西方文明史
第十二講： 中古歐洲藝術
劉 慧
教授
【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示
－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出】
1
1) The Parliamentary peerage
– Dukes (1337 duke of
Cornwall)
– Earls (11th c) and barons
(11th c; 1387)
– Marquess (1385), viscount
(1440)
– 60-70 families
• 1290s- new methods to
recruit fighting men
– Archer, infantry
– Contract and salary;
commission of array
2) The gentry
– Knights,
esquires (14th c),
gentlemen (15th c)
– 9,000 families
3) Yeomen and the rest
2
Medieval Art
• ‘Renaissance’
• Architecture/ sculpture/ (wall) painting/
tapestry/ book illumination
1. 7-8th c Anglo-Saxon/
Insular art
2. 8-9th c Carolingian minuscule
3. 12-13th c Romanesque
and Gothic architecture
4. 15th c Oil painting
3
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Raphael (1483-1520)
4
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
Sistine Chapel
5
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519); Michelangelo (1475-1564);
Raphael (1483-1520)
• Petrarch (1304-1374); Machiavelli (1469-1527)
• Shakespeare (1564-1616); Cervantes (1547-1616);
• Henry VIII and Elizabeth; François I; Isabella and Ferdinand
Chambord
the Duomo Florence
6
The Renaissances
• Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860):
– individualism and modernity. personality, glory, self-fashioning
• BUT:
–
–
–
–
–
no ‘death’ of classical learning before
All Renaissance personalities and ‘humanists’ were Christians
‘Renaissance’ thinkers and artists were enormously diverse
Society and culture had been increasingly worldly and materialistic since the 12th c
‘Re-birth’= self-perception of the Italian thinkers in the 14 and 15th c: against the
dominant French culture, esp. scholasticism and architecture
7
– Humanism
• Revival of Latin literature in the context of a rhetorical tradition
(written communication, persuasion and entertainment; poems and
letters)
– In contrast with medieval scholasticism
• Human’s nobility and great potential for understanding – exercise of
reason and self-control
– But already most visible in the 12th c
• R.W. Southern and ‘Scholastic Humanism’
– Logicians, lawyers, doctors, theologians etc. created a new
intellectual world
8
1. ‘Early modern’
2. The Italian Renaissance: literature and the arts from 1350 to 1550
3. Renaissances
–
–
–
–
–
Re-birth; renewal of classical learning
The Northumbrian Renaissance
The Carolingian Renaissance
The Ottonian Renaissance
The Twelfth-Century Renaissance
• 1927 Charles Homer Haskins
• Expansion of education and new intellectual approach
• Art and architecture, vernacular poetry on courtly love, transformations in
attitudes to law, the emergence of a theological science, origins of the
universities etc
– The Renaissance 14-16th c
9
Medieval Art
• Architecture/ sculpture/ (wall) painting/ tapestry/ book
illumination
1.
2.
3.
4.
7-8th c Anglo-Saxon/ Insular art
8-9th c Carolingian minuscule
12-13th c Romanesque and Gothic architecture
15th c Oil painting
10
1. 7-8th c Anglo-Saxon/ Insular art
The Lindisfarne Gospels: Gospel of St John the
Evangelist, initial page.
Lindisfarne, late 7th or early 8th century
• In principio erat Verbum et Verbum erat apud Deum et Deus
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• A 15th-c Book of Hours
12
2. 8-9th c Carolingian art; the Carolingian minuscule
Aix-la-Chapelle
/ Aachen
13
Merovingian
The first line of the text reads: ‘qualitas astringit saepe namque alli suffi’.
Carolingian
The first line of the text reads: ‘O bona progenies quam terris contulit ille’
14
Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini’s ‘Renaissance’ handwriting
15
3. Medieval Cathedrals
Lincoln Cathedral
note the black marble shafts
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4. 15th c: oil paint and other new techniques
• New techniques
–
–
–
–
Caravaggio (1571-1610),
Supper at Emmaus(1602)
Oil painting: from Flanders
Linear perspective
Chiaroscuro
Human Anatomy
• More nonreligious themes,
appealing to the intellect or
the eye
17
Jan van Eyck (1390-1444),
The Virgin with Chancellor Rolin, c.1436
Raphael (1483-1520)
Madonna della Sedia, c.1514
• Material
• Artistic convention
18
Architecture
(1) Roman – the Pantheon
– round arch; dome; barrel vault
(2) Byzantine – the Hagia Sophia and St Marco
– a dome on four pendentives
(3) Western Europe
– From Roman Basilica to the Cruciform church
– Problem with the ceiling
– 11th c, 12th c Romanesque, 13th c- Gothic
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20
(1) Roman – The Pantheon, 126 AD
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(2) Byzantine – The Hagia Sophia
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23
Pendentives
Hagia Sophia –
dome on four pendentives or four arches
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(2) Byzantine – St Mark’s, Venice
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26
27
(3) Western Europe – the Basilica; S. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, c. 490
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(3) Western Europe – the Basilica and Cruciform church
29
(3) Western Europe – the ceiling
Barrel vault
Gothic vault
Romanesque vault
Ribbed vault
30
Saint-Sernin, Toulouse
Barrel vaulting
Amiens Cathedral
Ribbed vaulting
Bath Cathedral
Fan vaulting
31
32
• Clerestory windows/ triforium/ arcade or aisle windows
33
Medieval Architecture
• The Romanesque Style: round arch
– Continuation
– Heavy, solid, earthbound
• The Gothic Style: pointed arch, rib vault, flying
buttress
– a skeleton, stained glass windows
– Lofty, delicate, reaching towards the heavens
• Later Middle Ages
– Further elaboration of the Gothic style:
more vertical and more decorative
– Italy: Greco-Roman style, domes, round arches
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2012.07.04 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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國立臺灣大學 歷史學系 劉 慧 教授。
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