Lesson two
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The writing process
British or American
Subject-verb agreement
Text discussion
Writing – tools of the trade
The writing process
Pre-writing
–
–
–
–
background reading
note-taking
brainstorming
pre-planning
Drafting
– write draft
Feedback and revision
– re-reading
– peer review
– revise
British or American
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
lägenhet
linne
plåster
konservburk
blöja
hiss
suddgummi
bensin
ficklampa
kö
brevbärare
ljuddämpare (bil)
kaka
byxor
trottoar
gardrob
soptunna
flygplan
semester
vindruta (bil)
flat
tank top
band-aid
tin
nappy
elevator
rubber
petrol
torch
line
mailman
muffler
biscuit
pants
pavement
closet
bin
airplane
holiday
windscreen
apartment
vest
plaster
can
diaper
lift
eraser
gas
flashlight
queue
postman
silencer
cookie
trousers
sidewalk
cupboard
trash can
aeroplane
vacation
windshield
British or American
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
lägenhet
linne
plåster
konservburk
blöja
hiss
suddgummi
bensin
ficklampa
kö
brevbärare
ljuddämpare (bil)
kaka
byxor
trottoar
gardrob
soptunna
flygplan
semester
vindruta (bil)
flat
tank top
band-aid
tin
nappy
elevator
rubber
petrol
torch
line
mailman
muffler
biscuit
pants
pavement
closet
bin
airplane
holiday
windscreen
apartment
vest
plaster
can
diaper
lift
eraser
gas
flashlight
queue
postman
silencer
cookie
trousers
sidewalk
cupboard
trash can
aeroplane
vacation
windshield
Subject-Verb Agreement
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Saying that you are sorry ... nothing. (change)
The origin of these rumours .... obscure. (be)
The United States ... a vast country. (be)
To me, 50 dollars ... a lot of money. (be)
... Bill and Harry still in business? (be)
Statistics ... that acoustics ... a popular subject. (show, remain)
To balance such books ... a lot of work. (take)
The job of establishing sufficient controls and measurements so that you can tell
what is actually happening to athletes ..... tediously complex. (be)
The blind ... not want pity. (do)
He was fascinated by the stories in the Old Testament that ... history to be
determined by chance meetings and by small, personal incidents. (show)
There .... nothing like an itchy rash for wearing a person down. (be)
If the sound spectrum is divided into frequency bands, each ... separately coded.
(be)
In what ways .... computerisation improve mail order services? (do)
Subject-Verb Agreement
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Law and order are important in today’s society.
Most bureaucrats seem to think statistics are fun.
Tom or Sheila are going to do the presentation.
The meaning of these words defy me.
One of the scientists that works on the project says that
there are more planets yet to be discovered.
Everybody love their pets.
Give the money to me right away. They are mine.
Your reading glasses is by the bed.
That is a really good advice.
Can you explain why my best pair of trousers have a hole
in them?
Subject-Verb Agreement
Saying that you are sorry ... nothing. (change)
Saying that you are sorry changes nothing.
The origin of these rumours .... obscure. (be)
The origin of these rumours is obscure.
The United States ... a vast country. (be)
The United States is a vast country.
To me, 50 dollars ... a lot of money. (be)
To me, 50 dollars is a lot of money.
... Bill and Harry still in business? (be)
Are Bill and Harry still in business?
Subject-Verb Agreement
Statistics ... that acoustics ... a popular subject. (show, remain)
Statistics show that acoustics remains a popular subject
To balance such books ... a lot of work. (take)
To balance such books takes a lot of work. (take)
The job of establishing sufficient controls and measurements so that you can
tell what is actually happening to athletes ..... tediously complex. (be)
The job of establishing sufficient controls and measurements so that you can
tell what is actually happening to athletes is tediously complex.
The blind ... not want pity. (do)
The blind do not want pity.
Subject-Verb Agreement
He was fascinated by the stories in the Old Testament that ... history to be
determined by chance meetings and by small, personal incidents. (show)
He was fascinated by the stories in the Old Testament that show history to be
determined by chance meetings and by small, personal incidents.
There .... nothing like an itchy rash for wearing a person down. (be)
There is nothing like an itchy rash for wearing a person down. (be)
If the sound spectrum is divided into frequency bands, each ... separately coded.
(be)
If the sound spectrum is divided into frequency bands, each is separately coded.
In what ways .... computerisation improve mail order services? (do)
In what ways does computerisation improve mail order services?
Subject-Verb Agreement
Law and order are important in today’s society.
Law and order is important in today’s society.
Most bureaucrats seem to think statistics are fun.
Most bureaucrats seem to think statistics is fun.
Tom or Sheila are going to do the presentation.
Tom or Sheila is going to do the presentation.
The meaning of these words defy me.
The meaning of these words defies me.
One of the scientists that works on the project says that there are more planets yet to
be discovered.
One of the scientists that works on the project says that there are more planets yet to
be discovered.
Subject-Verb, Nouns
Everybody love their pets.
Everybody loves their pets.
Give the money to me right away. They are mine.
Give the money to me right away. It is mine.
Your reading glasses is by the bed.
Your reading glasses are by the bed.
That is a really good advice.
That is really good advice.
Can you explain why my best pair of trousers have a hole in them?
Can you explain why my best pair of trousers has a hole in them?
Outdated airport security
1.
What would you say is the main message/thesis of this article? Where in the
article is this message/thesis expressed?
2.
What are the main arguments that support this message/thesis in the article?
3.
What are the different structural parts of the article? What section of the text is
part of the introduction and what section is part of the conclusion? Can you
detect a structure in the main body of the text? Are there different parts which
support the main message/thesis in different ways? Is it possible to say what the
topic is of each paragraph?
4.
How does the author use style and evaluative vocabulary to convince the reader
of his message/thesis?
5.
Do you find the arguments presented in the article convincing? Can you find any
good counterarguments to the arguments presented in the article? Are there any
problems or inconsistencies in the argumentation? What approach would you
take if you were going to argue against the message/thesis in this article?
Vocabulary
What does “aiding and abetting” mean? In what context is the phrase used?
(paragraph 1, line 2-3)
The noun phrase “The security checkpoint we know today” can also be
formulated with a relative pronoun, i.e. “The security checkpoint that we
know today”. When is it possible to leave out a relative pronoun in English?
(paragraph 2, line 1)
What different things are “deployed” in this text?
What does “person” mean in the context “carried on the person”? (paragraph
2, line 5)
What does it mean for something to be a “workhorse”? (paragraph 2, line 6)
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Vocabulary
5.
What is the difference between “can’t” and “cannot”? (paragraph 3, line
1)
6.
What does it mean “to screen” something in the current context? What
other meanings could “to screen” have? (paragraph 4, line 1)
7.
What is a “deterrent” (paragraph 4, line 2)
8.
When do you use “bold” and when do you use “boldly”? (paragraph 4,
line 3)
9.
What alternative word to a sentence initial “but” can be used to express
a contrast?
10. What other words can you use for “unworkable”? (paragraph 16, line 1)
Vocabulary
10. What is the difference between “reactive” and “proactive”? (paragraph
16, line 3)
11. What is a “civil libertarian”? (paragraph 16, line 4)
12. What words in the text have a similar meaning to “antiquated”?
13. Why is a colon used in paragraph 5, line 2, and paragraph 6, line 1?
14. What is the difference between “look to” and “look for”? (paragraph 7,
line 1)
15. How do you pronounce “analysis” and what is the plural of that word?
(paragraph 7, line 4)
Vocabulary
16.
What is the difference in meaning between “bound from” and “bound for”? (paragraph
7, line 6)
17.
What does “unwittingly” mean? (paragraph 8, line 1)
18.
Why is a semi-colon used in paragraph 9, sentence 3.
19.
What does “so” refer to? (paragraph 11, line 1)
20.
What is the function of “so” initially? (paragraph 12, line 1)
21.
“Persons” is rather limited as the plural form of “person”. What is the more common
plural form? (paragraph 12, line 3)
22.
What different terms for criminal actions or items are used in the article?
23.
What do you do when you “advocate” something? (paragraph 16, line 1)
Tools of the trade
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Monolingual dictionary
Thesaurus
Style guide
Usage reference
Grammar
Monolingual dictionary
Monolingual dictionary
Thesaurus
(Taken from www.oxfordreference.com)
consider → verb 1. Isabel considered her choices THINK ABOUT, contemplate, reflect
on, examine, review; mull over, ponder, deliberate on, chew over, meditate on,
ruminate on; assess, evaluate, weigh up, appraise; informal size up.
2. I consider him irresponsible DEEM, think, believe, judge, adjudge, rate, count, find;
regard as, hold to be, reckon to be, view as, see as.
3. he considered the ceiling LOOK AT, contemplate, observe, regard, survey, view,
scrutinize, scan, examine, inspect; informal check out; N. Amer. informal eyeball.
4. the inquiry will consider those issues TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION, take account of,
make allowances for, bear in mind, be mindful of, remember, mind, mark, respect,
heed, note, make provision for. opposites: ignore.
Style guide
Style Guide
(Taken from Anglia Ruskin University’s “Guide to Harvard Style of Referencing”)
2. CITING REFERENCES INTEXT using the Harvard System
An intext reference should include the authorship and the year of the work to
which is being referred. Depending on the nature of the sentence/paragraph that
is being written, references to sources may be cited in the text in the following
manner:
2.1 Author’s name cited in the text
When making reference to an author’s work in your text, their name is followed
by the year of publication of their work:
In general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good practice
to make reference to other relevant published work. This view has been
supported in the work of Cormack (1994).
Where you are mentioning a particular part of the work, and making direct
reference to this, a page reference should be included:
Cormack (1994, pp.32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional
readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works'.
Usage guide
Usage guide
Grammar