The
American
Pageant
David Kennedy, Stanford University
Lizabeth Cohen, Harvard University
Mel Piehl, Valparaiso University
Chapter
Twenty-five
America Moves
to the City
1865-1900
U.S. Population 1870-1900
• U.S. Population doubled
• Population in the cities tripled
– Skyscrapers (Louis Sullivan)
– Bridges (John Roebling)
– Electric Trolleys
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Figure 25.1: The Shift to
the City
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Figure 25.2: Dumbbell Tenement
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Tenement living - 5¢ (Riis)
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Slums of NYC
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Figure 25.3: Annual Immigration, 1860–1997
Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years
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Figure 25.4: Old and New Immigration (by decade)
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Exams at Ellis Island
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Old vs. New
• Old Immigrants: Northern & Western
Europe.
– Irish, German, Scottish, Scandinavian
• Protestant, Catholic
• New Immigrants: Southern & Eastern
Europe.
– Russian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian
• Orthodox
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Old vs. New
• Old Immigrants: Brought entire families to
escape persecution, starvation, etc.
• New Immigrants: Often did not intend to
stay permanently. Kept own culture, did
not assimilate. Moved to areas know to be
occupied by like immigrants. Were not
accepted, which started a new Nativist
movement.
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Lady Liberty – A gift in 1886
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13
The New Colossus (Engraved 1903)
•
Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,
With conquering limbs astride from land to land;
Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand
A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame
Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name
Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.
"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she
With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
•
Emma Lazarus, 1883
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Helping the Urban Masses
• Jane Addams & Ellen
Starr – Hull House
• Florence Kelley –
protection for women
& child workers
• Salvation Army –
helped poor
• YMCA & YWCA –
Christian assoc.
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"The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color
line..." B.T. Washington
• Ex-slave
• Believed education was
the way
• Started the Tuskegee
Institute for blacks in
Alabama
• Taught students useful
skills and trades
• Believed blacks should
help themselves, get an
education, in order to
gain equal status
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Tuskegee Institute
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W.E.B. DuBois
• 1st black to get a PhD
from Harvard
• Demanded complete
equality for blacks
without “earning” it
• Was a founding
member of the
NAACP in 1910
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NAACP – The Crisis
•
•
•
•
•
•
Monthly journal
Current Affairs
Social Reform
Racial Equality
Poems
Essays
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George Washington Carver
• Parents were slaves.
• Adopted after loss of parents
• Given education, including 1st black
student at Simpson College in Iowa.
• First black professor at Iowa University at
Ames.
• Worked at Tuskegee Institute as Professor
of Agriculture.
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George Washington Carver
• About 300 peanut-products
• Sweet potato products like
adhesive for envelopes.
• Soybeans into plastic
• Wood shavings into
synthetic marble
• Cotton into paving blocks
• Crop-rotation methods
giving special stress to
nitrogen replenishing role
of legume products
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21
Educational Equality
• Colleges for women
were becoming more
accepted and
popular, such as
Vassar in New York.
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Educational Equality
• Colleges for African Americans were also
popping up.
• Many new colleges were due to:
– Morrill Act of 1862
– Hatch Act of 1887
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Medicine & Science were growing
• Louis Pasteur –
pasteurization
• Joseph Lister –
antiseptics &
anesthesia
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With literacy – comes reading
• Libraries became
popular
• The “Penny Press” –
cheap daily
newspapers did too
• “Yellow Journalism”
sold human interest
stories
• Joseph Pulitzer
• William Randolph
Hearst
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& New Writers
• Horatio Alger
• Walt Whitman – Beat,
Beat, Drums! & Leaves
of Grass
• Emily Dickinson
• Mark Twain
• Jack London – The
Call of the Wild
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Women’s Suffrage
• National American
Woman Suffrage
Association:
– Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
– Susan B Anthony
– Carrie Chapman Catt
• National Assoc of
Colored Women
– Ida B Wells
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Map 25.1: Woman Suffrage Before the Nineteenth Amendment
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Women’s Christian Temperence Movement
• Called for national
prohibition
• Carrie A Nation
literally hacked up
bars
• Formed the AntiSaloon League
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The American Red Cross
• Social
Progressive
• Clara Barton
founded
• To help with
relief efforts in
the face of
disasters
• Nurse in Civil
War
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Entertainment
• “The greatest show
on earth” began with
the partnership of
Barnum & Bailey in
1881
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& More Entertainment
• Traveling show featuring markswoman Annie
Oakley.
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THE END
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