Time to
spoilage
[days]
YBP
Year
Invented
Storage
Technology
Food
Energy
[kcal/kg]
Data Sources
Energy
0.5 502014
Raw
Fish
0
-200000 Smoking
Fish
4500
-6050 Salting
Fish
23
7
202014
21
8064
365
205
1809 Canning
Fish
575
270
163
1851 Freezing
Fish
4200
365
74
1940 Freeze Drying
Fish
3542
2
163
1851 Refrigeration
Fish
20
51
Fish
28
109
1963 Vacuum
Packing
1905 Irradiation
1
365
502014
8064
1825
205
168
163
5475
74
Raw
-6050 Salting
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
Fish
Beef
Beef
0
23
1809 Canning
Beef
575
1851 Freezing
Beef
3299
1940 Freeze Drying
Beef
3542
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
Time to spoilage
(FAO 2014)
(Kumolu-Johnson et
al. 2010)
(Goulas and
Kontominas 2007)
(Roberts and Graham
2013)
(Man et al. 1994)
Year invented
(Berna et al. 2012)
(Sandu et al. 2010)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(YourFishStuff
(Wikipedia 2014)
2014)
(Roberts and Graham (Shephard 2006)
2013)
(Lyhs et al. 2001)
(ifood.tv 2011)
(Arvanitoyannis et
al. 2008)
(Djenane et al. 2003)
(Holland 2011)
(UCDavis 2006)
(USDA 2011)
(Shephard 2006)
(Man et al. 1994)
(Shephard 2006)
(Honeyville 2014)
(Wikipedia)
(Sandu et al. 2010)
10
182
163
51
1851 Refrigeration
1963 Vacuum
Packing
1905 Irradiation
Raw
Beef
Beef
42
2
109
502014
Beef
Spinach
0
1825
205
1809 Canning
Spinach
575
187
163
1851 Freezing
Spinach
3467
4
502014
0
720
205
1809 Canning
720
163
1851 Freezing
240
74
1940 Freeze Drying
13
163
1851 Refrigeration
21
7300
540
502014
14014
205
Strawberrie
s
Strawberrie
s
Strawberrie
s
Strawberrie
s
Strawberrie
s
Apples
Apples
Apples
720
74
Apples
3542
56
180
1825
163
14014
205
270
163
Raw
Raw
-12000 Drying
1809 Canning
1940 Freeze Drying
1851 Refrigeration
-12000 Drying
1809 Canning
1851 Freezing
575
8175
3542
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
0
575
Apples
Carrots
Carrots
575
Carrots
4200
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Djenane et al. 2003)
(Small et al. 2012)
(Shephard 2006)
(ifood.tv)
(AAES 1997)
(Daw and Hicks
2001)
(USDA 2011)
(UCDavis)
(Fu and Labuza
1997)
(Dong et al. 2013)
(Shephard 2006)
(EatByDate 2012b)
(Shephard 2006)
(Ayala-Zavala et al.
2004)
(NorthBayTrading
2013)
(Ayala-Zavala et al.
2004)
(Saftner 1999)
(SurvivalAcres)
(USDA 2011)
(Shephard 2006)
(NorthBayTrading
2013)
(Gregerson 2009)
(SurvivalAcres)
(USDA 2011)
(Wikipedia)
(Caillet et al. 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(Wikipedia)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
720
74
1940 Freeze Drying
Carrots
14
163
1851 Refrigeration
Carrots
1825
205
1809 Canning
Potatoes
575
240
163
1851 Freezing
Potatoes
3935
720
74
1940 Freeze Drying
Potatoes
3542
35
120
10950
502014
163
14014
Raw
1851 Refrigeration
-12000 Drying
Potatoes
Potatoes
Potatoes
0
491
(Earle 1983)
7300
14014
-12000 Drying
Corn
205
1825
205
1809 Canning
Corn
575
365
163
1851 Freezing
Corn
5039
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Shephard 2006)
720
74
1940 Freeze Drying
Corn
3542
21
150
1864 Pasteurization
Milk
210.18
20
163
1851 Refrigeration
Milk
90
163
1851 Freezing
Milk
2610
7300
212
1802 Drying (milk)
Milk
637.72
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Riva 1992)
120
12014
-10000 Fermentation
(Cheese)
Cheese
188.69
(Riva 1992)
3542
(NorthBayTrading
2013)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Riva 1992)
(Roberts and
Graham)
(SurvivalAcres)
(Shephard 2006)
(EatByDate 2012a)
(Shephard 2006)
(Mano 2011)
(Wikipedia)
(Khan et al. 1986)
(EatByDate 2012a)
(Roberts and
Graham)
(SurvivalAcres)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(USDA 2011)
(Shephard 2006)
(Kendall and
Dimond)
(NorthBayTrading
2013)
(Fromm and Boor
2004)
(Roberts and
Graham)
(Kendall and
Dimond)
(Fromm and Boor
2004)
(Shephard 2006)
(Wikipedia)
(Vallery-Radot 1919)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(Hunziker 1920)
(Nummer 2002)
1
502014
1825
205
720
Raw
Poultry
0
(Heinz and
Hautzinger 2010)
(USDA 2011)
1809 Canning
Poultry
575
(Shephard 2006)
163
1851 Freezing
Poultry
8175
(Cosby et al. 1999)
(Shephard 2006)
12
19
163
51
42
1
109
502014
1851 Refrigeration
1963 Vacuum
Packing
1905 Irradiation
Raw
Poultry
Poultry
(Cosby et al. 1999)
(Cosby et al. 1999)
(Shephard 2006)
(ifood.tv)
Poultry
Pork
(UCDavis)
0
1809 Canning
Pork
575
(McKee 2006)
(Heinz and
Hautzinger 2010)
(USDA 2011)
1825
205
180
163
1851 Freezing
Pork
3405
(Shephard 2006)
5
163
1851 Refrigeration
Pork
21
51
Pork
20
109
502014
7
163
1851 Refrigeration
Lettuce
10
502014
Raw
Peaches
5
163
1851 Refrigeration
Peaches
720
163
1851 Freezing
Peaches
8175
7
502014
Citrus
0
(García-Márquez et
al. 2012)
(Daw and Hicks
2001)
(Arvanitoyannis et
al. 2008)
(Toğrul and Arslan
2004)
(Roberts and
Graham)
(Toğrul and Arslan
2004)
(FreshDirect)
(UCDavis)
2
1963 Vacuum
Packing
1905 Irradiation w/
Refrigeration
Raw
(Roberts and
Graham)
(Roberts and
Graham)
(CSIRO 1984)
Raw
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
Pork
Lettuce
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(ifood.tv)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
14
163
5
502014
10
109
7
502014
540
205
1851 Refrigeration
Raw
1905 Irradiation
Raw
1809 Canning
10950 14014
-12000
2 502014
7 502014
60
10950
90
240
163
14014
502014
163
Drying
Raw
Raw
1851 Refrigeration
-12000 Drying
Raw
1851 Refrigeration
Citrus
Mangos
0
Mangos
Grapefruit
0
Grapefruit
575
Wheat
Wheat
Onion
91
0
0
Onion
Rice
Egg
Egg
0
(Pimentel and
Pimentel 1985)
(Earle 1983)
(Roberts and
Graham)
(McCurdy et al.
2009)
(Janave and Sharma
2005)
(McCurdy et al.
2009)
(USDA 2011)
(Shephard 2006)
(SurvivalAcres)
(McNeill et al. 2008)
(Roberts and
Graham)
(Faridah et al. 2006)
(SurvivalAcres)
(Editors 1977)
(Editors 1977)
(Shephard 2006)
(UCDavis)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
(Shephard 2006)
Food Storage. Time to spoilage, historical dates and energy use for food storage technologies. YBP = Years before present.
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