Crawford University STUDENTS’ HANDBOOK (2011 - 2013) PHYSICS WITH ELECTRONICS i Physics Published by: A Publication of Crawford University P.M.B. 2001, Crawford University Km 8 Ota – Atan - Agbara Road Faith City, Igbesa, Ogun State Nigeria College Colour: Gold Cover Designed and Printed by: Mustard Communications 10, Adeoye Fafore st. PAB Bus Stop Ikotun, Idimu Rd. Lagos. Nigeria Email: samdaodu@gmail.com. Tel: 08033304269. Copyright ©CRU March 2012 ii Physics TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title page i Copyright page and Publication History ii Table of Contents iii Addresses iv Objectives of the University v Visitor and Principal Officers of the University vii Foreword viii Officers of the College ix General Information 1 Department 47 iii Physics ADDRESSES Requests for information regarding the University should be sent to: The Registrar: Crawford University Faith City, Igbesa, Ogun State. Postal Address: P.M.B. 2001, Igbesa, Ogun State,Nigeria Website: www.crawforduniversity.edu.ng e-mail: vc@crawforduniversity.edu.ng registrar@crawforduniversity.edu.ng dean-conas@crawforduniversity.edu.ng hod-biosc@crawforduniversity.edu.ng hod-physicalearthsc@crawforduniversity.edu.ng hod-cit@crawforduniversity.edu.ng Telephone: Vice-Chancellor: 08056697800 Registrar: 08056697802 Deputy Vice-Chancellor: 08056697805 Dean’s Office: 08056697803 Academic Planning Unit: 08131183200 Public Relation and Information Unit: 08035456352 University P.R.O. 07054779136 Telephone Room: 08065296600 iv Physics OBJECTIVES OF THE UNIVERSITY Crawford University, was established in 2005. Seven years after, the University is manifesting the dream of its founding father, put together in form of the objectives of the University, to meet the peculiar needs of Ogun State. The objectives of the University are: To give the opportunity of acquiring higher education to qualified candidates without discrimination as to race, nationality, creed, religion, sex or political conviction. To form the apex of the educational system of the State, to provide facilities for learning, and to give instruction and training in such branches of knowledge as the University may desire to foster, and in doing so, to enable students obtain the advantage of liberal education; To promote, by research and other means, the advancement of knowledge and its practical application in social, cultural, economic, scientific and technological problems; To encourage the advancement in general, and to provide the opportunity for acquiring higher and liberal education; To act as a vehicle of development in general, and, in particular, to act as an instrument to effectively stimulate the development of the State through continuing education, applied research, technical assistance, direct consultation, informational services and internship programs; and community service. To provide innovative educational programmes of high standard, regardless of the nature of the degree being pursued, as this has importance and relevance for State and National development; To provide ready access for citizens of the State in particular to higher education, regardless of social origin or income; v Physics To meet the specific manpower needs of the State; To serve as a creative custodian, promoter and propagator of the State’s social and cultural heritage and resources; To undertake undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Arts, and Social Sciences, Education, Science, Engineering, Technology and Environmental Design, Management Sciences and Basic Medical Sciences To enhance educational opportunities for Ogun State indigenes and; to undertake any other activities appropriate for a University of the highest standard. To incorporate Godly virtues into the learning processes in the university. vi Physics VISITOR AND PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNIVERSITY VISITOR Rev. Emmanuel Adebayo Adeniran District Superintendent, Apostolic Faith Mission West and Central Africa Headquarters, Lagos. CHANCELLOR Chief Oludolapo Ibukun Akinkugbe CON PRO-CHANCELLOR AND CHAIRMAN, GOVERNING COUNCIL Professor Peter Akinsola Okebukola OFR VICE-CHANCELLOR Professor Samson Adenola Ayanlaja B.Sc. (Hons Ibadan), MBA, Ph.D. (Reading), Cert. Irrig. (Israel) DEPUTY VICE-CHANCELLOR Professor Emmanuel Abiodun Fayose B.Sc,, Ph.D (Wales) REGISTRAR Mr. ‘Tunde Oluite Adekoya B.Sc (Hons), M.I.L.R (Ibadan), M.PP(Ogun), MNIM, AIPM. UNIVERSITY LIBRARIAN Mr. Thomas Akinbayo Adigun B. Sc. (Hons) Ife, MLS. (Ibadan) BURSAR Rev. Elijah O. Ajayi FCA, ACMA. vii Physics FOREWORD This is the second edition of the students’ Handbook of the College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Crawford University, Faith City, Igbesa, Ogun State. Nigeria. The College of Natural and Applied Sciences is one of the two Colleges which was established at the inception of the University in October, 2005. There have been remarkable changes in the staff structure and academic programmes in the College during the past six years of its existence. All these changes have focused on the achievement of the goals and objectives of the University. The first part of the Handbook contains the general information on the organisation/administrative structure of the College, and composition of the Standing Committees, the past and current officers of the College; In addition, there is information on the admission requirements and the regulations governing the award of Bachelor’s Degrees in the College. The second part provides the detailed information on the Department/Teaching Units in the College as regards the course structure (Title/Status/Unit). In addition, the course contents of all courses offered in each degree programmes have been well-documented at each Level as per Semester for each degree programmes. This Handbook covers the period of thre years (2011 – 2013). Both the students and teachers will find this Handbook as a reference for consultation periodically. It is hoped that the Handbook shall provide a primary source of information about the University and the degree programmes offered in the College. Prof. Rufus Oladiran Okotore B.Sc, (Ibadan) M.Sc, Ph.D (Dalhousie) MNYAS, FIPAN viii Physics OFFICERS OF THE COLLEGE DEAN Prof. Rufus Oladiran Okotore B.Sc,(Ibadan) M.Sc, Ph.D (Dalhousie) MNYAS, FIPAN COLLEGE OFFICER Mrs. Christianah M. Majasan B.Sc. (Ado-Ekiti) PERSONAL SECRETARY TO THE DEAN Mrs. Felicia Aina NCE, Dip. In Computer Studies ix Physics GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Historical Background The College of Natural and Applied Sciences was established on the inception of the University in October 2005. The decree that established the University academic programmes stipulated the creation of three Departments only; viz. Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Physical and Earth Sciences and Department of Computer Sciences and Information Technology. Within each Department were to be established other teaching units which were to offer B.Sc. degree programmes. Thus, in the Department of Biological Sciences, the B.Sc degree programmes offered were in Microbiology, Biochemistry, Zoology, Botany, Biochemistry whilst the B.Sc. degree programmes in Physics/Electronics, Industrial Chemistry, and Geology/Mineral Sciences were to be offered in Department of Physical and Earth Sciences. The B.Sc. degree programme in Computer Science and Technology, Information and Communication Technology are offered in the Department of Computer Science and Information Technology. Based on the above the students were enrolled into the College in October 2005. Unfortunately, some of the B.Sc. degree programmes failed to start due to insufficient students intake. Those that really got started were seven programmes namely:Microbiology, Biochemistry, Physics/Electronics, Geology, Industrial Chemistry and Computer Science and Technology, Information and Communication Technology. These B.Sc. degree programmes are still in operation till the present day. 1 Physics 2. Organization/Administrative Structure The Dean of the College is the administrative Head of the College that exercises general control over the academic and administrative affairs of the College. The Dean is assisted by the Heads of Department in the College, and the College Secretary. The Heads of Department are responsible through the Dean to the ViceChancellor for the smooth running of their Departments. The College Secretary is the Head of all the non-academic staff of the College. He/She is the Secretary to all the College Boards and Committees. He/She also ensures the implementation of their decisions and directives. Also He/She ensures the proper organization of the student records in the Dean’s Office. Students in the College organize academic and social activities under the aegis of the Students Associations relevant to the academic disciplines in the College. Such association draws its membership from all matriculated students in the particular academic discipline. The Departments also organize career and motivational talks, among other activities, for the students from time to time. 3. College Standing Committees The Board and other Statutory Committees of the College are concerned with the consideration of all academic matters - for example, curriculum development, conduct of examinations and consideration of results, academic staff matters, determination of students’ academic standing and welfare, among other issues that might be brought before them from time to time. The Boards and the Committees are: 2 Physics a. College Board Composition “ Vice Chancellor – Chairman “ Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ Sub-Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ All Heads of Departments in the College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ All Professors in the College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ Dean of College of Business and Social Sciences or his/her Representative “ The Librarian or his/her Representative “ College Officer, Natural and Applied Sciences – Secretary b. College Board of Studies Composition “ Vice Chancellor – Chairman “ Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ Sub-Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ All Heads of Departments in the College of Natural and Applied Sciences ‘’ All Professors in the College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ All full time members of Academic Staff in the College of Natural and Applied Sciences not below the rank of an Assistant Lecturer “ One (1) Representative of College of Business and Social Sciences “ The Librarian or his/her Representative “ College Officer, Natural and Applied Sciences – Secretary 3 Physics College Board or Examiners of Natural and Applied Sciences Composition “ Vice Chancellor – Chairman “ Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ Sub-Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ All Heads of Departments in the College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ All full time members of Academic Staff in the College of Natural and Applied Sciences not below the rank of a Lecturer II “ One (1) Representative of College of Business and Social Sciences “ The Librarian or his/her Representative “ College Officer, Natural and Applied Sciences Secretary c. College Postgraduate Committee Composition “ Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences – Chairman “ All Heads of Departments in the College “ All Professors in the College “ Coordinators of Postgraduate Programmes in the College “ One Representative of the College on the Postgraduate School Board “ College Officer, Natural and Applied Sciences – Secretary d. College Appointments and Promotions (Academic) Committee Composition “ Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences – Chairman “ Sub-Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ All Heads of Departments in the College 4 Physics “ “ All Professors in the College Dean of College of Business and Social Sciences or his/her Representative “ College Officer, Natural and Applied Sciences – Secretary e. College Finance Committee Composition “ Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ Sub-Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ All Heads of Departments in the College “ College Officer, Natural and Applied Sciences “ One (1) Representative from each Department in the College “ College Finance Officer, Natural and Applied Sciences – Secretary f. College Seminars Committee Composition “ Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ Sub-Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences ‘’ One (1) Representative from each Department “ College Officer, Natural and Applied Sciences – Secretary g. College Management Committee Composition “ Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ Sub-Dean, College of Natural and Applied Sciences “ All Heads of Departments in the College ‘’ Programme Coordinators “ College Officer, Natural and Applied Sciences – Secretary 4. Structure of the College The College has three (3) Departments as listed below: 5 Physics 1. Biological Sciences 2. Computer Science and Information Technology 3. Physical and Earth Sciences The following degrees are awarded: 1. Biological Sciences a. B.Sc. Biochemistry b. B.Sc. Microbiology 2. Computer Science and Information Technology a. B.Sc. Computer Science and Technology b. B.Sc. Information and Communications Technology 3. Physical and Earth Sciences a. B.Sc. Geology and Mineral Sciences b. B.Sc. Physics with Electronics c. B.Sc. Industrial Chemistry 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. PAST AND CURRENT DEANS OF THE COLLEGE 2005 – 2006 Prof. M. B. Asokhia 2006 – 2007 Prof. C. O. Oluwole Alofe 2007 – 2010 April Prof. Rufus Oladiran Okotore 2010-2010 October Prof. Emmanuel A. Fayose 2010-2011 May Dr. Gbolagade. D. Gbolagunte (Ag) 2011 – Till Date Prof. Rufus Oladiran Okotore 6. PAST AND CURRENT VICE-DEANS OF THE COLLEGE 1. 2009 – 2010 Dr. Gbolagade D. Gbolagunte 7. PAST AND CURRENT OFFICERS OF THE COLLEGE 1. 2010 – Till Date Mrs. Christianah M. Majasan 8. S/ OFFICE OF THE DEAN DESIGNATIO NAME QUALIFICATION 6 Physics N N 1. Prof. R. O. Okotore Dean B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. 2. Mrs. Felicia .Y. Aina Personal Secretary NCE, Dip. In Computer Studies, WASC 3. Mrs. Bola Ngburuka Clerical Officer NCE, WASC 4. Miss. Idorenyin Udoh Clerical Officer WASC 5. Mrs. Aina Dosu Cleaner WASC 9. S/N COLLEGE OFFICE NAME DESIGNATION QUALIFICATION 1. Mrs. C. M. Majasan College Officer / Asst. Registrar B.Sc. (Ado – Ekiti) 2. Mr. David Osanyinbi Clerical Officer – Data Processing Cert. in Computer Studies, WASC 3. Mrs. Bukola Ojo Clerical Officer Grade II, WASC 4. Mrs. Bunmi Fariogun Assistant Chief Clerical Officer NCE, WASC, Diploma in Computer 5. Mrs. Dolapo Fakorede Clerical Officer Computer OND, WASC, Dipl. Computer Studies 6. Miss. Tinuke Abagun Clerical Officer – Computer WASC, Diploma in Computer Studies 7 Physics 7. Mr. Anietie Udoaka E. Clerical Officer – Computer WASC, Diploma in Computer Studies 8. Mr. Joseph Fashina Clerical Officer WASC 9. Miss. Omolola Omoniyi N.Y.S.C B.Sc, WASC 10. Mrs. M. O. Ibeh Chief Clerical Officer NCE, WASC 11. Mrs. Christianah Clerical Officer WASC 12. Mrs. Janet Omoniyi Cleaner J.S.S.3 13. Mrs. Sesan Akinpelu Cleaner WASC 10 HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS DEPARTMENTS 1. 2. 3. HEADS BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Prof. A. W. A. Edwards; B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Prof. F. A. Forli; B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D PHYSICAL AND EARTH SCIENCES Prof. M. B. Asokhia; B.Sc, Ph.D 12. ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS: COURSES/ REQUIREMENTS UTME SUBJECTS PROGRAMME S 1. Biochemistry SPECIAL CONSIDERATION (WAIVER) REMARKS Direct Entry UTME Two ‘A’ level passes chosen from Chemistry, Mathematics Physics Five SSCE credit passes in English Biology, Chemistry, Physics or Mathematics. CRAWFORD accepts merit in own Diploma (credit/upper credit), OND (upper credit) or 8 Physics and Biology. NCE/ND/HND in related field plus UTME requirement. Language, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics and Biology. HND in relevant courses is acceptable. O/L credit in either Physics or Mathematics in addition to ‘A’ level passes in Chemistry and Biology is acceptable. 2. Industrial Chemistry (i) Two ‘A’ level passes in Chemistry and Mathematics (ii) OND in Science Technology or ND in relevant field with UTME requirements. Five SSCE credit passes in English Language, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics and Biology/Agri c Science. Chemistry, Mathematics and any of Physics/Biology /Agric Science. CRAWFORD accepts Holders of OND (ND) certificate with minimum of upper credit pass are eligible for admission into year II (200 Level) provided that their programme cover certain basic courses offered in the school up to the second year. Holder of HND with minimum of lower credit pass are eligible for admission into year II depending on the appropriateness of their requisite academic. 3. Microbiology (i) Two ‘A’ level passes to include one of Botany, Zoology, Biology or Chemistry. (ii) OND/NCE in related fields. 4. Physics with Electronics NCE/Two ‘A’ level passes in Physics and Mathematics or Chemistry Five SSCE credit passes to include English Language, Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology and any other Science subject. NCE/Two ‘A’ level passes in Physics and Mathematics or Chemistry. Biology, Chemistry and Physics or Mathematics. Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry or Biology. 9 Physics 5. Geology & Mineral Sciences (i) Two ‘A’ level passes from Geology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Biology and Geography. 6. Computer Science and Information Technology (i) Two A/L Passes in science subjects including Mathematics (ii) NCE with at least Merit in Mathematics and one other Science or Social Science subject. Five SSCE Any three of credit passes Chemistry, Physics, in English Mathematics, Biology Language, and Geography Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics and any other subject. Five SSCE credit Mathematics, passes to include Physics and one English Language, of Biology, Maths, Physics plus Chemistry, two other science Agric Science, subjects. Economics and Geography. (iii) Diploma in Data Processing with at least a merit pass from a recognized University or OND/HND in Data Processing, Engineering and Maths with an overall B grade may be considered. (except in Lagos). ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION An applicant must have completed 12 years pre-tertiary education i.e. someone who has finished six years of Primary School, three of Junior Secondary School (JSS) and three in the Senior Secondary School (SSS) in the Nigerian Educational System or to possess equivalent/superior credentials. In addition, applicants must take the mandatory University Matriculations Examination (UME). 13. REGISTRATION PROCEDURE 1. Requirements for Registration a. Original photocopies of credentials b. Birth Certificate c. Eight (8) passport photographs 10 Physics d. JAMB Notification of Results e. University Admission letter 2. Procedure for Course Registration (i) All students should note that Registration of courses commence on resumption for each semester. Students are therefore expected to register twice in a session. i. e. at the beginning of each semester. (ii) After the payment of school fees, students should proceed to the Bursary with proof of bank payment for a pin code for on-line registration. (iii) Students are expected to collect registration forms from Department the and then complete on consultation with the course adviser. Thereafter, the forms are forwarded to the Edu - Portal for proper documentation. (iv) Students are allowed a maximum of seven (7) weeks for registration and an additional two (2) weeks for late registration. (v) Any student that fails to register within this period ceases to be a bonafide student of Crawford University. 3. Add and Delete of Courses Any student wishing to delete course(s) will be allowed to do so within the first nine (9) weeks of registration. Any student wishing to add additional course(s) will be allowed to do so within the first seven (7) weeks of registration for both first and second semester. 11 Physics 14. REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE AWARD OF BACHELOR’S DEGREE (FULL TIME) (A) A programme of study shall be provided leading to a Bachelor’s degree to be denoted by the letters B.Sc (or such other abbreviation as Senate may approve from time to time) which may be awarded with honours or as a pass degree. The programme normally extends over a period of three or four academic years, depending on the student entry qualifications as follows: 1. i. Three years for direct entry candidate with prescribed GCE Advanced Level. Crawford Foundations students or equivalent admitted to the 200 level ii. Four years for students with WASC, GCE, Ordinary or equivalent qualifications, admitted to the 100 level. 2. i. A full-time student is one who carries not less than the minimum load stipulated in the College ii. The minimum duration for graduation for a four-year programme is a period of 8 semesters and 6 semesters for threeyear programme; while the maximum length of time required in the College shall not be more than 12 semesters for the four year programme and 10 semesters for the three-year programme. iii. The maximum load permissible per semester is 27 credit units whilst the minimum load is 18 credit units for full-time studentship. iv. The Dean may on behalf of the College Board permit students in exceptional cases to carry less than the minimum load or more than the maximum load, upon the recommendation by the Head of Department. (B) Graduation Requirements To be eligible for the award of a degree in the B.Sc. degree 12 Physics Programmes, a student must obtain a stipulated minimum total of units for a three-year programme or a maximum total of units for a 4 – year programme as stated in the Table below:Programme Minimum Number of Units Maximum Number of Units Microbiology 115 160 Biochemistry 124 158 Geology/Mineral Science 132 197 Industrial Chemistry 136 198 Physics with Electronics 127 177 Computer Science & Technology 114 159 Information Technology 114 159 & Communications Student Academic Status A student’s academic status shall be determined on the basis of his performance in the Harmattan and Rain Semester Examination for each of the 100, 200, 300 and 400 levels of the degree programme. The following categorization of student’s status shall be used. (i) Good standing: To be in good standing, a student must * pass a minimum of 24 units per session and * have a Grade Point Average (GPA) of not less than 1.0 (ii) Probation: i. A student shall be placed on “PROBATION” if; 13 Physics * he/she has not passed a minimum of 24 units for a particular level * his/her GPA is less than 1.0 ii. iii. (a) (b) iv. The period of probation shall be a maximum of two semesters A student on probation is allowed to register for courses at the next higher level in addition to his/her probation level courses provided that: The regulations in respect of student workload are compiled with, and The pre-requisite courses of the higher level courses have been passed. A student on probation who fails to improve on his/her cumulative grade point average (CGPA) of 1.0 and 24 units in the subsequent semester, such as to place him/her in good standing shall have another chance, therefore he/she will be asked to withdraw from the University. Transfer Cases i. Students who transfer from other Universities shall be credited with only those courses relevant to the programme of the University, which the candidates have already passed. Such students shall however, be required to pass the minimum number of units provided that these students shall spend less than two (2) year (4 semesters in order to earn a degree of the University. ii. Students who transfer from one College to another within the University for any reason shall be credited with those units passed that are within the curriculum of the receiving College. 14 Physics 15. COURSE ADMINISTRATION AND ASSESSMENT (A) Courses and Units i. A course unit is a series of is one hour lectures or tutorials or an equivalent combination of this type of instruction. No course shall be less than two units and more than six units. ii. There shall be four levels of courses for the 4 -year degree programme and 3 levels for the 3-year 100 – 199 – (100 level courses) 200 – 299 – (200 level courses) 300- 399 – (300 level courses) 400 – 499 – (400 level courses) Course numbers shall be prefixed by a three character course code which designated the academic discipline. (B) Course Status The following standard terminologies are used in all units of the Departments to indicate the status of each course. i. Compulsory: courses specified by a department which students must take and pass. ii. Required course: A course which a student must register for and pass at 40% before a degree can be awarded but which is not counted towards degree classification e.g. General Studies, Library use. iii. Elective: courses specified by a department from which a student must take in order to make up the required additional units for the award of the degree 15 Physics iv. Pre-requisite: A course for which knowledge is essential prior to taking another specified courses. A pre-requisite requirement is fulfilled by completing and passing the prerequisite courses which may also be waived for suitably qualified candidates by the College Board on the recommendation of the Department. v. Audited course: A course which the student attends but in which he/she is not examined. (C) Course Assessment i. All courses shall normally be evaluated by examinations and Continuous Assessment shall be done through essay and tests. ii. Scores from Continuous Assessment shall constitute 30% of the final marks for courses. (D) Examinations i. Each course shall normally be completed and examined at the end of the Semester in which it is offered. ii. A written examination shall last a maximum of three hours for three units of courses and minimum of two hours for two units of course. (E) Conduct during Examination i. Candidates must be seated at least 15 minutes before the commencement of each examination. Thereafter, no candidates will be allowed into the examination room except at the discretion of the Chief Invigilator. Candidates will not normally be allowed to leave the examination room. Outside these periods, candidates 16 Physics may leave the room temporarily only if accompanied by an attendant. ii. Candidates shall not be allowed to take into the examination room or have in their possession during the examination, any book or paper, mobile phone, printed or written document (whether relevant to the examination or not). iii. Any proven attempt made by candidate directly or indirectly to influence the process of examination or any part therefore with a view to obtaining undue advantage shall lead to the candidate’s disqualification from the whole examination. iv. Silence shall be maintained throughout the period of examination and communication among the candidates will not be allowed. v. Candidates shall comply with all instructions set out in the examination answer booklet or other examinations materials. They shall also comply with all instructions given to them by the invigilators. vi. Whenever there is an alleged examination malpractice, the candidates involved shall be required to make a signed statement immediately. Failure to comply shall constitute a serious offence and lead to disqualification from the examination and any other disciplinary action deemed appropriate. A proven case of examination malpractice may lead to dismissal from the University. vii. Candidates must present themselves to all University examinations for which they have been duly registered. Candidates who fail to do so for reasons other than 17 Physics illness or accident attested to by the Chief Medical Officer or the University shall be deemed to have scored Zero in that examination. (F) Pass – Mark The minimum pass-mark in any course shall be 40%, (for Prerequisite purpose, 35% is the specified minimum). (G) Grading System: Grading of courses shall be done by a combination of percentage marks and letter grades translated into graduated system of grade point equivalent. For the purpose of determining a student’s standing. At the end of every session, and for the final degree classification, Grade Point Average (GPA) system shall be calculated, that is: GPA = TCP/TNU Where TCP (GP x Unit) TNU (Total Units of courses taken), TCP (Total Cumulative Point Each course unit shall be graded out of a maximum of 100 marks and assigned appropriate letter grade point equivalent as in the following table: LETTER GRADE GRADE POINT MARKS 70 AND ABOVE A 5 18 Physics 60 – 69 B 4 50 – 59 C 3 45 – 49 D 2 40 – 44 E 1 0 - 39 F 0 (H) Presentation of Results Result from the Department shall be presented to and considered by the College Board of Examiners at the end of each semester. The standard format approved by Senate shall be used. The approved results shall be forwarded through the Head of Department and Dean to the University Exams & Records Division for processing. (I) Classification of Degree The determination of the class of degree shall be based on the Cumulative Grade Point Average at the 100, 200, 300 and 400 levels, the Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) shall be determined at the end of each semester taking into consideration, all the courses so offered, and approximated to 2 decimal places. The Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) shall be used for the determination of the class of degree according to the following ranges: CGPA 4.50 – 5.00 CLASS OF DEGREE First Class Honours 19 Physics 16. 3.50 – 4.49 2.40 – 3.49 Second Class Upper Second Class Lower 1.50 – 2.39 Third Class 1.0 – 1.49 Pass COUNSELLING Student’s counseling is an important activity of the Departments, which is aimed at ensuring academic success for all the students. Students are normally attached to a lecturer who is regarded as a senior partner for the success of the students. The lecturer is referred to as the Level Coordinator/Adviser. He/she is responsible to the entire students for that level in each department. 17. INFORMATION MEDIUM (i) Information meant for students are normally pasted on the notice boards. It is the responsibility of students to go to these boards regularly to ensure that they keep abreast of the happenings in the Department and College as regards their programme in the University. The Department and College would therefore not be responsible for negligence on the part of the students for failing to comply with any directives of the departments or its units given through the medium of the notice boards. (ii) Students’ Colloquium and Parents Forum The University Management holds a ‘Students Colloquium’ at least once every semester for both students and lecturers. This is an interactive session that touches on all aspects of student life; that is welfare, student behavior, dressing and attendance at church services and other related activities. In 20 Physics addition, the Parent Forum holds regular meetings at least twice in a session to discuss matters related to the welfare of their wards the good governance, and progress of the University at large. 18. DISCIPLINE The College does not take kindly to acts of indiscipline on the part of students. Degrees are awarded for deserving student by the Departments having been found worthy in character and in learning. Acts such as insubordination acts of violence or any behaviour that borders on disrespect to the constituted authority of the University are treated with utmost seriousness and appropriate punishment given, when guilty. Students are, therefore, advised to take their studies seriously and obey regulations. 19. GENERAL STUDIES PROGRAMME All students of the University are required to pass the General Studies Programme courses (GST) as a condition for graduation. The General Studies Courses are University based. These include: Use of English/Library and Information Sources; Introduction to logic and philosophy, Music Appreciation. These (GST) courses are compulsory for all students irrespective of their level of admission. This also applies to students transferring from other Universities. (i) Entrepreneurial Development Studies (EDS) Based on the Federal Government directives to all Nigerian Universities, the University has introduced two courses on Entrepreneurship. These courses pertain to both theoretical and practical aspects of Entrepreneurship and are taken by students at the 200 Level and 300 Level in the College. 21 Physics 20. CODE OF CONDUCT All students, be they freshmen or returning, are required to sign the CRU code of conduct at the beginning of every session. Without prejudice to existing rules and regulations, this code of conduct shall guide the behavior of students in the university. 1. All secret cults, confraternities and similar organizations in the university are illegal. Any students of the university found to be member, sponsor, or patron of such organization shall be liable to expulsion from the University. 2. The possession, carrying or use of arms and dangerous weapons by the students on campus is illegal and any student found to possess, carry or use such weapon shall be dismissed from the university 3. Any student who threatens or in any way endangers the life of any students or members or staff or engages in physical fight on campus shall be liable to strict disciplinary action, which may lead to expulsion. Students should in addition note and are reminded that causing bodily harm, rape and threat to life are criminal offences and will be reported to the police. 4. Consumption and use of alcoholic beverages and liquor on campus by students are prohibited and any student caught using and consuming such beverages and liquor shall face disciplinary action. 5. All students, organizations, societies, clubs and association are to be registered with the Students’ Affairs division with three copies of their constitution and a list of the names of their executive members, staff advisers, patrons and sponsors. 6. Students are also reminded that suspension from University is suspension from participation in academic activity. Suspended student who continues to attend or attempts to attend academic lectures or course or participate in any other students’ activities 22 Physics on campus while suspension is still in force shall be summarily expelled from the University 7. No mosque, church or any house of prayer or worship on the campus shall be used as residence or for residential purposes by any student. Any such building known or used as a residence or for residential purposes shall be closed forthwith. 8. (a). The use of all Auditoria on campus shall be subject to obtaining a written approval. (b). All forms of students’ social activities that involve drumming and singing should be restricted to the students arcade. 9. Any student found defacing the University walls, posters and other University property, disrupting academic activities for whatever reason and taking over the work of the security officers by locking the gate or hijacking vehicles will be liable for severe disciplinary action, which may lead to suspension or expulsion depending on the severity of such misconduct. 10. All posters and handbills for distribution by students must be cleared and approved by Students’ Affair before distribution; any contravention may lead to suspension . 11. Any student on probation for two consecutive periods shall be asked to withdraw from the University. Students on probation would not be considered for inter-faculty transfer. 12. Any interference on matters of discipline from whatever quarters shall be resisted. 13. There must be strict adherence to a well-defined official line of communication between students and the University authorities. 14. All religious activities including drumming and singing should be restricted to the Chapel or Mosque. 15. Until further notice, no social and religious activities on the University Campus should extend beyond 6.00p.m. 16. As much as the University respects freedom and appreciates the maturity of our students with regards to mode of dressing and comportment on the campus, indecent and sexually provocative 23 Physics dresses are not allowed. Students not properly dressed are normally disallowed access to lecture halls, the library and other official places. Lecturers and the official of the university have the right to deny attention at offices or admission into lecture or examination halls to students not properly or decently dressed. 17. All students are requested to report any infractions or contravention of any of these rules or any other University rules or regulations either to: (i) The Registrar (ii) Dean of students’ Affairs and /or (iii) University Security Agents 21. EXAMINATIONS Examination Malpractices The department frowns seriously at any act of examination malpractice. The penalty for examination malpractice is expulsion. Approved Procedure for the Re-Assessment of Examination Script The complainant will submit in writing an application for re-marking to the Head of Department clearly stating the reasons in writing and copy the Vice-Chancellor and the Dean of the college. Student will then pay a prescribed fee N1, 000 for a re-assessment. The Head of Department conducts a discrete investigation into the request and takes one of the following actions: i) Advises the student to drop the request if he finds no substance in it. ii) Where a complainant is dissatisfied with advice of the head of Department in (i) above, the following procedure will operate iii) The complainant pays the sum of N3,000 to the University iv) Makes the request for remarking to the Dean of the College through the Head of Department clearly stating his/her reasons in writing. 24 Physics v) Depending on the prevailing circumstances, the remarking could be undertaking by the head of Department or any other lecturer who could make professional judgment on the course being remarked and on the lecturer. The Dean, in consultation with the Head of the Department or any other suitably qualified person, sends a sample representing the spread of the grades in the course together with the questions and making scheme to external examiner or any other expert in the subject who is not lower in rank than the internal examiner. The decision to the external examiner shall be final and the Dean shall report the outcome of the exercise to the Vice-Chancellor. Any disciplinary action that might arise from a request for a re-marking shall be treated according to existing regulations governing such matters. Re-sit Examination There shall be NO RESIT EXAMINATION in any course offered. However, students may retake the course after they have attended lectures at the next available opportunity. 22. STUDENTS’ RESPONSIBILITIES It is the responsibility of each student to ensure the following: (a) Prompt registration at the beginning of each semester (b) Regular attendance at lectures (c) Quick response to official calls (d) Completion of all academic assignments (e) Effective use of the library and studying at his/her convenience (f) Close relationship with his or her level adviser (g) Good preparation and success in all examinations (h) Compliance with all rules and regulations of the university (i) Eschew all acts that can lead to suspension or expulsion from the university. Some of such serious acts are joining cult and examination malpractice. 25 Physics To this end, students should know that their success or failure depends on how they are able to manage their resources and comport themselves in the university. 23. STAFF OFFICE HOURS Lecturers in the department keep office hours that are displayed on the door of each academic staff. ACADEMIC REGULATIONS THE COURSE UNIT SYSTEM AND GOVERNING THE AWARD OF A DEGREE REGULATIONS ACADEMIC INFORMATION Crawford University runs the course unit system (cus). This simply means the way courses offered in the University is quantified in units as well as the quantification of an academic session into semesters. each academic session is divided into two semesters. These are: Harmattan semester and Rain semester each semester consists of 15 teaching weeks and 2 weeks of examinations. DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE UNIT SYSTEM (CUS) The CUS is an operational system in which the entire programme of courses required by a student for a particular Degree is packaged into a number of modules each consisting of a prescribed number of credits. Usually one module is to be offered in one semester. Thus, the student’s workload in a semester is defined in terms of credits where one credit represents one hour of lecture or one hour of tutorials or two to four hours of practical work per week throughout the semester, normally of fifteen weeks’ duration. Depending on the programme, a degree programme is normally packed into eight or ten modules of courses for students coming through the University 26 Physics Matriculation Examination (U.M.E) and less for those coming by direct entry or transfer. MECHANISM OF THE COURSE UNIT SYSTEM (CUS) (i) Registration for courses This is normally at the beginning of each semester. Each department appoints an Adviser for each student whose duty it is to monitor the student’s academic progress and advise him/her appropriately as to how many units he/she should register for in that semester. The University regulations for a semester stipulate a minimum of 15 credits and a maximum of 24 credits for full time studentship. The average number of credits (or workload) is about 20. Other regulations governing registration such as the late registration and penalty may be obtained from the Registry. (ii) Adding and Dropping Courses A student may withdraw from a course for which he/she has registered without running afoul of regulations on registration and examination only with the approval of the Dean of his/her College. Permission to withdraw from the course must be sought by completing a drop form counter-signed by the course instructor or the Head of Department. (iii) Continuous Assessment This is a feature of the CUS, which makes it unique. It provides for a continuous evaluation of the students academic performance in a given course. The evaluation may take the form of take-home assignment, tutorials, class tests and quizzes, reports and any such other means as may be appropriate and consistent with the objective and conduct of the course, as determined by the department offering the Course. Assessment of the performance in tests, tutorials etc. will be used in 27 Physics determining the student’s overall grade in the course and constitute 30% or 40 % of the overall grade. TERMINOLOGY In order to understand the operation of the CUS, the following are hereby explained. (i) Semester: A semester is one half of an academic year as determined by Senate. (ii) Compulsory Course: A compulsory course is a University course which must be registered for and passed by students before obtaining a degree. (iii) Required Course: A required course is a course which the student must register for and pass at 40% before a degree can be awarded but which is not counted towards degree classification e.g. General Studies, Library etc. (iv) Elective Course: an Elective Course is a course which may be taken to make up the minimum required of units to increase the number of units subject to the prescribed maximum allowed by the Regulations. All electives must also be passed at 40 %. (v) Pre-requisite Course: A course, the knowledge of which is essential, prior to taking another specified course. (vi) Concurrent Course: Specified courses, which must be taken within the same semester (vii) Audited Course: An audited course is a course which the student attends but in which he or she is not examined EXAMINATIONS AND GRADING SYSTEM The issue of Examination is a logical follow-up of the discussion of registration. The University has a set of Examination Regulations. a) Pattern of Examinations: Each course shall be examined at the end of the semester in which it is offered. 28 Physics b) Measurement of Performance: A student’s performances in the Course shall be measured in terms of: (a) The scores in the continuous evaluation (b) The results of the prescribed theory and or practical examinations in the course LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE The grades awarded for a course are as follows: Mark Range (%) Letter Grade Interpretation 70 – 100 A Excellent 60 – 69 B Very Good 50 – 59 C Good 45 – 49 D Satisfactory 40 - 44 E Fair only 0 – 39 F Failure Semester Performance A student’s performance in a semester is computed to obtain the Grade Point Average (GPA). This involves the awarding of credit points in respect of each course taken during the semester. To this end, numerical values are attached to the letter grades earlier mentioned as follows: A - 5 Credit points per unit of course B - 4 Credit points per unit of course C - 3 Credit points per unit of course D - 2 Credit points per unit of course 29 Physics E - 1 Credit point per unit of course F - 0 Credit point per unit of course The GPA is obtained as the ratio of the Total Weighted Grade points (TWGP) to the Total Credit Offered (TCO) during the semester. Thus GPA = TWGP ÷ TCO Cumulative Performance While the GPA specified above is used to measure the performance of a student in a given semester, the Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) is the one that really determines the student’s overall academic standing and therefore, his continued stay or otherwise in the University. It is also the CGPA that is used to classify the Degrees awarded Students in their final year. The CGPA is obtained as the ratio of all the weighted points accumulated since entering the University to the total number of credits units registered for since coming into the University. In other words, CGPA is equal to the Total Credit Point (TCP) divided by the Total Number of Units (TNU) offered thus TCP ÷TNU All CGPA calculations are to two places of decimal. Incomplete Grade When for valid reasons, a student is unable to complete all the prescribed requirements for a course in which he/she is formally enrolled, he/she may, on the recommendation of the department concerned, be awarded an incomplete grade. Such a grade shall be removed when the department certifies that all prescribed requirements have been met. But in any case, not later than one semester after the course. 30 Physics Academic Probation A Student who’s CGPA at the end of semester is less than 1.00 shall be placed on Academic Probation during the subsequent semester. Withdrawal from the University A Student who is on academic probation in a semester and fails to achieve a CGPA of at least 1.00 at the end of the session may be advised to withdraw from the University. Release of Examination Results At the end of each semester, a provisional result of course Examinations shall be published by the College Secretary soon after the ratification of the recommendation of the College Board of Examiners. The Registrar shall publish the final results of the semester Examinations as soon as the Senate has approved them. Repetition of Courses Any compulsory, elective or required course failed by a student must be repeated until it is passed, or otherwise stated by the regulations. A student may repeat only those courses in which he has obtained a grade of F. The grade earned in a repeated course shall be recorded and used in the computation of the GPA, CGPA in the usual way. Requirements for the Award of a Degree To be eligible for the award of a Degree, a candidate must satisfactorily complete the minimum number of credits prescribed for the Degree. He/she must, in addition, complete successfully all compulsory courses as well as the special and free electives for the degree as prescribed. A repeated course cannot be counted twice in fulfilling the requirement for minimum number of units. 31 Physics Residency Requirements To qualify for a Degree in the University, each candidate shall normally be required to spend a minimum period of three, four or five academic years at Crawford University depending on the programme and mode of entry. RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE CONDUCT OF EXAMINATIONS ELIGIBILITY All students who are registered for courses in a given semester are eligible to sit for examinations in those courses except students in the following categories: (i) a student who is absent from the University for upwards of three weeks without official permission. Such student shall normally be deemed by Senate to have withdrawn from the Course and its examination for that semester, (ii) a student who fails to attend up to 70 percent of lectures or practical in any course. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Candidates shall: (i) Be admitted into the examination hall only on the production of the University identity card, (ii) Ensure that he/she acquaints himself/herself with and adheres strictly to the instruction governing examinations in the University, including those printed on the front cover of the examination answer booklets, (iii) have the full responsibility of ensuring, before the commencement of any examination or test, that nothing incriminating is found on his/her person or on materials 32 Physics he/she legitimately brought into examination hall ,e.g. rulers, four figure tables, etc., (iv) Conduct him/herself in an orderly manner and obey all the instructions of the invigilator/examiner, (v) Not be engaged in, or attempt any manner of examination malpractice, (vi) Not go into the examination hall before they are allowed in by the invigilators. They are also advised to keep strictly to the seating arrangement to avoid confusion. No candidate should, under any circumstances, remove chairs arranged in halls used for examination purposes, (vii) Report at the examination venues punctually at the time scheduled for their papers. Candidates arriving later than half an hour for an examination may be refused entry into the examination hall, (viii) bring with them to the examination hall their own ink, pen, ruler, eraser and pencil and any material which may be permitted by this regulation (as stated hereunder).They are however, not allowed to bring any books or papers, except those that may be permitted or provided by the Department responsible for the examination being held. Candidates are warned in their own interest to ensure that lecture notes, textbooks, jotters, bags or any other unauthorized materials or aids etc are not brought into the examination hall, (ix) Not be allowed to be in possession of Mobile Phones or equivalent handsets in the examination hall. While any examination is in progress, no handset should, therefore, be found on any candidate, 33 Physics (x) Not engage in communication of any kind with one another during the examination. Any candidate found to be giving or receiving irregular assistance shall face disciplinary action, (xi) Observe silence in the examination hall. The only permitted way of attracting the attention of the invigilator is for the candidate to raise his/her hand, (xii) Not use scrap paper. Rough work must be done in the answer booklet, crossed neatly through and submitted along with the answer booklet/script, (xiii) Bring their own mathematical or drawing instruments. Personal copies of Mathematical Table will not be allowed in the examination hall (see Regulation 2.18 on the use of calculator), (xiv) Use their Matriculation number for the examination and not names, (xv) Before handing in their answer scripts at the end of the examination, satisfy themselves that they have inserted, at the appropriate place, their Matriculation numbers and the numbers of the questions answered, except for the question paper and any other materials they may have legitimately brought with them. Candidates are not allowed to remove or mutilate any paper or materials supplied by the University, (xvi) Not normally be permitted to leave the examination hall during the first and last 30 minutes of any examination, (xvii) At the end of an examination remain seated while invigilators go from row to row to collect answer scripts, and 34 Physics (xviii) Be required to sign against their Matriculation Number on the Attendance Register at the beginning of the examination and when submitting the answer booklet/script. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (i) USE OF CALCULATORS For examinations in certain courses, the use of electronic calculators is permitted, but the calculators must be nonprogrammable. Only one calculator shall be allowed per candidate. Organizers are not permitted. The calculator must be small (hand-held) and battery operated. A candidate must not borrow another candidate’s calculator during an examination. The responsibility for correct operation of the calculator rests with the candidate alone. Instruction manuals, organizers, calculator packets and containers are forbidden in the examination halls. Invigilators and Examinations Assistants shall confiscate them whenever and wherever they are discovered in the examination halls. Calculators must be switched off on entry into the examination room and can only be turned on when ready to be used. Candidates shall declare their calculators and make them available for inspection by invigilators on entry into the examination hall. Contravention of any of these regulations shall constitute examination malpractice or misconduct. INSTRUCTIONS TO INVIGILATORS Invigilators shall normally allow candidates into the Hall ten (10) minutes before the commencement of the examination and ensure that they sit in an orderly manner in spaces marked according to their 35 Physics Matriculation Numbers. Blank answer booklets and graph papers, where required, shall then be distributed. (ii) About five (5) minutes before the commencement of the examination, the envelopes containing the question papers shall be opened and the papers distributed face down, while the candidates are warned not to start until they are told to do so. (iii) At the scheduled time for the commencement of the examination and after the distribution of papers has ended, the Invigilators shall ask the candidates to start, and note the exact time of commencement and the exact time to end the examinations, depending on the amount of time allowed for the various examinations holding in the hall. (iv) Invigilators shall pass round the candidates the Attendance Registers corresponding to their courses for the candidates to fill and sign at the beginning and end of the examination. (v) Invigilators shall familiarize themselves with instructions to candidates and enforce the rules and regulations contained in these instructions. (vi) Invigilators shall exercise constant and vigilant supervision over the candidates. (vii) In any case of examination misconduct by candidates, the Chief Invigilator shall require the candidate(s) concerned to write and sign a statement on the incident, and allow the candidate(s) to proceed with the examination. The Chief Invigilator shall report such cases to the Dean, the Chief Examiner and Head of Department concerned within 24 hours. (viii) Invigilators shall ensure that candidates bring only authorized materials into the examination hall. Bags, books and other candidates' properties must be left outside the Examination Hall. For this purpose, Invigilators shall inspect the hall after candidates have 36 Physics been seated before the commencement of each examination. (ix) No candidate may leave the examination hall during the first half-hour of an examination except to go to the rest room or the first-aid room, accompanied by an attendant or Invigilator. (x) Normally, no candidate shall be admitted after the first half hour of the examination, and no question paper shall be removed from the hall before the first-hour of the examination has elapsed. (xi) If any candidate finishes his/her paper before the time required, the Chief Invigilator may at his/her discretion allow the candidate to submit his/her answer booklet and depart, (xii) Invigilators should ensure that silence is maintained in the examination hall. The only way of attracting the attention of the invigilator is the candidate to raising his/her hand. (xiii) Invigilators must warn candidates of the time, 30 minutes and 5 minutes before the close of an examination. (xiv) At the close of each examination, invigilators should go round to collect from candidates their answer booklets/scripts and check them against the Attendance Register. The candidates should sign the Attendance Register and be allowed to leave. (xv) The invigilators should enclose the collected answer booklets/ scripts and the corresponding Attendance Registers in the special envelopes provided by the Chief Examiner. (xvi) The Chief Invigilator should sign and seal the envelopes and submit them to the Chief Examiners concerned. ABSENCE FROM EXAMINATION 37 Physics Candidates must present themselves at such University Examinations for which they have registered under these regulations. Candidates who fail to do so for reasons other than ill-health, accident or other exceptional causes shall be deemed to have failed that examination. . Mis-reading of the time-table and such lapses on the part of the candidates shall not be accepted as a satisfactory explanation for absence. A student who falls ill during an examination should report in writing to the Dean of his/her College through his/her Head of Department with a report from the University's Director of the Health Care Unit. A student who is absent from an examination on account of illness confirmed by Medical evidence from the University Health Care may obtain the permission of Senate to make up the examination on another occasion. Otherwise, he/she shall take the regular examination on the following occasion. Approval for a make-up examination shall be by Senate on the recommendation of College Board. EXAMINATION MISCONDUCT Examination Malpractices include: a) Possession of question papers before examination/test or an attempt to do so, b) Swapping examination/test, of answer before, during or after a) bringing into the examination hall any unauthorized piece(s) of paper whatsoever, b) tattooing: inscription of answers, hints or codes thereof on any part of the candidate's body/dress, or in any other manner whatsoever, 38 Physics c) passing information from one candidate to another in the examination hall, d) seeking or soliciting any assistance whatsoever from any other student or any other unauthorized person in the examination hall, e) any disorderly conduct before, during or after any examination or test, f) pre-arranged sitting pattern by any student or group of students in the examination hall with a view to facilitating unauthorized exchange of information, g) a candidate arranging with another person to write an examination on his/her behalf, h) unauthorized possession of the University answer Booklets or attempts thereof, i) assaulting/manhandling Invigilator and/or attendant, j) any action or inaction of any student in and around the examination hall, which is inimical to or subversive of the integrity of the university examination process, such as the offences listed above, shall constitute examination misconduct and k) Offering information/assistance and accepting information/assistance from another student during examination is a breach of examination regulations and both carry equal punishments. HANDLING OF CASES OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE (i) Examination misconduct shall be processed through the Students’ Disciplinary Committee. (ii) The Chief Invigilator shall require the candidates concerned to write and sign a statement on the incident and allow the candidates to proceed with the examination. (iii) The Chief Invigilator shall write forward the case to the Chief Seurity Officer who will investigate the case and 39 Physics after investigation, shall forward his recommendation to the Head of Department concerned who will report to the Dean. (iv) On receiving the report, the Dean shall after writing his own comment shall forward the case to the Vice Chancellor. (v) At his discretion, the Vice Chancellor may act on the report submitted by the Dean or forward it to the Student Disciplinary Committee for advice. At the discretion of the Chief Invigilator, a candidate may be required to leave the examination room when his/her conduct is judged to be disturbing or likely to disturb the examination. The Chief Invigilator shall submit a written report on any such action to the Head of Department and the Dean of his/her College immediately after the end of the examination. (vi) EXAMINATION OFFENCES AND SANCTIONS Examination offences and sanctions to be imposed are as follows: S/N Punishment (maximum) Offence Unless otherwise stated (i) Non-display of ID card Rustication (ii) Noise making examination (iii) Refusal to submit oneself for search Rustication by an Invigilator semester during an Rustication for one 40 Physics (iv) Use of scrap papers with written Expulsion notes in Examination hall (v) Irregular possession of the Expulsion University Answer sheets (Whether used or unused) (vi) Mutilation or removal of any paper Expulsion or answer script supplied (vii) Failure to submit answer script to Expulsion invigilator after an examination (viii) Oral communication between Expulsion candidates during an examination (ix) Communication involving passing Expulsion of notes or other accessories to aid performance in an examination (x) Possession or use of any material Expulsion such as notes, scraps, etc, to aid performance in an examination (xi) Refusal to sit for and/or preventing Expulsion other students from sitting for an examination (xii) Smuggling of prepared answer scripts into an examination hall or submission of same under false Expulsion pretence that they were prepared in the examination hall. (xiii) Smuggling of cell phones or Expulsion unauthorized books into the 41 Physics Examination (xiv) Possession and/or acquisition of live Expulsion Question paper (xv) Arrangement with another person to Expulsion write Examination (xvi) Assault on Invigilator Examination Attendant and /or Expulsion (xvii) Absence from examination without Appropriate Sanction due Authority Any other misconduct concerning examination (not being one of those listed above), which is inimical to or subversive to the integrity of the University examination process, shall be an offence, which could attract appropriate sanction. 42 Physics HOD REMARKS For a long time, the National Policy on Education in Nigeria has been geared towards the development of Science, Technology and Mathematics (STM). To ensure this development, the admission quota for university admission has been 60% for Science and 40% for Arts and Humanities. Up till now this ratio has not been achieved in most Nigerian Universities. Enrolment for courses in Physics and Mathematics had been on the lowest ebb. To support this national goal, Crawford University is offering a fouryear B.Sc. degree program in Physics with Electronics in order to attract suitable and willing candidates to pursue this programme. The question is why do students dread the study of Physics and or Mathematics? Science and Mathematics are actually abstract in nature. It is this abstract nature of science that makes students to dread its study.However, when the study of physics is made to be meaningful and worthwhile, the benefit of the study becomes obvious. This is why the Physics with Electronics Department is focusing on the learning of Physics and how it is applied in the field of Electronics. Modern human devices nowadays are electronic in nature. Examples of such devices are the Mobile telephones, the Personal Computers, the Tape Recorders, the Digital Cameras to name but a few; are much around This new edition of the Students’ Handbook therefore places emphasis on general development in science and mathematics during the first two years in the department. It then focuses on the advanced theories, principles, laws of physics and basic practical electronics in the last two years. It is hoped that this type of training will enhance the desired goal in physics education and make our graduates more marketable in the world of science, technology and mathematics Prof. M. B. Asokhia, Head of Programme, Physics with Electronics. 43 Physics PHYSICS WITH ELECTRONICS 44 Physics 45 Physics NON-ACADEMIC STAFF (TECHNICAL STAFF) T.T.ONYEABOR HND (Bida),PGDE(Kaduna) M.G. EZRA NABTEB Technologist Laboratory Attendant PHILOSOPHY AND OBJECTIVES 1.0 PHILOSOPHY The degree programme is geared towards an in-depth acquisition of the right type of skills, scientific knowledge, competence and norms in both the theoretical and the experimental aspects of the subject and its related disciplines. To ensure this, the products of the programme shall be capable of making meaningful contributions towards the realization of the national dream of a sound scientific base for technological and industrial advancement. 1.1 OBJECTIVES The degree programme aims at providing the students with an Intellectual Environment favourable for the study of Physics/Electronics and related disciplines, so that, at the end of the training, the products should be able to: 1. pursue research activities and programmes in various fields of Applied Physics; 2. work in several public establishments such as Meteorology, Telecommunications, Aviation, Energy Centres, and Medical Physics, as well as in private establishments and manufacturing companies; 46 Physics 3. 4. 5. 6. 2.0 decide to become Physics teachers so as to maintain the important cycle of producing the future generations of Physicists. Develop the capacity to supervise and advise industries and other productive sectors of the Nigeria economy; Specialize further into any of the engineering fields such as electrical Engineering , Computer Technology, etc; Discover the existing local materials for use, or other sources of energy in their immediate environment. ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS The minimum admission requirements for the four-year programme in Physics/Electronics are five SSCE/GCE credit passes (or their equivalents) in English Language, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and any other relevant subject. For the UME; they should offer English Language, Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry. 1. The minimum admission requirements for the three-year programme (Direct Entry) are GCE ‘A’ Level passes (or their equivalents) in Physics and Mathematics in addition to GCE ‘O’ level credits (or their equivalents) in, at least, English Language, Physics, Chemistry and one other relevant subject with both results being obtained at not more than two sittings and provided no subject is counted twice. Appropriate passes in the NCE examination may be accepted. 47 Physics COURSE STRUCTURE 100 LEVEL HARMATTAN SEMESTER COURSES COURS E CODE COURSE TITLE STATUS UNITS LECTURE HRS PRACTICAL HRS TUTOR IAL BIO 101 General Biology I C 3 30 00 00 CHM 101 General Chemistry I(Physical and Inorganic) C 3 30 00 00 CHM 107 Experimental Chemistry (Physical/ Inorganic) C 1 00 15 00 CIT 101 Introduction to General Computing C 3 30 00 00 GST 101 Use of English / Library & Info Sources I C 2 20 00 00 GST10 5 Introduction Logic and Philosophy C 2 20 00 00 MTH 101 Elementary Mathematics I C 3 30 00 00 PHY 101 General Physics 1 C 3 30 00 00 GST 103 Music Appreciation I R 1 20 00 00 TOTAL 21 48 Physics 100 LEVEL RAIN SEMESTER COURSES COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE STATUS UNITS LECTURE HRS PRACTICAL HRS TUTORIAL CHM 102 General Chemistry II (Organic ) C 3 30 00 00 GST 102 Use Of English /Library & Info. Sources II C 2 20 00 00 GST 110 History and Philosophy of Science C 2 20 00 00 STA 122 Introduction to Probability Theory 1 C 3 30 00 00 MTH 112 Elementary Mathematics II C 3 30 00 00 PHY 102 General Physics II C 3 30 00 00 PHY 105/106 General Physics Laboratory II C 2 00 45 00 CHM 108 General Chemistry Lab. R 1 00 15 00 GST 104 Music Appreciation II R 1 10 15 00 TOTAL 20 49 Physics You are expected to register all compulsory and required courses and pass them. 200 LEVEL 200 LEVEL HARMATTAN SEMESTER COURSES COURSE CODE CIT 205 COURSE TITLE Computer Programming I STATUS UNITS LECTURE HRS PRACTICAL HRS TUTORIAL C 3 30 00 00 (C-Structure Programming) GST 201 Entreprenuerial Development Studies I C 1 10 00 00 MTH 201 Abstract and Linear Algebra C 3 30 00 00 MTH 231 Ordinary Differential Equations C 3 30 00 00 STA 203 Statistics Physical Sciences for C 3 30 00 00 PHY 201 Elementary Modern Physics C 3 300 00 00 PHY 205 Waves Optics C 3 30 00 00 PHY 207 Experimental Physics I C 1 10 00 00 PHY 203 Engineering Drawing R 2 20 00 00 and 50 Physics GST 207 Music Appreciation III R 10 1 TOTAL 00 00 23 You are expected to register all compulsory and required courses and pass them. 200 LEVEL RAIN SEMESTER COURSES COURS E CODE COURSE TITLE STATU S UNIT S LECTUR E HRS PRACTICA L HRS TUTORIA L GST 202 ENTERPRENUERI AL DEV. STUDIES II C 1 10 00 00 GST 204 ENTERPRENUERI AL DEV. STUDIES III C 1 10 00 00 MTH 202 Real Analysis Non Major for C 3 30 00 00 PHY 202 Electric Circuits and Electronics I C 3 30 00 00 PHY 204 Thermal Physics C 3 30 00 00 PHY 206 Energy Environment C 1 10 00 00 PHY 208 Experimental Physics I C 1 00 15 00 PHY 210 Computational Physics I C 2 20 00 00 and 51 Physics MTH 242 Introduction to Numerical Analysis R 3 20 00 00 GST 208 Music Appreciation IV R 1 10 00 00 TOTAL 19 300 LEVEL HARMATTAN SEMESTER COURSES COURS E CODE COURSE TITLE STATU S UNIT S LECTUR E HRS PRACTICA L HRS TUTORIA L MTH 307 Complex Analysis I C 3 30 00 00 MTH 323 Vector And Tensor Analysis C 3 30 00 00 PHY 301 Analytical Mechanics I C 3 30 00 00 PHY 303 Electromagnetis m C 3 30 00 00 PHY 305 Quantum Physics C 2 20 00 00 PHY 307 Network Analysis C 3 30 00 00 PHY 311 Electronics II C 3 30 00 00 PHY 315 Experimental Physics II C 1 00 15 00 TOTAL 21 300 LEVEL RAIN SEMESTER COURSES COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE STATUS UNITS LECTURE HRS PRACTICAL HRS TUTORIAL 52 Physics PHY 300 Industrial Attachment C 6 00 6months 00 PHY 302 Analytical Mechanics II C 3 30 00 00 PHY 304 Electromagnetic Waves and Optics C 3 30 00 00 PHY 306 Statistical Thermal Physics & C 3 30 00 00 PHY 312 Fundamental of Digital Electronics C 3 30 00 00 PHY 314 Solid State Physics I C 3 30 00 00 PHY 316 Experimental Physics II C 1 00 15 00 TOTAL 22 400 LEVEL HARMATTAN SEMESTER COURSES COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE STAT US UNI TS LECT URE HRS PRACTI CAL HRS TUTORIAL MTH 417 Complex Analysis II C 3 30 00 00 PHY 403 Quantum Mechanics 1 C 3 30 00 00 PHY 405 Nuclear Physics I C 3 30 00 00 PHY Experimental Physics III C 2 00 60 00 and Particle 53 Physics 407 PHY 409 Computational Physics II C 2 20 00 00 PHY 411 Physics Society/Seminar and C 2 00 00 00 PHY 413 Introduction Telecommunication to C 2 20 00 00 PHY 417 Solid State Physics II C 2 20 00 00 PHY 419 General Relativity E 2 20 00 00 PHY 421 Solar, Wind and Biomass Energy E 2 20 00 00 PHY 423 Geophysics I E 2 20 00 00 TOTAL 21 TOTAL 400 LEVEL RAIN SEMESTER COURSES COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE STAT US UNITS LECTURE HRS PRACTICAL HRS TUTORI AL PHY 499 Final Year Project C 6 00 00 00 PHY Mathematical Methods Physics II C 3 30 00 00 Quantum Mechanics II C 3 30 00 00 Modern Optics C 3 30 00 00 404 PHY In 406 PHY 54 Physics 408 R 2 20 00 00 410 Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation PHY 412 Nuclear And Particle Physics II E 2 20 00 00 PHY 414 Microwave Theory and Applications E 2 20 00 00 PHY 416 Biophysics E 2 20 00 00 PHY 418 Geophysics II E 2 20 00 00 PHY TOTAL 19 55 Physics COURSE CONTENTS 100 LEVEL HARMATTAN SEMESTER COURSES PHY 101: GENERAL PHYSICS 1 (MECHANICS) (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE-Credit in ‘O’Level Physics and Mathematics CO-REQUISITE -MTH 101 Space and Time, Frames of Reference, Units and dimensions, Vector Algebra,Particle Kinematics-displacement, Velocity, acceleration; Rectilinear motion,; Newton’s laws of motion; work, energy and power; conservation of energy; impulse and momentum, collisions; uniform circular motion; Rotation; Relation between equations of linear motion and rotational motion; conservation of angular momentum, momentum, moments of inertia; Galilean invariance, universal gravitational law ; hydrostatics; Archimedes’ principle, surface tension; Fluid flow and viscosity, Poiseuille’s law. PHY 103: (ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM) (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE-Credit in ‘O’Level Physics and Mathematics CO-REQUISITE-MTH 123 Electric charges and fields; conductors and insulators; charging by friction and induction; Coulomb’s Electric field and Potential; capacitor and dielectrics; Effect of dielectrics, electric current, direct current circuits; Kirchoff’s laws, magnetic fields of electric current; forces and torques in magnetic fields; Ammeters and Voltmeters; induced e.m.f. Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law. Inductance and Capacitance; Alternating Current Series Circuits. Maxwell’s equation; electromagnetic oscillations and waves; Applications. 56 Physics 100-LEVEL RAIN SEMESTER COURSES PHY 102: &OPTICS) (3 UNITS) GENERAL PHYSICS II (HEAT, SOUND Temperature measurement, thermometers, heat transfer, kinetic theory, structure of matter, Brownian motion, first and second laws of thermodynamics, transverse and longitudinal waves, standing waves, intensity, beats, Doppler effect, electromagnetic spectrum, Huygens’s principle, images formed by a single surface, thin lenses, aberrations, the eye, optical instruments, interference, single slit diffraction, diffraction grafting, polarization, Malus’s law. PHY 104: ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS (2 UNITS) Theory of atomic structure, Thompson, Rutherford and Bohr’s theories, thehydrogen atom. Properties of the electron, charge to mass ratio (e/m), Cathode Ray Oscilloscope, Millikan’s experiment. Properties of the nucleus, natural radioactivity. Waveparticle duality of light, X-rays, photo electricity, thermionic emission, diode valve *PHY 105/106: GENERAL PHYSICS LABORATORY: (2 UNITS) This introductory course emphasizes quantitative measurements, the treatment of measurement errors, and graphical analysis. A variety of experimental techniques will be employed. The experiments include studies of meters, the oscilloscope, mechanical systems, electrical and mechanical resonant systems, light, heat, viscosity, etc., covered in PHY 101, and PHY 103 57 Physics *This course is taken over the Harmattan and Rain Semesters. 200 LEVEL HARMATTAN SEMESTER COURSES PHY 201: ELEMENTARY MODERN PHYSICS (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE: PHY 102 or PHY 104 Special Relativity; space-time manifold; Euclidean and Galilean geometry, the speed of light; the Lorentz Covariance; transformation of velocities, length contraction and time dilation, Applications. Defects in Newtonian Mechanics; Experimental basis of quantum theory: Black body radiation; electrons and quanta; Bohr’s theory of atomic structure; De-Broglie hypothesis; the uncertainty principle; Schrödinger’s equation and simple applications. PHY 203: ENGINEERING DRAWING (2 UNITS) Lettering, dimensioning, Engineering Layout, Engineering graphics, geometrical figures, graphical calculation and application development, intersection of curves & solid, projection lines, planes and simple solids, orthographic and isometric projection. Simple examples, treaded fasteners, pictorial/freehand sketching – conventional practices.Introduction to Computer graphics. PHY 205: WAVES AND OPTICS (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITES-PHY101,PHY 102, AND MTH 112 Waves phenomena; Acoustical Waves; the harmonic Oscillator and coupled system, reduced mass; waves on a string; energy in wave motion; longitudinal waves; standing waves; group and phase velocity; Free and false vibration, resonance. Doppler effect; physical Optics; Spherical Waves; interference and diffraction, thin films; crystal diffraction, holography; dispersion and scattering. Geometrical Optics; Waves and rays; reflection at a spherical 58 Physics surface, thin lenses, optical lenses; mirrors and prisms, Fresnel biprism and Franhofer diffraction. PHY 202: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS I : (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE-PHY 103 D.C. Circuits; Kirchoff’s Laws, Sources of e.m.f and Current, network analysis and circuit theorems.A.C. Circuits. Inductance, capacitance, the transformer, sinusoidal wave-forms,rms and peak values, power, impedance and admittance, series RLC Circuit, Q factor, Resonance, network analysis and Circuit theorems, Filters. Electronics; Semiconductors, the Pn-junction, field effect transistors, bipolar transistors, characteristics and equivalent Circuits, amplifiers, feedback, Oscillators, multivibretors. PHY 204: THERMAL PHYSICS (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITES-PHY 103, MTH 123 The Foundations of Classical thermodynamics including the Zeroth law of thermodynamics and the definition of temperature; the First Law, work, heat and internal energy; Crms speed; Heat engine, Carnot Cycles and the Second Law; Entropy and Irreversibility, Thermodynamic Potentials and Maxwell’s relations. Application: Qualitative discussion of phase transitions: Third Law of Thermodynamics; ideal and real gases. Elementary kinetic theory of gases including Boltzmann Distribution law, Stefan-Boltzmann Constant, Maxwell-Boltmann Law of distribution of Velocities, simple applications of the distribution law. PHY 206: ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT (1 UNIT) Energy and Power; principles, demands and outlook; transformation of energy and its costs; thermal pollution; electrical energy from fossil fuels, hydroelectric generation: Principles and Problems. Costs, Capacity, Storage, reserves, efficiency, new 59 Physics environmental effects. Electrical energy from nuclear reactors; energy in the future breeder reactors; fusion power, solar power, geothermal power, tidal power, etc.promises and problems. Lectures (15)/ Excursions. PHY 208: EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS 1 (2 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITES: PHY 105 This course is taken over the Harmattan and Rain Semester. The laboratory course consists of a group of experiments drawn from diverse areas of physics (Optics, Electromagnetism, Mechanics, Modern Physics, etc). It is accompanied by seminar studies of standard experimental techniquesand the analyses of famous and challenging experiments PHY 210: COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS I (2 UNITS) Numerical computing basics. Error analysis and iteration. Linear equations: Horner nested; Gaussian Elimination and Pivoting;Gauss-Seidel iteration; Jacobi method; LU decomposition; Over determined systems. Roots of Non linear Equations: Bisection method; Newton-Rhapson method; Regular Falsi method. Interpolation and curve fitting: Lagrange and Newton Method, piecewise polynomial; Cubic splines and least square fit. Linear regression.Data Fitting. 300 LEVEL HARMATTAN SEMESTER COURSES PHY 301: ANALYTICAL MECHANICS 1 (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITES MTH 202 & MTH 242 Newtonian Mechanics; motion of a particle in one, two and three dimensions; systems of particles and collision theory; Newtonian gravitation; conservative forces and potentials, oscillations, central force problems; accelerated frames of reference; rigid body dynamics; generalized motion; mechanics of continuous media. 60 Physics PHY 303: ELECTROMAGNETISM (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE-PHY 103, PHY 201, MTH 112 Electrostatics and magnetostatics, Laplace’s equation and boundary value problems, method of image, multipole expansions, dielectric and magnetic materials, Faraday’s law, Maxwell’s equations, Electrostatics in matter and radiation EMR. PHY 305: QUANTUM PHYSICS (2UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE-PHY 201 Wave particle duality and the Uncertainty Principle; basic principles of the quantum theory; energy levels in potential wells; reflection and transmission of potential barriers; Atomic and molecular structure and spectre; nuclear structure and reactions, fission and fusion; magnetic resonance; elementary particles. PHY 307: NETWORK ANALYSIS (2 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE- 202 Fundamentals of network theory.The lumped network model; Kirchoff’s laws, energy, power, network elements for the variety of types of network.Formulating network equations. AC circuit;Timedomain state description of RLC network with dependent sources. Natural responses of linear networks, impulse response and convolution.Frequency-domain response of linear network and relation to natural frequencies. Applications of PSpice programme to basic circuit designs and simulations PHY 311: ELECTRONICS II (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE-PHY 202 Introduction to transistors (BJT and FET), construction and operation, parameters, different configurations (CB, CE, CC, CG, CS, CD).Transistor operations, biasing and stabilization, multistage amplifiers, direct, capacitive and transformer coupling, frequency response, feedback concept, general characteristics of feedback amplifiers, Opamp, high frequency limitations; transistor noise. 61 Physics Power amplifiers, classes A, B and C; Stabilized power supplies for electronics equipment 300 LEVEL RAIN SEMESTER COURSES PHY 300: INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (6 UNITS) Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) PHY 302: ANALYTICAL MECHANICS II (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITES- PHY 210, PHY 301 Degree of freedom; generalized coordinates, Lagrange’s formulation of mechanics; Applications.Central force, canonical transformation.The calculus of variations and the action principle.Hamilton’s formulation of mechanics, Application.Invariance and conservation laws. Oscillatory Systems, including damped, forced and coupled oscillations; Normal modes. PHY 304: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND OPTICS (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE – PHY 303 Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic potentials.The wave equation.Propagation of plane waves.Reflection and refraction.Transmission lines, Wave guides and Resonant Cavities, antenna; Radiation, Geometrical Optics, Interference of Waves.Diffraction. PHY 306: STATISTICAL AND THERMAL PHYSICS (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE-PHY 204, PHY 201 Basic concept of statistical mechanics; microscopic basis of thermodynamics and applications to macroscopic systems, condensed states, phase transformations, quantum distributions; 62 Physics elementary kinetic theory of transport processes, fluctuation phenomena and applications. *PHY 308: EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS II (2 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE-PHY 208 A year –long series of mini-courses on important experimental techniques. Topics covered include electronics, optics, electricity, atomic, molecular, nuclear and low temperature physics, statistics and data handling and scientific writing. PHY 312: FUNDAMENTAL OF DIGITAL ELECTRONICS (3 UNITS) PRE -REQUISITE-PHY 202 Logic gates ( AND, OR, INVERTER, NOR, NAND, XOR and XNOR); Boolean algebra; combinational logic; De-morgan’s theorem, K-map; Integrated circuits (ICS), flip flop (JK, SR, D), counters and registers; Hardware building blocks, logic unit, memories devices ( RAM, ROM,PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, SDRAM), interfacing CMOS and TTL, fan-out, application to programming principles, Introduction to microprocessor. PHY 314: SOLID STATE PHYSICS I (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE-PHY 201 Crystal structure; diffraction; Bragg’s Condition. X-ray scattering, reciprocal lattice, crystal binding and mechanical properties, ionic, covalent and metal crystal, Defects in crystal: effects of defects on physical properties, lattice vibrations; elastic wave in cubic crystals; free electron model, heat capacity, electrical and thermal conductivities. 63 Physics 400 LEVEL HARMATTAN SEMESTER COURSES PHY 403: QUANTUM MECHANICS 1 (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE-MTH 231 The formulation of quantum mechanics in terms of state vectors, linear operator’s three dimensional spherically symmetric potentials. The theory of angular momentum and spin, identical particles and the exclusion principle, Methods of approximation, multi-election atoms. PHY 405: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS CO-REQUISITE: PHY 403 Nuclear structure properties; nuclear size; nuclear masses; nuclear forces, nucleon-nucleon scattering, the deuteron, nuclear models.Radioactive decay.Alpha, beta, and gamma decays.Nuclear reactions. *PHY 407: EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS III (2 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE- PHY 308 This course involves performing advanced experiments in selected areas of physics especially in atomic and nuclear physics. PHY 409: COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS II (2 UNITS) Use of numerical methods in Physics: solutions to linear and nonlinear equations, various methods of numerical integration, differentiation, numerical solutions of some differential equations in Physics, statistical analysis of experimental data. 64 Physics PHY 411: PHYSICS AND SOCIETY/SEMINAR (2 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE- PHY 206 Historical development of physics as a discipline: Physics and technology; computerization; communications systems; sources of energy; review of national science policy; mechanics of policy making: Principles and practice of self-employment; entrepreneurship; investment and financial policies and agencies; science and sociological impacts; physics and industrialization; Course lectures will be supplemented with students’ seminars, guest lecturers and excursions. PHY413: INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATION (2 UNITS) Modulation AM and FM, sideband and bandwidth, medium of propagation (free space, wire pair, coax and fibre optics) multiplexing (FDM, TDM), sampling, surface wave, sky wave and space wave, antenna, radio and T.V systems; telephone, instruments, time losses; noise I and II networks; radar and navigational aids; data transmission. PHY 417: SOLID STATE PHYSICS II (2 UNITS) Electrical, Optical and Magnetic properties of materials: Free electron theory, band model, types of conductors, semi-conductors, insulators, dielectric and polymers, conductivity of semiconductors, polarization and elastomars, superconductivity, electron spin, diamagnetism, ferromagnetism; magnetic domains, soft and hard magnetic materials, ferrites. PHY 499: FINAL YEAR PROJECT (6 UNITS) The course offers students the opportunity to do research in contemporary physics and under the supervision of staff. A 65 Physics detailed report on the research is presented by the student when the project is completed. It is a two-semester course. 400 LEVEL RAIN SEMESTER COURSES PHY 404: MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN PHYSICS II (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE – PHY 401,MTH 303 Linear algebra and functional analysis: Transformation in linear vector spaces and matrix theory. Hilbert space and complete sets of orthogonal functions. Special functions of mathematical physics: The gamma functions, hyper geometric functions; Legendre functions; Bessel functions; Hermite and Leguerre functions. The Dirac delta function , Integral Transform. Application of transform methods to the solution of elementary differential equations of interest in Physics and Engineering. Partial differential equations; solution of boundary value problems of partial differential equations by various methods which include separation of variables, the method of integral transforms. SturmLiouville theory; Uniqueness of solutions; calculus of residues and applications to evaluation of integrals and summation of series; Applications to various physical situations which may includeelectromagnetic theory, quantum theory, diffusion phenomena. PHY 406: QUANTUM MECHANICS II (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE – PHY 403 AND MTH 231 Time – independent and time – dependent perturbation theory; scattering theory; elastic potential scattering; Green’s function and partial wave methods. Selected phenomena from each of atomic physics, molecular physics, solid state physics, and nuclear physics are described and then interpreted using quantum mechanical models. PHY 408: MODERN OPTICS (3 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE- PHY 415 66 Physics Review of physical and geometrical optics, thin films, lasers, holography, fibre optics, optics of solids, propagation of light in isotropic solids, electro-optic and magnetic-optic effects, coherence and interference, interaction of light with matter, Raman and Raleigh scattering. PHY 410: ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION (2 UNITS) AND Principle of measurements, errors, accuracy, units of measurements, and electrical standard Q-meters, wattmeter, semiconductor device testers.Electronic Counter and digital Voltmeter, X-Y recorders, temperature controllers.Operational amplifier for measurements of AC and DC voltage and current.Introduction to the design of electronic equipment. PHY 412: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS II (2 UNITS) PRE-REQUISITE – PHY 405 Nuclear instrumentation and radiation detection techniques, detectors.Nuclear spectroscopy. Nuclear physics, production, detection of neutrons, fission and fusion. Nuclear reactor and nuclear energy.Elementary particles, conservation laws, particle classifications, strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions.Resonances. ELECTIVES (4 UNITS TO BE TAKEN) PHY 414: MICROWAVE THEORY AND APPLICATIONS (2 UNITS) Waves and field distribution in rectangular and circular wave guides, microwave measurements; standing wave ratio, waveguide components in microwave test bench and in surface and satellite communication systems. 67 Physics PHY 416: BIOPHYSICS (2 UNITS) Motion of molecules in solution; the circulations, diffusion in biology membrane transport; Radiation Biophysics; Absorption and emission of light by molecules; molecular Biophysics; Research techniques in Biophysics. PHY 418: GEOPHYSICS II (2 UNITS) A brief survey of some aspects of pure geophysics including the description and origin of the earth’s gravity and magnetic fields; seismological behaviours of the earth in applied geophysics, the resistivity, gravity, magnetic and seismic methods of prospecting are treated in detail: Special emphasis is given to problems of the seismic method in relation to the oil industry. PHY 419: GENERAL RELATIVITY (2 UNITS) PRE – REQUISITE -MTH 305 Particles in a gravitational field: Curvilinear co-ordinates, intervals covariant differentiation Christofell Symbol and metric tensor. The constant gravitation field.Rotation .The curvature tensor. The action function for the gravitational field. The energy- momentum tensor.Newton’s Laws.Motion in a centrally symmetric gravitational field.The energy momentum Pseudo-tensor Gravitational waves. Gravitational fields at large distance from bodies. isotropic spaces and space-time metric in the closed and in the open isotropic models. The red shift, black hole. PHY 423: GEOPHYSICS I (2 UNITS Introduction to the study of geophysics.General consideration of Seismic methods.Seismic refraction method Seismic reflection method. 68 Physics PHY 425: SOLAR, WIND AND BIOMASS ENERGY (2 UNITS) Solar interior, solar constant, calculation and measurements, solar radiation intensity reaching the earth surface under clear sky condition and under cloud and aerosol, covers, solar energy harnessing, natural solar conversion systems, methods of solar collector, and thermal and electrical conversion systems, economics of solar conversion system. 69 Physics