Inactive lifestyle
Risk!!
• Inactive life style = the same risk as
hypertension
• Inactive life style = the same risk as cholesterol
• Inactive life style = the same risk as smoking
• An inactive lifestyle is the same heart risk as
hypertension or cholesterol or smoking
• Choose exercise and manage your risk correctly
• Wellness World for your health
•
SMS “risk” and your name to 082 4577989 and we will contact you with
more information
Harvard Alumni study
• This monumental study probably was the turning
point that has finally influenced the longstanding
dispute between physical activity and coronary
heart diseases.
• At present, there is no doubt that physical
activity is one of the four primary risk factors for
heart diseases, ie:
–
–
–
–
physical inactivity,
smoking,
high cholesterol and
high blood pressure (hypertension).
Relationship between physical activity and
morbidity rate as found in the Harvard
Alumni study.
80
60
40
20
>3500
3000-3499
2500-2999
2000-2499
1500-1999
1000-1499
500-999
0A
< 500
Sterftes / 10 000 man-jare
Ouderdom-aangepasde
100
Blair & Meridith, 1994
Kilojoules
• In this study, the health reports of 1700 students enrolled
with Harvard University between 1916 – 1950 were
examined.
• These students also completed a questionnaire about
their lifestyle between 1962 – 1966 and then they were
followed up for 16 years. The major causes of death
were:
Cardiovascular (45%)
» Cancer (32%)
» Other natural causes (13%)
» Trauma (10%)
»
• From 2.2, it is clear that those who consumed less than
500 k.cal/week showed the highest death rate.
• Even ‘n little more activity to the next category (500 –
999) made a big difference.
• Participation in physical activity appears to have a
salutogenic (healing) effect.
Unhealthy lifestyle
Sterftes / 10 000 man-jare
Ouderdom-aangepasde
100
80
60
40
20
0
SBD >140 mmHg
Cholesterol >260mg/dL
Roker
Barlow et al, 1990
• Age-adjusted deaths
• Deaths/10 000 man years
• Smoker
• Hence it appears that even though a person
lives unhealthily but falls in the highly active
group, his health status is beter than that of
those who are in die healthy group but are
physically inactive.
• The strong salutogenic (healing) effect of
physical activity is clear from this.
• This trend is also confirmed by the work of
Barlow and his co-workers (1) (Figure 2.6). They
prefer to use fitness to divide the group showing
coronary risk factors.
Waist-to-hip ratio
This is not just a “potbelly”!!
• It is as great a heart risk as hypertension
or high cholesterol or smoking!
• Choose exercise and manage your risk
correctly
• Wellness World for your health
• SMS “risk \” and your name to 082 457 7989 and we will contact you
with more information. The first five persons to SMS will each win a
free clinical, physical and fitness evaluation.
● The distribution of body fat is recognised as an important indicator of
the health risks of obesity
● Individuals with more fat around the waist, specifically abdominal fat,
have a higher risk of :
● hypertension
● type 2 diabetes
● High percentage of fat in the bloodstream
● Coronary arterial disease
● Premature death
● Health risk increases with waist-to-hip ratio
● For young men and ladies, the waist-to-hip ratio posing health risks
is from
– 0.94 men
– 0.82 women
● For ages 60 to 69 years, the waist-to-hip ratio posing health risks is
from
– 1.03 for men and
– 0.90 for women.
Benefits of exercise: Heart
Mechanism by which exercise
contributes to the prevention of
primary and secondary heart
disease
A. Maintenance of increase in myocardial
oxygen supply
1. Retards progression of coronary
atherosclerosis
•
•
•
•
Increases lipoprotein profile ( HDL / LDL)
Increases carbohydrate metabolism (insulin
sensitivity)
Reduces platelet aggregation and increases
fibrinolysis
Retards adiposity
2. Increases coronary collateral vascularisation
3. Increases coronary blood flow (Myocardial
perfusion)
B. Reduces myocardial oxygen demand
1. Reduces basal heart rate
2. Lowers systolic blood pressure
C. Increases myocardial function
1. Increased stroke volume
2. Increased myocardial contra-activity
D. Increases electrical stability of the
myocardium
1. Reduces regional ischemia
2. Reduces catecholamines in myocardium
Benefits of exercise: Heart
Mechanism by which exercise
contributes to the primary and
secondary prevention of heart
disease
A. Maintains or increases myocardial
oxygen supply
1. Delays progression of coronary
atherosclerosis
•
•
•
•
Improves lipoprotein profile( HDL / LDL)
Improves carbohydrate metabolism( (insulin
sensitivity)
Decreases platelet aggregation and increases
fibrinolysis
Decreases adiposity
2. Increases coronary collateral vascularization
3. Increases coronary blood flow (myocardial
perfusion)
B. Decreases myocardial oxygen demand
1. Decreases resting heart rate
2. Decreases systolic blood pressure
C. Increases myocardial function
1. Increases stroke volume
2. Increases myocardial contractility
D. Increases electrical stability of
myocardium
1. Decreases regional ischemia
2. Decreases catecholamines in myocardium
Obesity
Guidelines for rate of mass loss
• The safe medically
accepted mass loss per
week is 1% of body
weight, ie 1 kg per week if
the patient weighs 100
kg. If mass loss is higher
than the accepted norm,
the risk arises that it is
loss of water and muscle
(heart muscle) rather than
fat loss.
WEIGHT /
MASSA
WEIGHT LOSS /
MASSAVERLIES
40 kg
0,40 kg/w
45 kg
0,45 kg/w
50 kg
0,50 kg/w
55 kg
0,55 kg/w
60 kg
0,60 kg/w
65 kg
0,65 kg/w
70 kg
0,70 kg/w
75 kg
0,75 kg/w
80 kg
0,80 kg/w
85 kg
0,85 kg/w
90 kg
0,90 kg/w
95 kg
0,95 kg/w
100 kg
1 kg/w
Length and mass table for adults
Length and mass table for boys s
Glucose metabolism
Complications at various BMIs
BMI
(kg/m²)
Complications
< 18.5
Energy undernutrition
21-22
Ideal body weight
> 22
Risk of diabetes increases
threefold
> 23
Coronary heart disease
mortality starts to increase
25
Diabetes risk increases
eightfold
Coronary heart disease risk
increases twofold
28
Average BMI for NIDDM
presentation
30
Diabetes risk increases 40fold
> 32
All-cause mortality doubles
>40
Incompatible with normal
employment or social
activities
Complications at various BMIs
BMI
(kg/m²)
Complications
< 18.5
Energy undernutrition
21-22
Ideal body weight
> 22
Risk of diabetes increases
threefold
> 23
Coronary heart disease
mortality starts to increase
25
Diabetes risk increases
eightfold
Coronary heart disease risk
increases twofold
28
Average BMI for NIDDM
presentation
30
Diabetes risk increases 40fold
> 32
All-cause mortality doubles
>40
Incompatible with normal
employment or social
activities
Complications at various BMIs
BMI
(kg/m²)
Complications
< 18.5
Energy under nutrition
21-22
Ideal body weight
> 22
Risk of diabetes increases
threefold
> 23
Coronary heart disease
mortality starts to increase
25
Diabetes risk increases
eightfold
Coronary heart disease risk
increases twofold
28
Average BMI for NIDDM
presentation
30
Diabetes risk increased 40fold
> 32
All-cause mortality doubled
>40
Incompatible with normal
employment or social
activities