages
online newsletters
Directed Query Engines for
purchase
Simultaneous search of Deep Web and other
resources with many additional features
Lexibot http://www.lexibot.com


If you complete survey: $189 upgrades $15
If you don’t:
$289 upgrades $50
BullsEye http://info.intelliseek.com

BullsEye Pro:
months
$199 with free upgrades for 6
Hunter’s Maxim
for the Deep Web
Plan to first locate the category of
information you want, then browse.
Don’t be too specific in your searches.
Cast a wide net.
TRACKING THE
LIVING WEB:
WEBLOGS AND
RSS FEEDS
Blogs: What are they?
Online diaries or journals, usually by one
person, though many invite “comments”
First developed in 1997
Within the same blog tone can range from
personal musings to discussion of recent
issues in technology and research
High link-to-word ratio
Often link to other weblogs of similar
content
Blogs: What are they?
Can contain rumor, inside information,
speculation, blatant errors as well as



Breaking news: political and technical/research
Commentary on new software or websites
Consumer reaction to products or services
Blog authoring tools are basic content
management software, useful in ways other
than online diaries
Typify the spirit of information sharing that
has fueled the Internet since its beginnings
How large is the blogosphere?
2.4 to 2.9 million active blogs (est.)
Who’s blogging?
Jupiter Research
2% of Internet users have created a blog
About 50% women, 50% men
Over 50% are in English; remaining
language, in order of prevalence:

Portuguese, Polish, Farsi, French, Spanish,
German, Italian, Dutch and Icelandic
More …
About 4% of Internet users read blogs, 60%
men, 40% women
On average, blogs are updated every 3 days
About 4% of online Americans have gone to
blogs for information about the Iraq War
LiveJournal (large blog host) was the 650th
most popular site on the Internet (May, 2003)


184,000 readers every 10 days
Spend average of 22 minutes at the site
Creating a Blog
Blogger http://new.blogger.com
Free, automated Web publishing tool
Requires no new software
Send posts to an existing website or
create a free blog at Blogger
Provide a site template and where you
want the postings to appear
To update, create posting, submit
permission form and Blogger will sent FTP
Advanced options available
Locating Blogs
Blog Hosting Sites



www.livejournal.com
diaryland.com
radio.userland.com ($39.95 with added
features)
Blog metasites




www.lights.com (library-related, world-wide)
www.blogrunner.com
www.llrx.com/columns/notes46.htm
portal.eatonweb.com/
Locating Blogs
Subject Directories

dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/On_the_Web
General Search Engines

Blog keyword(s) or URL(bloghost) keyword(s)
Professional Association homepages
Subject Metasites

Use Teoma.com
“Resources”
Searching Blog Content
Blog hosting sites

www.livejournal.com
Blog Search Engines





Feedster.com (includes RSS feeds also)
Daypop.com (current events)
Blogdex.media.mit
www.technorati.com
blogging-news.info
Topical Blog Search Engines

Detod (blawgs.detod.com) Exclusively legal
weblogs
Blogs and General Search Engines
Blog-rich sites are increasingly visited by
major crawler-based search services
HOWEVER
ANY rapidly-changing content can easily
be missed by crawlers
Obstacles to Crawling and Indexing
Blog Content
Only the most recent postings appear on
the blog homepage (older are archived,
and inaccessible to crawlers)
Many bloggers post dozens of times a day
Frequent postings may contain critical
information to time-sensitive topics
Even a daily crawl would miss these
postings (typical crawl is about once every
3 weeks)
Obstacles to Crawling and Indexing
Blog Content – Page Design
Several postings usually appear on the
blog homepage
Postings are NOT indexed separately, as
crawler indexes the page as a whole
Retrieval of an individual posting on a
topic is unreliable
Blogs and Libraries
Blogs can offer an opportunity to post
content on the Web quickly—no delay of
FTP uploading or submission to a
webmaster




“What’s New”
“Favorite Books”
“Recent Acquisitions”
“Program Changes due to the Weather”
Blogs and Libraries
Get more people involved in posting content on
the Library (or library-sponsored) website
No knowledge of html, RSS or XML needed
Log onto the blog hosting website, create
content, and update the page
Current awareness without the annoyance of unwanted e-mails
Choose when YOU want that information by
visiting your blogs of choice
Blogs and Libraries:
Metasites
Blogs and Libraries: A Bibliography (online)

http://www.etches-johnson.com/nolibrary/bib.html
Library Weblog Directory

http://www.libdex.com/weblogs.html
Blogs at the University of Minnesota Libraries

http://www.lib.umn.edu/san/mt/
Fichter, D. (2003). Why and how to use blogs to
promote your library's services. Marketing Library
Services 17(6).

http://www.infotoday.com/mls/nov03/fichter.shtml
RSS
“Rich Site Summaries”
“Really Simple Syndication”
“Really Stops Spam”
Before RSS:
Tracking latest news and site updates
Software packages that monitored and
reported changes at sites of your choosing
News alert services, free and fee
Manual checking of your bookmarks
“Hit or miss” Listserv and Usenet postings
RSS: What is it?
XML filetype with content that is


Structured (tags, standard and/or authordefined)
Re-useable (can be integrated into web,
e-mail, multimedia and many other formats
Originally developed by Netscape as a
content management tool for personalizing
home pages
“My News”
“My Sports”
“My Weather”
RSS in detail
http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss
RSS: What can it do?
Creates a broadcast version of frequently
updated content from a website, blog,
news page or other source
Authors can


Summarize new content
Broadcast new content eg. online newsletters
Can be used as a way to distribute content
to subscribers (syndication) independent
of e-mail. Subscribers logon or access via
aggregators.
How do I access them?
As RSS is in XML, may require downloading
reader software (older versions of browsers
cannot read XML). Sources for reader software
include


www.lights.com
blogspace.com
Sites with RSS feeds display a small icon
(usually orange) labeled RSS or XML
General search engines (limited, but worth a
try)
filetype:xml keyword(s)
RSS Directories and Search Engines
Syndic8 syndic8.com



Directory of available syndicated news feeds
Provides no reading area
Uses Open Directory classification
Feedster www.feedster.com

The best search engine for blogs and RSS feeds
Yahoo news.yahoo.com/rss
Canadian Government tinyurl.com/vrh7
Often found in Blog Directories and Engines
RSS aggregators
Receive general or topical RSS feeds and
blog postings
Many are focused on news only
Present content in compact form
Combine multiple sources in one interface
Provide links to full content
In personal desktop versions or online
Personal desktop aggregators
Lets you specify any feeds you want access
to
Ampheta Desk
www.disobey.com/amphetadesk/
Radiouserland radio.userland.com ($$)
Feedreader feedreader.com
Feedreader.com
Online aggregators
Selection of feeds may be limited
NewsIsFree
NewsIsFree.com



7379 sources grouped into 16 channels
Create custom pages
$$ offers more “Premium options”
Many RSS sites include links to other
aggregators
Authoring and Producing RSS
Lockergnome
rss.lockergnome.com

Documents, tools, developers, aggregators,
free feed generator for you site
RSS Primer for Publishers
www.eevl.ac.uk/rss_primer/



Producing RSS feeds
Technical information
Feed promotion
Feedster www.feedster.com
Blogs and RSS
Blogs may offer some or all of their content
as RSS feeds, or not
Blogs can exist as “pure” html documents,
updated frequently
Making content available in RSS increases a
blog’s access and exposure via aggregators
and other RSS-based search services
The Living Web
What can blogs and RSS feeds tell us about an
author’s point of view?
Which ones does an author list on their
blog/homepage?
Which ones does an author visit/subscribe to?

Sometimes I want to know what the world thinks
GOOGLE

Sometimes I want to know what I think
MY WEBLOG

Sometimes I want to know what those I respect
think
BLOGS AND FEEDS I READ
Beyond today’s
(free) search engines:
Cutting edge
developments
Including Context in System Design
Context matters (!!??!)


Textual context
Query context “Who is asking and why?”
Traditional approaches to retrieval have
been deductive



Data organized and mapped to anticipated
query terms (controlled vocabularies,
taxonomies)
Human created and maintained
Too slow for rapid data streams
Bayesian approaches
Uses statistical inference based on Bayes’
Theorem of Probability (Thomas Bayes, 1702-1761)
Inductive approach (adaptive processing)



Take the user’s information environment
Infer structures, relationships, likely queries
Inferred structures and relationships can then be
mapped to a human-created classification scheme
Currently used in corporate intranet and feebased content management software
Will be used more in general information
systems of the future
Adaptive Processing
Learning the searcher’s interests
What term(s) did you search?
What did you select?
How long did you look at it?
What is its source?
How old was it?
Direct input from searcher



Rank the sources
Rate individual results
Eliminate certain sources, sites
Inquirus
http://inquirus.nj.nec.com
Query interface research project
Attempts to improve precision of results
Monitors user’s search behavior to infer
intent of queries
Re-formulates queries to increase
likelihood of desired answers
Inquirus
http://inquirus.nj.nec.com
USER: “How do you make salsa?”
SYSTEM: salsa and (recipe or ingredients
or food)
Eliminates pages on salsa dancing
Ranking relies heavily on proximity of
query terms and system-provided
cognates to each other in the document
Vector-Space Model
3-dimensional retrieval
A way of ordering documents by word
frequency/context in a “term space”and
matching them to queries
Documents are assigned coordinates
One document may be in many “term
spaces”or vectors
Queries that fall within a given vector are
likely to be answered by documents
located in that vector
A Multi-dimensional Boolean
Boolean limited to term matches
terrier
female
puppy
Vector-space model



More complex relationships can be mapped
“Degrees of relatedness” of document to query
Query and document “weights” based on length
and direction of their vectors
Documents in Vector Space
“What do you have on movie stars’ diets?”
STAR
Doc about movie stars
Doc about
astronomy
Doc about mammal behavior
DIET
Phibot
http://phibot.org
Project of the Univ. of Mainz and German
Institute of Artificial Intelligence
Crawls science, medicine and news web sites


`200 million general science sites
70 million medical sites
Traditional: Google-like processing
Vector-Space
Optimization: greater vector-space processing
Digital Video Search
Searches actual visual content
Project of Dublin City University

http://www.cdvp.dcu.ie
Determine “structure” of the video by
identifying shots with the greatest degree
of change (keyframes)
Use these to create a structure, and allow
user to refine query based on these
Needed by journalists, governments and
airport security
Current Trends in and
Challenges to Today’s
Search Industry
User Interface Trends
Toolbars, Toolbars, everywhere

Review site:
searchenginewatch.com/links/article.php/2156381
Search by Location – Major engines with local
search options and local specialized ones

Makes the haystack smaller; important in e-commerce
“P2P” networks (Peer-to-peer)


File-sharing networks, a la Napster
KaZaA - most popular download EVER!
Shares any filetype
90% of files shared are audio-visual in nature
User Interface Trends
Application Program Interface (API)



Published set of programming “hooks”that lets
you interact directly with a company’s open
servers
You can mine the company’s databases for
free
WHY? To attract more traffic to the site
Example http://www.googlerace.com


Enter 1 or 2 terms/phrases and see how Bush
and Democratic candidates stack up!
Created by Tara Calishain
Search in Corporate Settings Drive
Search Engine R&D
Uniform, seamless access to all information:

Internal & external, data & content
XML
More natural language processing
Hybrid systems to search structured AND
unstructured data

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Adaptive processing (Bayesian)
Use of intelligent agent software
Easier user interfaces
Personalization
Industry-wide Trends
Distributed Crawling


Volunteer your PC when not in use
Grub.com, Looksmart
Search continues to be driven by
advertising and revenue
Fewer services maintain their own crawlercreated database
Increased crawling of non-html filetypes
Challenges to the Industry
Revenue

E-content providers have cut into search
software sales with their proprietary engines
Fighting fraud

Cloaking, ranking manipulation
Scalability


Size of surface Web increases
Over 300 million queries a day to all Web S.E.’s
Challenges to the Industry
Freshness

Competitive edge demands recent crawls
Deep Web

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Embedded databases
Non-html filetypes
Real-time information
Growing importance of the Living Web
Challenges to the Industry
Ambiguous query refinement



Not very hopeful among general search
engines
User group too large
User profiling difficult
Indexing the smaller, newer sites

Google’s link-based PageRank penalizes
these sites
The Biggest Challenge:
“Just what are you looking for?”
A known needle in a known haystack
A known needle in an unknown haystack
An unknown needle in an unknown haystack
Any needle in a haystack
The sharpest needle in a haystack
Most of the sharpest needles in a haystack
All the needles in a haystack
The Biggest Challenge:
“Just what are you looking for?”
Affirmation of no needles in the haystack
Things like needles in any haystack
Let me know if any new needles show up
Where are the haystacks?
Needles, haystacks, ….whatever
Thank You and
Happy Holidays!
Michael Hunter
Reference Librarian
Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Geneva, NY 14456
(315) 781-3552
hunter@hws.edu