Junior-4th Science dept. class
English Paper Project
Topic: 12 Type of texts and examples
Written by: Canny Georgina
SMA Negeri 1
2012-2013
2|Type of text
Preface
Gratefully stated by the author (Canny Georgina) to these people’s impeccable contributions’
during the paper work time:
1. Towards the almighty God who has given me a steady time to sneak out from a tight schedule
and work the paper project.
2. For my beloved parents’ helping during the editing time. Both of your involvements are
always undeniably helpful at all conditions!
3. To my hard-working teacher, Suwanto, M.Hum for the very finest and detailed advices about
how a perfect paper project should be compiled before it is presented.
4. To my treasured friends for the outstanding suggestions on how to make an interesting paper
to read.
5. And also many thanks headed for The schools’, near-home Wi-Fi signal and also my friend’s
kindness to lend me her mini-router’s signal and internet cafe for the ideal references.
This paper is mostly contained a grammatical spesific selections consisting of the best simply
organized materials regarding general literature for the high school students nowadays. Being
frequently faced with the condition of mastering English skills perfectly in both active (speaking
and listening skill) and passive (reading and writing), we’re mainly obliged to focus on the
actively side of English but not on the specific writing and reading skill. However, this skill
especially the reading skill is to be considered fundamentally. Hence, we’ll get the vocabulary
and tenses-using improvements after exercising this skill in the near future.
The paper project named “Type of text” is compiled using several references organized by the
author. The objectives of the paper are simply to put on a higher study on literature and deepen
the knowledge available from many proven sources. Generic structure, simplified examples, and
other simplified disciplines or rules of reading important parts of text will be given, since it’s
essentially included in the issues of National examination’s materials in 2014.
In the end, author’s suggestion is to take a little time reading and exercising this simplified
paper everyday to make the mastering process of this topic more easily and thoroughly. That’s
why a piece of paper is constantly provided in each section of text after the written-example. In
the end, the author (Canny Georgina) hopes you find it useful as a reference in the further studies
of literature
Medan, April 2013
Author,
Canny Georgina
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
3|Type of text
Table of Contents
1. Front page (Cover) .............................................................................................................. i
2. Preface ................................................................................................................................. ii
3. Contents ............................................................................................................................. iii
a. Procedure ................................................................................................................ 3
i. Example .............................................................................................................. 4
b. Recount ................................................................................................................... 6
i. Example .............................................................................................................. 7
c. Narrative ................................................................................................................. 8
i. Example ............................................................................................................ 11
d. Description ............................................................................................................ 12
i. Example ............................................................................................................ 13
e. News item .............................................................................................................. 14
i. Example ............................................................................................................ 16
f. Report .................................................................................................................... 17
i. Example ............................................................................................................ 18
g. Analytical Exposition ........................................................................................... 19
i. Example ............................................................................................................ 22
h. Spoof ...................................................................................................................... 23
i. Example ............................................................................................................ 24
i. Hortatory Exposition ........................................................................................... 25
i. Example ............................................................................................................ 27
j. Discussion .............................................................................................................. 29
i. Example ............................................................................................................ 30
k. Review ................................................................................................................... 32
i. Example ............................................................................................................ 33
l. Anecdote ................................................................................................................ 35
i. Example ............................................................................................................ 37
4. Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 38
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
4|Type of text
A. PROCEDURE
Definition: Texts that explain how something works or how to use instruction / operation
manuals e.g. how to use the video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the fax.
Social function Procedure: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of
instructions or directions.
Text organization:
1. Goals (The final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials (Including: Ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps (A set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features:
 Use of imperative.
o
Definition:
 A type of sentence that gives advice or instructions or that expresses a request or
command. (Compare with sentences that make a statement, ask a question, or express
an exclamation.)
o
An imperative sentence typically begins with the base form of a verb,
o
An imperative sentence ends with a period or an exclamation point (optional).
o
Example:
 Go now!  The implied subject you is said to be "understood" (or elliptical): (You) go
now!
 Use of action verbs.
o
Definition:
 Words that express something that a person, animal, or object can do. That’s why we
call them action verbs.
o
Example of a word: Walk! Run! Cough! Drink!
o
Example of a sentence:
 John talks at inappropriate times.
 Talking is something John can do.
 Use of connectives.
o
Definition:
 Connectives are words in the middle of sentences or step by step sentences whose
function is to add on to another sentence, to indicate sequence by being connectives.
o
o
o
Examples:
 First, then, finally, So, because, and when.
Examples on a sentence:
 First, I pour the oil and heat it.
 Finally, drop some celery as the garnish.
Focus on generalized human agents.
 Use mainly of Material Processes.
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
5|Type of text
1. Example of a procedural text.
How to Make a Cup of Black Coffee
You will need some ingredients below:
 Black coffee powder
 Sugar
 Milk (if you like)
 Hot water
Here are the steps to make a cup of black coffee:
a. Heat water until boiled.
b. Pick a cup.
c. Put a spoon of black coffee powder.
d. Don't forget to add some sugar.
e. Pour the hot water into the cup.
f. If you like milk, you can also add it into your coffee
g. A cup of black coffee is ready to drink.
The already-modified form of an example:
How to Make a Cup of Black Coffee
GOAL
You will need some ingredients below:




Black coffee powder
Sugar
Milk (if you like)
Hot water
MATERIALS
Here are the steps to make a cup of black coffee:
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
Heat water until boiled.
Pick a cup.
Put a spoon of black coffee powder.
Then, Don't forget to add some sugar.
Pour the hot water into the cup.
If you like milk, you can also add it into your coffee
Finally, A cup of black coffee is ready to drink.
Imperative sentence (word) in present tense
Connectives (to indicate sequences)
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
STEPS
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B. RECOUNT
Definition: a text which retells events or experiences in the past.
Social function recount: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of
events.
Generic Structure of Recount:
1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)
Language features Recount:
 Use of pronouns and nouns.
o Definition of pronoun:
 The part of speech that substitutes for nouns or noun phrases and
designates persons or things asked for, previously specified, or understood
from the context.
o Example: `He', `it', `who', and `anything'.
o Definition of noun:

a word used as the name of a person, animal, place, state or thing.
o Example: `boy', `James' and `happiness'.
o Example of identifying both pronoun and noun in one sentence:
 I am a teacher.
 Noun: teacher, Pronoun: I
 You are a student.
 Noun: student, Pronoun: You
 Use of adverbial phrases in past (past tense)
o Definition:
 A word group with an adverb as its head. This adverb may be accompanied
by modifiers or qualifiers.
 An adverb phrase can modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, and it
can appear in a number of different positions in a sentence.
o Examples and Observations:
 The Cheshire Cat vanished quite slowly, beginning with the end of its tail.
 The players responded surprisingly well to all the pressures of the
playoffs.
 The best way to preserve the flavor and texture of fresh vegetables is to
cook them as quickly as possible.
o Example on a text:
 "Surprisingly enough, after meeting other minority professionals through
the years and being associated with various minority professional
organizations, I found that I was not alone."
 Use of action verbs.
o Example of action verbs in a text:
 One day I was setting in the local library, I started to read a medical
encyclopedia that was lying on the table in front of me. The first illness I
read about was cholera. As I read the list of symptoms, it occurred to me
that perhaps I had cholera myself. I sat for a while, too frightened to move.
 Use of adjectives.
o Example of common adjective used in recount text
 I followed the doctor’s instructions, and I am happy to say that I now feel
quite well again. (Happy, Excited, Blissful, pleased, etc)
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
7|Type of text
1.
Example of a recount text:
Joko was very busy last week. He wrote some letters for his parents and friends on
Monday. On Tuesday, he visited Ratu Praditya’s school. He played tennis for two hours
there. Ratu is his friend.
In the evening he went to the sport shop. He bought a new tennis racket. Then he played
tennis again the whole day on Wednesday.
He stayed home in the evening. He was very tired. Then he spoke to his parents on the
phone.
On Thursday, he watched the football match on television. On the weekend, he visited his
brother’s badminton club at Jalan Angsana 1.
Already-modified recount text:
Joko was very busy last week. He wrote some letters for his
parents and friends on Monday. On Tuesday, he visited Ratu Praditya’s
ORIENTATION
school. He played tennis for two hours there. Ratu is his friend.
In the evening he went to the sport shop. He bought a new tennis
racket. Then he played tennis again the whole day on Wednesday.
EVENTS
On Thursday, he watched the football match on television. On the
weekend, he visited his brother’s badminton club at Jalan Angsana 1.
He stayed home in the evening. He was very tired. Then he spoke
to his parents on the phone.
RE-ORIENTATION
This is the verb-modified form into past tense.
Past tense is a past for of activity which is applied into infinitive to make
sentences whose activity is done in particular time sequence. And usually, the
time signal that take parts is: yesterday, ... + ago, last + ... , etc.
1. Regular verb
a. Changes insignificantly.
b. Formula : (verb infinitive + ed/d)
c. Example: Watch  Watched, Tracetraced
2. Irregular verb
a. Changes significantly (it takes another form of verb)
b. No general formula
c. Example :
i. Take  took
ii. See  saw
iii. Think  thought
iv. Write  wrote
v. etc
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
8|Type of text
C. NARRATIVE
Definition: Narrative is the telling of the story by using spoken or written language. It is usually
not real, fiction.
Example:
a. Fairy tales,
b. Legends,
c. plays,
d. Science fiction,
alternative
e. Myths,
f. Novel,
g. cartoons,
composition
h. Adventure/ short stories.
 story, often with a moral or happy ending
 A narrative handed down from the past to explain an
event, transmit a lesson, or simply entertain an audience.
 a dramatic composition
 is a text largely based on writing rationally about
possible worlds or futures.
 a story without an author that is passed along.
 a fictional book consisted of continued stories.
 A picture, either a caricature or a symbolical
 a story usually involves dangerous situation in it.
Social function narrative: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience
in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then
turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structure Narrative:
1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)
Language features Narrative:

Use of noun phrases.
o Definition :
 A word group with a noun or pronoun as its head.
 The simplest noun phrase consists of a single noun. The noun head can be
accompanied by modifiers, determiners (such as the, a, her), and/or
complements.
 A noun phrase (often abbreviated as NP) most commonly functions as a
subject, object, or complement.
o Example on a sentence:
 "The only white people who came to our house were welfare workers and
bill collectors."
 A Georgia woman was jailed briefly after a run-in with courthouse security
over her refusal to remove a religious head scarf.
o Focus on specific and usually individualized Participants.
o Example:
 a beautiful princess,
 a huge temple.
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
9|Type of text



Use of adverbial phrases of time and place
o Example:
 in the garden, two days ago.
Use of simple past tense.
o General formula:
 Subject + Infinitive + d/ed + Object/Complement.
o He walked away from the village.
Use of Material, Mental and Relational Processes.
o Material process.
 Explanation: Material process clauses refer to experiences of the external
world and describe processes of doing and happening, answering the
question ‘What did he/she do?’ or ‘What happened?’ (Butt et al, 2000).
 Explanation (2):The distinction between participant types (Beneficiary,
Goal, etc.) can alleviate students’ confusion as to which can be turned into
a prepositional phrase and shifted to the end to be highlighted as
newsworthy. Also, in the experiential metafunction, functional terms
define the roles the Participants play in the Process, and Goals or
Beneficiaries can take Subject position.
 Example of a sentence compiled with material process only:
Chia
Actor
Nominal group
bought
Process: material
Verbal group
some curry
Goal
Nominal group
o Mental process.
 Explanation: Serving to construe processes of sensing, happenings within
our consciousness, mental processes are subdivided into processes of
emotion, perception, cognition, and desideration (ibid).
 Example of a sentence compiled with Mental process of emotion with
nominal group as Phenomenon.
David
Sensor
Liked
Process: Mental
(Emotion)
the headphones.
Phenomenon
o Relational process.
 Explanation: Relational process types serve to identify and characterize,
and are further subdivided into processes of ‘being’ (intensive or
circumstantial) and ‘having’ (possessive). (Halliday and Matthiessen,
2004). Attribution specifies the class the Carrier belongs to, while
identification narrows the class down to one.
 Example of a sentence compiled with Relational Process of intensive
attribution:
Emma
Carrier
Nominal group
Is
Process: Relational:
intensive atrribution
Verbal group
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
pretty.
Attribute
Nominal group with
adjective as Head.
10 | T y p e o f t e x t


Use of action verbs.
o Example applied into paragraph:
 A fox fell into a well and couldn’t get out. By and by a thirsty goat came
along. Seeing the fox in the well it asked if the water was good. “Good”,
said the fox. “It’s the best water I’ve tasted in all my life. Come down and
try it yourself.
Use of adjectives phrases.
o Definition:
 A word group with an adjective as its head. This adjective may be
accompanied by modifiers, determiners, and/or qualifiers.
 Adjective phrases modify nouns. They may be attributive (appearing
before the noun) or predicative (appearing after a linking verb), but not all
adjectives can be used in both positions.

o Example :
 Merdine opened a sweet young coconut.
 Humans can be fairly ridiculous animals.
 Tony lost his dark brown briefcase.
Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal circumstances
o Example of temporal conjunction in a brief paragraph:
 First, he took a piece of string and tied it carefully round the neck of the
bottle. Next, he passed the other end over a branch and weighted it down
with a stone.
1. Example of Narrative.
A fox tell into a well and couldn’t get out. By and by a thirsty goat came along. Seeing the fox in
the well it asked if the water was good. “Good”, said the fox. “It’s the best water I’ve tasted in all
my life. Come down and try it yourself.
The goat was thirsty so he got into the well. When he had drunk enough he looked around and
but there was no way to get out. Then the fox said. “I have a good idea. You stand on your hind
legs and put your forelegs against the side of the well. Then I’ll climb on your back, from there
I’ll step on your horns, and I can get out. And when I’m out I’ll help you out of the well.”
The goat did as he was asked and the fox got on his back and climbed out of the well. Then he
coolly walked away. The goad called out loudly after him and reminded him of his promise to
help him out. The fox merely turned to him and said, “If you only had thought carefully about
getting out. You wouldn’t have jumped into the well.
The goat felt very sad. He called out loudly. An old man walking nearby heard him and put a
plank into the well. The goat got out and thanked the old man. (Aesop’s Fables)
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
11 | T y p e o f t e x t
Already-modified narrative:
ADVERBIAL PHRASE
OF “TIME”
ADJECTIVE + NOUN
PHRASE
A fox fell into a well and couldn’t get out. By and by a thirsty goat
came along. Seeing the fox in the well it asked if the water was good.
“Good”, said the fox. “It’s the best water I’ve tasted in all my life.
Come down and try it yourself.
The goat was thirsty so he got into the well. When he had drunk enough
he looked around and but there was no way to get out. Then the fox
said. “I have a good idea. You stand on your hind legs and put your
forelegs against the side of the well. Then I’ll climb on your back, from
there I’ll step on your horns, and I can get out. And when I’m out I’ll
Action verb
help you out of the well.”
“PAST TENSE”
ORIENTATION
COMPLICATION
The goat did as he was asked and the fox got on his back and climbed
out of the well. Then he coolly walked away. The goad called out
loudly after him and reminded him of his promise to help him out. The
fox merely turned to him and said, “If you only had thought carefully
about getting out. You wouldn’t have jumped into the well.
The goat felt very sad. He called out loudly. An old man walking
nearby heard him and put a plank into the well. The goat got out and
thanked the old man.
(Aesop’s Fables)
Already-modified narrative:
“MENTAL PROCESS”
“MATERIAL PROCESS”
“RELATIONAL PROCESS”
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
RESOLUTION
12 | T y p e o f t e x t
D. DESCRIPTION
Definition : A text that focuses our attention on the characteristic features of a particular thing.
Social Function descriptive: To describe a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure descriptive:
1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)
2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)
Language features descriptive:
 Focus on specific participants.
o Example: A small black ant is struggling for food.
 Use of attributive words.
o Definition:
 An adjective that usually comes before the noun it modifies without a
linking verb. Contrast with predicative adjective.
o Example:
 A beautiful form is better than a beautiful face; it gives a higher pleasure
than statues or pictures; it is the finest of the fine arts.”
(Ralph Waldo Emerson)
 Use of the Simple Present Tense to identify processes.
 Frequent use of Epithets’ and Classifiers in nominal groups.
o Definition of epithets:

A rhetorical term for an adjective (or adjective phrase) used to characterize
a person or thing. Adjective: epithetic.

A Homeric epithet (also known as fixed or epic) is a formulaic phrase
(often a compound adjective) used habitually to characterize a person or
thing (for example, "blood-red sky" and "wine-dark sea").

In contemporary usage, epithet often carries a negative connotation and is
treated as a synonym for "term of abuse" (as in the expression "racial
epithet"). See Safire, below.

A transferred epithet often involves shifting a modifier from the animate to
the inanimate, as in the phrases "cheerful money," "sleepless night," and
"suicidal sky."
o Example in sentence:

“As I sat in the bath tub, soaping a meditative foot and singing, if I
remember correctly, ‘Pale Hands I Loved Beside the Shalimar,’ it would
be deceiving my public to say that I was feeling boomps-a-daisy. (P.G.
Wodehouse, Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit, 1954)

"We're coming close to those little creeks now, and we keep a discreet
silence. (Henry Hollenbaugh, Rio San Pedro. Alondra Press, 2007)

"[Peggotty] rubs everything that can be rubbed, until it shines, like her
own honest forehead, with perpetual friction." (Charles Dickens, David
Copperfield, 1850)

"The new man wrote a question at which I stared in wide-eyed
amazement: WHO WAS BUCKEYE THE RABBIT?" (Ralph Ellison,
The Invisible Man, 1952)
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
13 | T y p e o f t e x t
1.
Example of descriptive text:
The Beatiful Kuta Bali
Kuta is the exciting tourist area on the southern part of Bali. It is located in southwestern Bali,
just minutes from the airport.
Kuta is one of the world's most famous beaches. It first attracted Western surfers with its world
renowned surf break followed closely behind by sun worshipers and party goers attracted to its
wide stretches of white sandy beach.
Kuta, In addition to being the sunset site number one, is also the center of night life activities.
Kuta has a shopping mecca, with its lines of shops, boutiques, and galleries. Restaurants line up
the streets as well as the beachfront hotels, ranging from a small, inexpensive homestay to a
luxurious resort.
There are many night clubs along Jalan Legian and Jalan Pantai Kuta. The busiest time for all
night clubs are around from 22:00 and will close until down.
The already-modified text:
The Beatiful Kuta Bali.
Kuta is the exciting tourist area on the southern part of Bali. It is
located in southwestern Bali, just minutes from the airport.
Kuta is one of the world's most famous beaches. It first attracted
Western surfers with its world renowned surf break followed closely
behind by sun worshipers and party goers attracted to its wide stretches
of white sandy beach.
“EPITHETS”
IDENTIFICATION
DESCRIPTION
Kuta, In addition to being the sunset site number one, is also the center
of night life activities. Kuta has a shopping mecca, with its lines of
shops, boutiques, and galleries. Restaurants line up the streets as well
as the beachfront hotels, ranging from a small, inexpensive homestay to
a luxurious resort.
“ATTRIBUTIVE
WORDS”
PRESENT TENSE
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
14 | T y p e o f t e x t
E. NEWS ITEM
Definition: A news item text is a text which is grouped into the text genre of narration. The main
function of narration is is telling stories or informing about events in chronological order. The
order in the narration can be based of time, place and the events them selves.Social function
news item: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered
newsworthy or important.
Generic structure news item:
1. Newsworthy event (tells the event in a summary form).
2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the
event)
Language features news item:







Information on the use of headlines.
Use of action verbs
o Example: hit, attack
o At a news conference early Thursday, EU President Herman Von Rompuy hailed
the deal and spelled out some of its details.
Use of saying verbs
o Example: said, added, claimed.
o Example on a sentence :
 "We fostered confidence in the European banking sector. We approved a
coordinated scheme to re-capitalize banks across Europe," he said.
Use of passive sentences.
o Example in paragraph:
 "The ratio of the highest quality capital will be increased to nine percent.
This will enable banks to withstand shocks important in the current
exceptional circumstances."
 Sarkozy says European leaders were determined to avoid the drama of a
Greek default that might have the same disastrous consequences as the
2008 Lehman Brothers collapse - which sent shock waves around the
world.
Use of adverbs in passive sentences.
o Example on a sentence :
 The victims were badly injured
 It’s customarily accepted for primitive tribal in papua for being dressed
with minimum amount of cloth.
 Students are usually warned to be prepared before the day of National
examination.
Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.
Use of Material Processes to retell the event.
o Definition: Already explained beforehand.
o Example on a news item paragraph:
 French President Nicolas Sarkozy said the agreement bought a credible
and ambitious response to the Greek debt crisis, which had spread to other
countries in the 17-member euro zone.
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
15 | T y p e o f t e x t



After overnight negotiations in Brussels, European Union leaders agreed
on a deal forcing banks to accept 50 percent losses on Greek debt. They
also agreed to shore up European banks along with the European Union's
bailout fund.
Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stage.
o The participants of verbal processes are:
 Sayers -- the addresser
 Receiver -- the addressee, or the entity targeted by the saying
 Verbiage -- the content of what is said or indicated.
o
Verbal processes include all modes of expressing and indicating, even if they need
not be verbal, such as "showing". The content of what is said or indicated can be
realised as a full projected clause, a participant (verbiage), or a circumstance
(matter). See examples below.
o
Example of a verbal process :
The x-ray
Shows
a small lump
Sayer
Alvin
Verbal
complained
Verbiage
about the
discomfort
Sayer
Verbal
Matter
in Alvin's
throat
Location
Alvin
Focus on Circumstances (e.g. mostly within Qualifiers)
o Definition about qualifiers:
 Qualifiers and intensifiers are words or phrases that are added to another
word to modify its meaning, either by limiting it (He was somewhat busy)
or by enhancing it (The dog was very cute).
 Qualifiers can play an important role in your writing, giving your reader
clues about how confident you feel about the information you’re
presenting.
 In fact, “hedging” (as it is sometimes called) is an important feature of
academic writing, because academic writers need to clearly indicate
whether they think claims are certain, likely, unlikely, or just false.
 But excessive use of qualifiers can make you sound unsure of your facts; it
can also make your writing too informal.
o Examples about several modified-sentences using qualifiers/intensifier:
 It proved to be very hard to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson
 Better: It proved to be difficult to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson
 In recent years the Electoral College has become very controversial
 Better: In recent years the Electoral College has become
controversial.
 The House Ways and Means Committee is basically one of the most
powerful Congressional committees.
 Better: The House Ways and Means Committee is one of the
most powerful Congressional committees.
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
16 | T y p e o f t e x t
1.
Example of a news-item text:
Man Jailed for Striking RI Maid
SINGAPORE: A supervisor was jailed for two repeatedly striking his Indonesian maid on
the head and back with a television remote control, news reports said on Thursday. Muhamad
shafiq woon Abdullah admitted in a Singapore court he physically abused the woman on
several occasions between June and October 2002. The straits times said.
The magistrate’s court heard that Shafiq, 31, began striking Winarti, 22, about month after
she started working for him.
He hit her on the head with the TV set’s remote control because he was un happy with her
work. On one occasion, he punched her on the back after accusing her of daydreaming.
S.S. Dhillon, Shafiq’s lawyer, said his client lost his “better sense” when he saw his
daughter’s face covered as she lay in bed.
He said his client thought the maid had put the child in danger. DPA
Already modified news item text:
“ADVERBIAL
PHRASES”
Man Jailed for Striking RI Maid
SINGAPORE: A supervisor was jailed for two repeatedly
striking his Indonesian maid on the head and back with a television
remote control, news reports said on Thursday.
Muhamad shafiq woon Abdullah admitted in a Singapore court he
physically abused the woman on several occasions between June and
October 2002. The straits times said.
Action verb
The magistrate’s court heard that Shafiq, 31, began striking
Winarti, 22, about month after she started working for him.
He hit her on the head with the TV set’s remote control because
he was unhappy with her work. On one occasion, he punched her on
the back after accusing her of daydreaming.
S.S. Dhillon, Shafiq’s lawyer, said his client lost his “better
sense” when he saw his daughter’s face covered as she lay in bed.
He said his client thought the maid had put the child in danger.
DPA
SAYING
VERB
PASSIVE
FORM
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
NEWSWORTHY
EVENTS
BACKGROUND
EVENTS
SOURCE
17 | T y p e o f t e x t
F. REPORT
Definition: an account is given of a matter after investigation or consideration; A piece of
information about an event or situation. So we can conclude, in a language view, a report text is
used to serves to provide information about an event or situation, after the investigation and
through the multi consideration.
Definition of text report is also fairly similar to what is often mentioned in various books
in English at the intermediate level, "Report is a text roommate’s present information about
something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analyzes." [Report is a text
which presents information about something as it is. This text is the result of systematic
observation and analysis. Thus, the actual report and descriptive text have the distinction is quite
clear, although they often called by a "twin brother". In essence, the report text is usually filled
with facts that can be proven scientifically,
Social function report: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals,
and plants). The things must be a representative of their class. So we can concluded, the purpose
of the report is to convey information text observations and systematic analysis. The information
described in the report text is usually general in nature, be it natural or artificial like a mammals,
planets, rocks, plants, state, cultural, transportation, etc.
Text organization report:
1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under
discussion is.)
2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities,
habits/behavior).
Language features:
 Use of general nouns
o Examples: Whales, Kangaroo, Computer
 Use of present tense
o Example on a paragraph:
 Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto.
Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice
Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known as the “Queen of the Adriatic”,
“City of Water”, “City of Bridges”, and “The City of Light”.
 Use of behavioral verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
o Explanation:
 The main participant is Behaver, but may sometimes involve a Behavior.
Behavioral processes are typically intransitive, involving only the Behaver
as participant. If there are two participants, the second participant is
Behavior.

The behavioral process is a hybrid process -- a material + mental process.
Because it is part mental, the behavioral process involves verbs that are
clearly psychological. And because it is part material, the behavioral
process permits the progressive, and the clause can be probed with "What
did the Behaver do?" (which a true mental process forbids).
o Example on a sentence:
The sore losers
Glared
at the champion belcher
Behaver
Behavioral
Behavior


Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
18 | T y p e o f t e x t
A. A. Example of a report text.
RHINOCEROSES
Rhinoceroses are wild animals which live in the forest. They have large heavy bodies. Their
skins are very thick. They have horns on their noses. Their weight can be more than 2.250
kilograms for each.
Rhinoceroses eat grass. They have so good muscle structures that they can run and change
directions very fast. They can sprint at 56 km an hour. Rhinoceros have been reported to enter
campsites at night; they scatter smouldering logs of fire, and then peacefully walk away.
Rhinoceroses don’t have very good eyesight for distance. The oxpeckers always accompany them.
They give them warning system.
Rhinoceroses are hunted for their horns. They are used to make traditional medicine. The
rhinos are listed as endangered on the Red List of Threatened species.
Already-modified text:
RHINOCEROSES
Rhinoceroses are wild animals which live in the forest.
They have large heavy bodies. Their skins are very thick.
They have horns on their noses. Their weight can be more than
2.250 kilograms for each.
Rhinoceroses eat grass. They have so good muscle
structures that they can run and change directions very fast.
They can sprint at 56 km an hour. Rhinoceros have been
reported to enter campsites at night; they scatter smouldering
logs of fire, and then peacefully walk away. Rhinoceroses
don’t have very good eyesight for distance. The oxpeckers
always takes care of them. They warn them systemically.
Rhinoceroses are hunted for their horns. They are used to
make traditional medicine. The rhinos are listed as endangered
on the Red List of Threatened species.
GENERAL
CLASSIFICATION
DESCRIPTION
BEHAVIORAL
VERBS
TECHNICAL TERMS
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
19 | T y p e o f t e x t
G. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Definition: Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon
surrounding.
Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in
the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure analytical exposition:
1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the
writer’s position)
2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary,
but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)
Language features analytical exposition:

Emotive words
o Definition:
 Emotive words are words used to stimulate an emotional response in a
reader.
o Example (in words):
 heartless helpless, heroic, hooligans, humiliation, mindless, wicked, noble,
evil, rescuer, bitter, brave, happiness, sadness, cheerfulness, euphoria,
frustration, bewilderment, jubilation, blissfulness, depression, bleakness,
etc.


Words that qualify statements
o Example: usually, probably, truthfully, etc.
Words that link arguments (LINKERS) such as: firstly, however, on the other hand,
therefore.
o Definition of linkers:
 a word that links one word, phrase, sentence, or clause to another; a coordinating conjunction or a sentence connector or to Compare each others’
word.
 Connectives, or sentence linkers, are words we use to express logical
relationships between idea.
o Example in function and words:
Meaning and
function
Example
Positive Addition
and, both...and, not only...(but also/as well),
Negative Addition
neither...nor, nor, neither, either
Contrast
but, not...but, although, while, whereas, despite, even if,
even though, on the other hand, in contrast, however,
(and) Yet, at the same time, unlike
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
20 | T y p e o f t e x t
Similarity
similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally,
Concession
but, even so, however, (and) still, (and) yet,
nevertheless, on the other hand, although, even though,
despite/in spite of, regardless of, admittedly,
considering, whereas, while, nonetheless
Alternative
or, on the other hand, either...or, alternatively
Emphasis
Exemplification
Clarification
Cause/Reason
Manner
Condition
Consequence of a
condition
Purpose
Effect/Result
Comparison
Time
besides, not only this but...also, as well, what is more, in
fact, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth, actually,
indeed, let alone
as, such as, like, for example, for instance, particularly,
especially, in particular
that is to say, specifically, in other words, to put it
another way, I mean
as, because, because of, since, on the grounds that,
seeing that, due to, in view of, owing to, for, now that,
so
as, (in) the way, how, the way in which, ((in) the same
way (as), as if, as though
if, in case, assuming (that), on condition (that), provided
(that), providing (that), unless, in the event (that)
consequently, then, under those circumstances, of so, if
not, so, therefore, in that case, otherwise, thus
so that, so as (not) to, or order (not) to, in order that, for
fear (that), in case
such/so...that, consequently, for this reason, as a
consequence, thus, therefore, so
as...as, than, half as..as, nothing like, the...the, twice
as...as, less...than
when, whenever, as, while, now (that), before, until, till,
after, since
Place
where, wherever
Exception
but (for), except (for), apart from
Relative
who, whom, whose, which, what, that
Chronological
Reference
Summarizing
Beginning: initially, first..., at first, to start/beging with,
first of all Continuing: secondly..., after this/that,
second..., afterwards, then, next, before this
considering, concerning, regarding, with
respect/regard/reference to, in respect/regard/reference
to this/to the fact that
in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, as I have said, as
(it) was previously stated, on the whole, in all, all in all,
altogether, in short, briefly, to put it briefly
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
21 | T y p e o f t e x t


Usually present tense.
o Example in a paragraph.
 Firstly, cars, as we all know, give contribution to the most of the pollution
in the world. Cars emit deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchitis,
lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad
that people can die from them
Compound and complex sentences.
o Definition and explanation of complex sentences:
 A sentence that contains an independent clause and at least one dependent
clause.
 The complex sentence is one of the four basic sentence structures. The
other structures are the simple sentence, the compound sentence, and the
compound-complex sentence.
o Example in a paragraph.
 "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because
he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears,
however measured, or far away." (Henry David Thoreau).
 "He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow."
(George Eliot, Adam Bede)
o Definition and explanation of compound sentences:
 A sentence that contains at least two independent clauses.
 Compound sentences can be formed in three ways:

(1) using coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet);

(2) using the semicolon, either with or without conjunctive adverbs.
1. Example of analytical exposition:
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands people die
every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road
accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we
are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a
day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people
who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non
smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one
hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had
smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from
smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for everybody else.
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
22 | T y p e o f t e x t
Already modified analytical exposition:
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About
50 thousand people die every year in Britain as direct result of
THESIS
smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents.
Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by
smoking.
QUALIFIERS
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we
smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of
lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a
day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who
suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two
and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non
ARGUMENTS
smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop
bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non
smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had
smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do
make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not
good for everybody else.
REITERATION
COMPOUND &
COMPLEX
SENTENCE
LINKERS
PRESENT TENSE
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
23 | T y p e o f t e x t
H. SPOOF
Definition: Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable
and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
Social function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous twist.
Generic structure spoof text:
1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)
Language features spoof:

Use of connectives
o
Definition: a word that is used to join other words, phrases, clauses, and sentences
o
Example :


Use of adverbial phrases of time and place.
o

First, then, finally, and', 'because', but, etc.
Example :

She walked in the garden two days ago.

They had decided to escape from that city since a long time.
Use of simple past tense
o
Example:

He walked away from the village.
o Example in a paragraph:

However, eventually the crowds were tired of him for just swinging on
tires. He began to notice that the people were paying more attention to the
lion in the next cage. Not wanting to lose the attention of his audience, he
decided to make a spectacular performance. He climbed to the top of his
cage, crawled across a partition, and dangled from the top to the lion's
cage. Of course, this made the lion furious, but the crowd people loved it.
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
24 | T y p e o f t e x t
1. Example of spoof text.
The Spying parrot
A guy was having marital problems. He and the wife were not communicating at all and he
had lonesome so he went to a pet store thinking a pet might help.In the store he came to parrots.
As he wandered down the rows of parrots he noticed one with no feet. Surprised he mutters "I
wonder how he hangs onto the perch?". The parrot said "With my prick, you dummy." The guy
was startled and said "You certainly talk well for a parrot."The parrot said "Of course, I'm very
well educated. I can discuss politics, sports, religion, most any subject you wish."The guy said
"Gee, you sound like just what I was looking for."Then the guy bought the parrot and for three
months things go great. When he came home from work the parrot told him about the recent and
hottest news. One day the guy come home from work and the parrot waved a wing at him and
said "Come in and shut the door."The guy said "What's up?"The parrot said "I don't know how to
tell you this, but the mailman came today. I saw that your wife answered the door in her
transparent gown and he kissed her right on the lips."The guy said "He did? Did you see?" The
parrot said " Yes, Then he pulled her gown down... and .....""My God, what happened next?"The
guy said curiously to know next. Then the parrot replied "I don't know. I got a hard-on and fell
off my perch."
The already-modified text:
A guy was having marital problems. He and the wife were
not communicating at all and he had lonesome so he went to a pet
store thinking a pet might help.
In the store he came to parrots. As he wandered down the
rows of parrots he noticed one with no feet. Surprised he mutters "I
wonder how he hangs onto the perch?"
The parrot said "Of course, I'm very well educated. I can
discuss politics, sports, religion, most any subject you wish."
The guy said "Gee, you sound like just what I was looking for."
Then the guy bought the parrot and for three months things go
great. When he came home from work the parrot told him about
the recent and hottest news.
One day the guy come home from work and the parrot
waved a wing at him and said "Come in and shut the door."
The guy said "What's up?"
ADV. OF TIME
The parrot said "I don't know how to tell you this, but the
mailman came today. I saw that your wife answered the door in her
transparent gown and he kissed her right on the lips."
The guy said "He did? Did you see?"
The parrot said " Yes, Then he pulled her gown down... and ....."
"My God, what happened next?"The guy said curiously to
know next.
Then the parrot replied "I don't know. I got a hard-on and
fell off my perch."
ORIENTATION
CONNECTIVES
PAST TENSE
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
EVENTS
TWIST
25 | T y p e o f t e x t
I. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Definition: Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the
addressee do something or act in certain way.
Social function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something
should or should not be the case.
Generic structure hortatory exposition:
1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)
2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)  this is the part which
makes Hortatory exposition and analytical exposition different.
Language features hortatory exposition:
 Emotive words and Usually using present tense.
o Example : alarmed, worried, and etc. (for Further explanation and example, look
at the analytical exposition)
 Words that qualify statements:
o Example : usual, probably, and etc. (for Furher explanation and example, look at
the analytical exposition)
 Words that link arguments:
o Example : firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore, and etc. (for Furher
explanation and example, look at the analytical exposition)
 Compound and complex sentences  Explanation given in analytical exposition.
 Modal auxiliary.
o Definition:
 A verb that combines with another verb to indicate mood or tense. A
modal (also known as a modal auxiliary) expresses necessity, uncertainty,
ability, or permission.
 Most linguists agree that there are 10 core or central modals in English:
can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would. Other
verbs--including need, had better and invariant be--may also function as
modals (or semi-modals).
 Unlike other auxiliaries, modals have no -s, -ing, -en, or infinitive forms.
(Because ought to require an infinitive complement, some linguists regard
it as a marginal modal.)
o Example in sentence:
 "When I was younger I could remember anything, whether it happened or
not."(Mark Twain)
 "[G]overnment of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish
from the earth." (Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address, 1863)
 "There are many things that we would throw away if we were not afraid
that others might pick them up." (Oscar Wilde).
o Example (based on function and meaning):
 Takes negation directly (can't, mustn't).
 Takes inversion without DO (can I? must I?).
 'Code' (John can swim and so can Bill).
 Emphasis (Ann COULD solve the problem).
 No -s form for third-person singular (*cans, *musts).
 No non-finite forms (*to can, *musting)
 No co-occurrence (*may will)
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
26 | T y p e o f t e x t





Focusing on the writer.
Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
o Definition:
 A noun (such as courage or freedom) that names an idea, event,
quality, or concept. Contrast with concrete noun.
o Example :
 "Love is an irresistible desire to be irresistibly desired."(Robert Frost)
 "Creativity requires the courage to let go of certainties."(Erich
Fromm)
o "Although abstract nouns tend to be uncountable (courage, happiness, news,
tennis, training), many are countable (an hour, a joke, a quantity). Others can
be both, often with shifts of meaning from general to particular (great
kindness/many kindnesses)."(Tom McArthur, "Abstract and Concrete." The
Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992)
Using action verb. (already explained beforehand)
Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
o Explanation:
 Modal adverbs are used to express the speaker's view of the truth
value of a proposition (a clause or sentence) with which it is
associated. They can be positioned next to an adjective or adverb
word or phrase and can be considered as modifying such word or
phrase. Even when used in this way, there is a paraphrase in which
they modify a clause or sentence.
 Many of these also have some other sense, often one of manner.
o Example:
 Actually, all else being equal, all in all, all things considered,
allegedly, apparently, arguable, as a matter of fact, assuredly, at
bottom, at first blush, at first glance, at first sight, etc.
 For further example, open this link :
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_modal_adverbs
Using temporal connective
o Example:
Temporal Conjunctions (time – when) as, after, as soon as, at first, at once,
before, finally, just, meanwhile, next, now, now that, since, then (this can be
overused), until, when, whenever, while


Using evaluative words
o Explanation:
 Some descriptive words contain an evaluative meaning (either
positive or negative). By consistently choosing negative (or positive)
words, the reader can be subtly persuaded to see these things in the
same way.
o Example:
 Words with positive evaluative meaning include: important,
significant, necessary, important, valuable, trustworthy, etimpressive.
Words with negative evaluative meaning include: inconclusive,
questionable, unimpressive, insignificant and weak.
Using passive voice.
o The exact opposite from active voice which there are action verb.
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
27 | T y p e o f t e x t
1. Example of a hortatory exposition:
Online Job
Online jobs are selected in part-time employment for many, and some have taken more
seriously. A growing number of people are willing to take a job online. Working online has its
advantages if we manage efectively. Why not?
It offers flexibility and convenience that no other job can give. We can work from home with
minimal investment and get a good income. The idea of adding weight to our pocket and makes
life easier and comfortable is the most reassuring.
The reason behind this great opportunity is that every day there are new companies to join.
Every day and every minute men are seeking information aboute verything under the sky of the
Internet.
As we know, the Internet is the answer to every question, web sites need to update each
section and also add reports on developments that have recently joined. Therefore, it is an
expansive space for articles.
There are a number of jobs we can work online. Some of them which strongly recommeded
are writing, marketing, stock trading, and online education. However we should be very careful
because scamming opportunities are always there.
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
28 | T y p e o f t e x t
The already-modified text:
Online Job
Online jobs are selected in part-time employment for many, and
some have taken more seriously. A growing number of people
are willing to take a job online. Working online has its
advantages if we manage efectively. Why not?
THESIS
It offers flexibility and convenience that no other job can give.
We can work from home with minimal investment and get a
good income. The idea of adding weight to our pocket and
makes life easier and comfortable is the most reassuring.
EVALUATIVE WORDS
The reason behind this great opportunity is that every day there
are new companies to join. Every day and every minute men are
seeking information about everything under the sky of the
Internet.
ARGUMENTS
As we know, the Internet is the answer to every question, web
sites need to update each section and also add reports on
developments that have recently joined. Therefore, it is an
expansive space for articles.
MODAL AUXILLARY
There are a number of jobs we can work online. Some of them
which are strongly recommended are writing, marketing, stock
trading, and online education. However, we should be very
careful because usual scamming opportunities are always there
ACTION VERB
COMPLEX
SENTENCE
RECOMMENDATION
LINKERS OF
CONTRAST &
ADDTION
PASSIVE
VOICE
QUALIFIERS
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
29 | T y p e o f t e x t
J.
DISCUSSION
Definition: Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be
discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic,
and social text.
Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than one side of an
issue (“for” points “against” points)
Generic Structure of Discussion
1.
2.
3.
4.
Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issuE.
List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting poin
Recommendation; stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse (CONLUSION)
Language features discussion:






Use of general nouns
o Example: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc. (no specification for the noun using,
basic use.)
Use of relating verbs
o Example: is, are, etc. (almost like a auxiliary verb)
Use of thinking verbs
o Example:
 think, feel, hope believe, etc.
Use of additive connectives
o Definition and function:
 Additive conjunctions simply add more information to what is already
there. Examples of additive conjunctions
o Example:
 And, also, in addition, not only … but also, moreover, further, besides.
 The study used a small sample only and was strongly criticized for this
reason. Furthermore, the initial premise of the research was considered
questionable in the light of previous evidence.
Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
o Definition and function:
 Contrastive conjunctions link two ideas that are considered to be different.
Examples of contrastive conjunctions
o Example:
 but, however, in contrast, on the contrary, instead, nevertheless, yet, still,
even so, neither … nor.
 This evidence points clearly to a fall in the number of unemployed. On the
other hand, anecdotal evidence from reputable charities suggests that the
number of people seeking financial support has increased.
Use of causal connectives
o Definition and explanation
 Conjunctions of cause highlight a cause-effect relationship between two
ideas or give a reason why something happens or is the case.
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
30 | T y p e o f t e x t
o


1.
Example:
 for this reason, as, because, because of this, therefore, thus, hence, as a
result, consequently, since, so.
 The purpose of the study was withheld from the participants so that the
results would not be skewed.
Use of modal auxiliary
o Example: would, might, may, shall, will, must, should, etc.
Use of adverbial manner (hopefully, slowly, quickly).
o Definition:
 An adverb that describes how the action of a verb is carried out. The
comparative and superlative of manner adverbs are formed with more (or
less) and most (or least). A manner adverb most often appears after a verb
or at the end of a verb phrase--but see notes on positioning, below.
Example of Discussion
Everybody like home sweet home however making office at home is possible and
recommend. Of course home office will has both advantage and disadvantage. Therefore it is
wise to consider the strengths and weaknesses to have a home office.
Some people will agree that having office at home will make benefit. It saves time. We need
no commuting which occasionally takes a long time. Besides we are free to set the work
schedule. Having home office will save money as we need not to purchase or lease of office
space from rent companies. What make it more flexible is that we can set part or all parts of our
home just as a real office. What we need is only a wireless router to cover all parts of our house
with Internet. We can run our business wherever part of house we want, from living room, bed
room, veranda, etc even we can make sell or purchase by online shopping for things we need.
Furthermore Working at home might reduce stress, effort and time and divert it to other more
productive things because while working, we are close to our families.
However making home as office also has some disadvantages. For some people, keeping the
schedule is hard in flexible time. Such people type will harder if they are working just from
home. There will no clear border between working and breaking. Working just from home also
reduces the possibility to meet new people. It is true that computer and Internet connection
possibly relate people every time and everywhere but we will interact with them in a dimension
which is not real face.
So considering carefully what we actually need in running our business is very recommended
before choosing to have office at home or not.
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
31 | T y p e o f t e x t
Already-modified text:
THINKING VERBS
Everybody likes home sweet home. However, making office at home is
STATEMENT
possible and recommended. Of course home office will has both
OF ISSUE
advantage and disadvantage. Therefore, it is wise to consider the
strengths and weaknesses to have a home office.
CAUSAL CONNECTIVES
Some people will agree that having office at home will make benefit. It
saves time. We need no commuting which occasionally takes a long
time. Besides we are free to set the work schedule. Having home office
will save money as we need not to purchase or lease of office space
from rent companies. What makes it more flexibleADDITIVE
is that we can set
part or all parts of our home just as a real office. CONNECTIVE
SUPPORTING
POINTS
What we need is only a wireless router to cover all parts of our house
with Internet. We can run our business wherever part of house we want,
from living room, bed room, veranda, etc. Even we can make sell or
purchase by online shopping for things we need. Furthermore, Working
at home might reduce stress, effort and time and divert it to other more
MODAL
productive things because while working, we are close to our families.
AUXILLIARY
However making home as office also has some disadvantages. For some
people, keeping the schedule is hard in flexible time. Such people type
will harder if they are working just from home. There will be no clear
border between working and breaking. Working just from home also
reduces the possibility to meet new people. It is true that computer and
Internet connection possibly relate people every time and everywhere
but we will interact with them in a dimension which is not real face.
ADVERBIAL MANNER
So considering carefully what we actually need in running our business
is very recommended before choosing to have office at home or not.
LINKERS OF CONTRAST
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
CONTRASTING
POINTS
RECOMMENDA
TION
32 | T y p e o f t e x t
K. REVIEW
Definition: An article that presents a critical evaluation of a text, performance, or production (for
example, a book, movie, concert, or video game).
Social function review: To critique an art work or event for a public audience
Generic structure review:
1. Orientation ( background information on the text)
2. Evaluation (concluding statement: judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist
of more than one.
3. Interpretative Recount (summary of an art works including characters and plot).
4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art
works being criticized.
Language features review:
 Focus on specific participants
o If the topic (subject) is about internet, then the most widely explained is all about
internet including the detail information and probably opinions.
 Use of adjectives
o Example:
 Beautiful, gorgeous, handsome, cool, ugly, delicious, edible, etc.
 Use of long and complex clauses.
o Example:
 Although the little girl prefers wearing dresses, she wore jeans last
Saturday and felt very comfortable.
 Mr. Schmidt usually shovels the driveway, but because of the heavy snow,
he used the snow blower.
 Lauren forgot to do her homework, so she scrambled to finish it while she
ate breakfast.
 Matthew may be a basketball star, but he sure scored a lot of runs when
he subbed on the baseball team.
 Use of metaphor
o Definition:
 A figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two
unlike things that actually have something in common. Adjective:
metaphorical.
 A metaphor expresses the unfamiliar (the tenor) in terms of the familiar
(the vehicle). When Neil Young sings, "Love is a rose," "rose" is the
vehicle for "love," the tenor. (In cognitive linguistics, the terms target and
source are roughly equivalent to tenor and vehicle.)
 Types of Metaphors: absolute, burlesque, catachrestic, complex,
conceptual, conduit, conventional, creative, dead, extended, grammatical,
mixed, ontological, personification, primary, root, structural, submerged,
therapeutic, visual
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
33 | T y p e o f t e x t
o Examples:

"Between the lower east side tenements the sky is a snotty
handkerchief."(Marge Piercy, "The Butt of Winter")

"The streets were a furnace, the sun an executioner." (Cynthia Ozick,
"Rosa")

"But my heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill." (William
Sharp, "The Lonely Hunter")

"I can mingle with the stars, and throw a party on Mars; I am a prisoner
locked up behind Xanax bars."

Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include:
movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.
1. Example of a review
Online Shopping Software
Internet makes great impacts on the way we do something, including running business. Formerly,
business had to be physically conducted by face to face. Now days, it has changed. It may be
conducted by computer to computer. This way is then what we call electronic commerce, or in
short e-commerce.
Since internet has spreaded and appeared trustful, many businessmen rely on it. They have ability
to run their business in easy way, flexible place and time. They can sell and buy good and service
from others in any scale, small or big business.
The e-commerce software which merchants and buyer possibly do transactions through internet is
shopping software. It is designed specially to run online store business. It helps merchants to
manage their store through internet; from anywhere, any time and any internet connection.
Commonly shopping cart software is completely supported with web optimization. It has been
designed to have top page rank in any search engine tool. Besides that, the facilities such;
customer support, security tool, fraud protection, web customization and handful operation will
be included in a package of a good shopping cart software.
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
34 | T y p e o f t e x t
The already-modified text:
Online Shopping Software
Internet makes great impacts on the way we do something, including
running business. Formerly, business had to be physically conducted by
face to face. Now days, it has changed. It may be conducted by computer
to computer. This way is then what we call electronic commerce, or in
PRESENT TENSE
short e-commerce.
Since internet has speeded and appeared trustful, many businessmen rely
on it. They have ability to run their business in easy way, flexible place
and time. They can sell and buy good and service from others in any
scale, small or big business.
ORIENTATION
EVALUATION
The e-commerce software which merchants and buyer possibly do
transactions through internet is shopping software. It is designed specially
to run online store business. It helps merchants to manage their store
through internet; from anywhere, any time and any internet connection.
INTERPRETATIVE
RECOUNT
Commonly shopping cart software is completely supported with web
optimization. It has been designed to have top page rank in any search
engine tool. Besides that, the facilities such; customer support, security
tool, fraud protection, web customization and handful operation will be
included in a package of a good shopping cart software.
EVALUATIVE
COMPLEX CLAUSE
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
SUMMATION
35 | T y p e o f t e x t
L. Anecdote Text
Definition: A short account (or narrative) of an interesting or amusing incident, often intended to
illustrate or support some point. Adjective: anecdotal.
The expression anecdotal evidence refers to the use of particular instances or concrete examples
to support a general claim. Such information (sometimes referred to pejoratively as "hearsay")
may be compelling but does not, in itself, provide proof.
Social Function of anecdote:
a. To Bring Cheer
Sometimes telling a story just makes people laugh or brightens the mood. In the example about
favorite recipes, the woman is sharing a tale with her friends or coworkers about a time that she
experienced a disaster in the kitchen. Whether she tried to boil an egg without water or made
fudge that turned as hard as a rock, the other people are sure to have a good laugh.
b. To Reminisce
In several of these examples, such as the parents on Christmas morning and the elderly couple,
people are talking about their pasts. They are looking back favorably on moments in their lives
and sharing the joy of that time with others.
c. To Caution
In the fire safety case, the speaker is trying to show the audience what can happen if they do not
follow proper procedures. Sometimes just laying out rules for individuals is not effective, and
they need to hear frightening stories of dangers that can be avoided by following these
regulations.
d. To Persuade or Inspire
Returning to the examples about tutors and tutoring sessions, the speakers want the students to
know they are there to help, and that they have faced similar struggles. They want the students to
know that there is the possibility of a brighter future if they put the work in.
Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract: signals the retelling of an unusual incident.
2. Orientation: sets the scene
3. Crisis: provides details of the unusual incident.
4. Reaction: reaction to crisis
5. Coda: optional - reflection on or evaluation of the incident.
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
36 | T y p e o f t e x t
Language Feature of Anecdote


Using exclamation words;
o Example: it’s awful!, it’s wonderful!, etc.
Using imperative;
o Example: listen to this.
Using action verb;
o Example: go, write, etc
Rhetorical questions and intensifiers to point up the significance of the events.
o Example :really, very, quite, etc.
Use of material processes to tell what happened.
o Aready explained in narrative
Use of temporal conjunctions. (already explained before hand)
o Example: As soon as, when, while, as, and etc.
Using conjunction of time;
o Example: then, afterward, and etc.
Using simple past tense.
1.
Example of an anecdote






Donkey in the well.
One day a farmer's donkey fell down into a well. The animal cried piteously for hours as the
farmer tried to figure out what to do. Finally he decided the animal was old and the well needed
to be covered up anyway; it just wasn't worth it to retrieve the donkey.
He invited all his neighbors to come over and help him. They all grabbed a shovel and began to
shovel dirt into the well. At first, the donkey realized what was happening and cried horribly.
Then, to everyone's amazement, he quieted down.
A few shovel loads later, the farmer finally looked down the well and was astonished at what he
saw. With every shovel of dirt that hit his back, the donkey was doing something amazing. He
would shake it off and take a step up.
As the farmer's neighbors continued to shovel dirt on top of the animal, he would shake it off and
take a step up. Pretty soon, everyone was amazed as the donkey stepped up over the edge of the
well and trotted off!
Life is going to shovel dirt on you, all kinds of dirt. The trick to getting out of the well is to
shake it off and take a step up. Each of our troubles is a stepping-stone. We can get out of the
deepest wells just by not stopping, never giving up! Shake it off and take a step up!
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
37 | T y p e o f t e x t
The already-modified text:
Donkey in the well.
TIME
CONJUNCTION
One day a farmer's donkey fell down into a well. The animal cried
piteously for hours as the farmer tried to figure out what to do. Finally
he decided the animal was old and the well needed to be covered up
anyway; it just wasn't worth it to retrieve the donkey.
ACTION VERB
He invited all his neighbors to come over and help him. They all
grabbed a shovel and began to shovel dirt into the well. At first, the
donkey realized what was happening and cried horribly. Then, to
everyone's amazement, he quieted down.
ABSTRACT
ORIENTATION
A few shovel loads later, the farmer finally looked down the well and
was astonished at what he saw. With every shovel
of dirt that hit his
TEMPORAL
back, the donkey was doing something amazing.
He would shake it
CONJUNCTION
off and take a step up.
CRISIS
As the farmer's neighbors continued to shovel dirt on top of the
animal, he would shake it off and take a step up. Pretty soon,
everyone was amazed as the donkey stepped up over the edge of the
well and trotted off!
PAST TENSE
Life is going to shovel dirt on you, all kinds of dirt. The trick to
getting out of the well is to shake it off and take a step up. Each of our
troubles is a stepping-stone. We can get out of the deepest wells just
by not stopping, never giving up! Shake it off and take a step up!
REACTION
EXCLAMATION
Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
38 | T y p e o f t e x t
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Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
39 | T y p e o f t e x t
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Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright
40 | T y p e o f t e x t
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Education is a slow moving but powerful force ~ J. W. Fulbright