Chapter 1
Classifying Organisms
How are living things classified?
• To classify means to put things into groups.
Why do scientists put plants and animals into
groups?
1. Classification makes it easier to communicate
clearly by having just one name for an
organism.
2. Classification helps to organize information
about organisms.
Classification Systems
• A classification system lists organisms in a
series of groups.
• Kingdom - highest group of organization in the
classification system. There are 6 kingdoms:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Archaebacteria - single celled, no oxygen or sunlight
Eubacteria - single celled, need oxygen
Protists - single or multi-celled, algea
Fungi – single or multi-celled, mushrooms & molds
Plants – many cells, make their own food
Animals – many celled, cannot make their own food
King Phillip Came Over For Great
Spaghetti
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Seven Levels of the Classification System:
Kingdom – highest, most general group
Phylum- level of classification below kingdom
Class – next level below phylum, smaller group
Order – next level below class, smaller group
Family – next level below order, smaller group
Genus – next level below family, smaller group
Species – lowest level of organization - specific
The Animal Kingdom
• Vertebrates and invertebrates are phylums
within the animal kingdom.
• Animals that have a backbone are called
vertebrates.
• Animals without backbones are called
invertebrates.
• Within each one of these phylum are classes
of animals.
5 Classes of Vertebrates
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mammals
Reptiles
Birds
Amphibians
Fish
• Each class of vertebrate has specific
characteristics that make them unique.
Characteristics of Mammals
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Breathe air with lungs
Make milk for young
Body coverings - Hair or fur
Warm blooded-keep body temperature
constant nearly all the time
• Young mammals resemble parents
The pattern of birth, growth, reproduction, and
death is called the life cycle.
Life Cycle of Mammals
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Birth
Growth
Reproduction
Death
Offspring repeat the cycle and the species
continues!
Characteristics of Reptiles
• Lungs (similar to mammals)
• Do not feed their young (no milk)
• Scales that cover their body (no hair or fur like
mammals)
• Cold blooded – body temperature does not
remain constant bur changes as the temperature
of the air or water changes.
• Some reptiles live on both land and water.
The life cycle of a reptile is similar to a mammal.
Life Cycle of Reptiles
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Young reptiles hatch from eggs
Young reptiles are not cared for by parents
Young reptiles feed themselves from birth
Growth
Reproduction
Death
Offspring repeats the cycle and the species
continues!
Characteristics of Birds
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Lungs and other organs (similar to mammals)
Body coverings – feathers
Feed and care for their young
Warm blooded – body temperature remains
constant.
A bird’s life cycle is similar to a reptiles.
Life Cycle of Birds
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Young birds hatch from eggs.
Young birds are cared for by parents
Young birds are fed by their parents
Growth
Reproduction
Death
Offspring repeat the cycle and the species
continues!
Mammals, Reptiles, Birds
Vertebrate
Birth
Body Covering
Body
Temperature
Feed Young
Mammals
Live Birth
Hair or Fur
Warm-Blooded
Yes - Milk
Reptiles
Hatch from
Eggs
Scales
Cold-blooded
No
Birds
Hatch from
Eggs
Feathers
Warm-Blooded
Yes – not milk
Characteristics of Amphibians
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Cold-blooded
Soft, moist skin to absorb oxygen and water
Do not feed or care for their young
Hatch from eggs
Metamorphosis – changes during the life cycle
The life cycle of an amphibian is very different
than that of any other vertebrate due to the
process of metamorphosis.
Life Cycle of Amphibians
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Hatch from eggs in water
Grow legs and tail shortens
Breathe through gills until lungs are developed
Begin to live on land
As adults, frogs look nothing like they did
when they were young tadpoles. This kind of
change is known as metamorphosis and no
other class of animal has this life cycle!
Characteristics of Fish
• Cold-blooded
• Scales and slimy-coating that helps water flow
past them
• Live in water ONLY!
• Use gills to get oxygen from water
The life cycle of a fish is most like the life cycle of
a reptile
Life Cycle of Fish
• Hatch from eggs in water
• Not cared for or fed by parents after birth
• Grow
• Reproduce
• Death
Offspring repeat the cycle and the species
continues!
Classes of Invertebrates
• Mollusks – clams, snails, slugs, and squids
• Annelids / Worms – flatworms, earthworms,
roundworms
• Cnidarians – jellyfish and coral
• Arthropods – insects, lobsters, spiders
Most animals on earth do not have
backbones. Some invertebrates are too small
to be seen with the naked eye.
Mollusks
• Soft body without bones.
• Some have a hard outer shell that prevents
them from being eaten.
• Some get oxygen from gills others absorb
oxygen through skin.
Annelids / Worms
• Flatworms are very flat and thin. They live in
damp or wet places.
• Roundworms can live on water or on land.
• Earthworms have segmented bodies
• Some worms are microscopic and others are
huge!
Arthropods
• Largest phylum of animal
• Arthropod mean “jointed feet”
• All arthropods are invertebrates (not all
invertebrates are arthropods)
• Arthropods have bodies that are divided into
separate parts.
• Arthropods get oxygen in many different ways
– some have lungs (spiders), tubes
(grasshoppers), and gills (lobsters).
Characteristics of Plant Kingdom
• Make their own food – photosynthesis
• Distinctive features such as stems, roots, and
leaves
• Some are vascular – transport system made of
tubes to carry food and water to all of its parts
• Organisms in the plant kingdom are multicellular. (just like animals)
Classification of the Plant Kingdom
• Plants are classified according to their
transport systems (vascular), whether they
produce seeds, or have flowers.
• Phylum of plants include:
– Mosses – no flowers or seeds
– Ferns – vascular, no seeds, no flowers
– Conifers – vascular, produce seeds, no flowers
– Flowering plants – vascular, produce seeds, and
flowers
Fungi Kingdom
• Not plants because they cannot make their
own food.
• Not animals because they do not move to
catch their food
• Have hair-like structures that absorb and
digest food from the material that they grow
on.
Protist Kingdom
• Single celled
• Some live inside the digestive system of other
animals
• Not plants because they cannot make their
own food.
• Not animals because they are single celled
Eubacteria Kingdom
• Single celled
• Spheres, rods, or spiral shaped
• No nucleus
Archaebacteria Kingdom
• Single celled organism
• Survive harsh environments
• No nucleus