STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS –IX (SA-I)
SCIENCE
2014-15
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHIEF PATRON
Mr. Avinash Dixit, IDAS
COMMISSIONER
KVS(HQ), NEW DELHI
PATRONS
Mr. C. MANI
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER
KVS(RO), GURGAON
Mr. B.L. MORODIA
ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER
KVS(RO), GURGAON
Mrs. B. KAUR
ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER
KVS(RO), GURGAON
Mr. C.S. AZAD
ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER
KVS(RO), GURGAON
2
GUIDANCE
Mr. V.P.S. RAGHAV
PRINCIPAL
K.V. ROHTAK, HARYANA
PREPARED BY:
1).
Mrs. Damini Sharma
T.G.T. Science
K.V. Rohtak, Haryana
2)
Mrs. Manu Seth
T.G.T. Science
K.V. Jharoda Kalan,, New Delhi
3)
Mr. Suresh Kataria
T.G.T. Science
K.V. Rewari, Haryana
4)
Mr. L.C. Kumawat
T.G.T. Science
K.V. BSF Camp Chhawla, New Delhi
Reviewed by:
1)
Mrs. Meenakshi Sharma
P.G.T. Bio., K.V. Rohtak, Haryana
2)
Mrs. Urmila
P.G.T. Chem., K.V. Rohtak, Haryana
3)
Mr. Anil Kumar
P.G.T. Phy., K.V. Rohtak, Haryana
3
PREFACE
Kendriya Vidyalaya’s are the pioneer institutions in the field of
Education focusing all around development of the students. Keeping in
view of the implementation of CCE it is desired to prepare Study Material
for Class IX to guide the students in the right direction and to equip the
students to face the challenges with ease.
The purpose of this study material is to help learners study more
effectively and efficiently. It is designed to help increase the retention of
what they are studying for the purpose of using it more successfully at a
later time-while taking a rest.
For the academic year 2014-15 the task has been allotted to
Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rohtak, for preparing the study material for Class IX
Science.
The content has been developed keeping in mind to cover all the
concepts from each unit, along with HOTS, Value based Question,
MCQ’s based on Practical Skills etc.
Deputy Commisssioner
KVS (RO) Gurgaon
4
HOTS
IMPORTANT
VALUE
TERMS &
BASED
CONNCEPTS
QUESTIONS
CHAPTERWISE
ACTIVITIES
IMPORTANT
DIAGRAMS &
QUESTIONS
MIND
EXCLUSIVE
FEATURES
MAPS
NUMERICALS
MCQ’S
BASED ON
PRACTICAL
SKILLS
5
As Per CBSE Guidelines for 2014-15
COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS IX
FIRST TERM
S.No.
Units
1.
I.
2.
II.
3.
III.
4.
V.
Matter- Its Nature and Behaviour
Organisation in the Living World
Motion, Force and Work
Food; Food Production
Total
Theme : Materials
Marks:90
Marks
29
18
30
13
90
(22 Periods)
Unit I : Matter- Nature and Behaviour
Definition of matter; solid, liquid and gas; characteristics-shape, volume, density;
change of state-melting (absorption of heat freezing, evaporation (cooling by
evaporation, condensation, sublimation.
Nature of matter: Elements, compounds and mixtures. Heterogenous and
homogenous mixtures, colloids and suspensions
Theme: The world of the Living
Unit II: Organization in the Living World
Cell-Basic Unit of Life: Cell as a basic unit of life; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells,
multicellular organisms; cell membrane and cell wall, cell organelles and cell
inclusion; chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus; nucleus chromosomes- basic structure, number.
Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organism
Structure and functions of animal and plant tissues (only four types of tissues in
animals; Meristematic and Permanent tissues in plants).
Theme: Moving Things, People and Ideas
Unit III: Motion, Force and work
Motion: Distance and displacement, velocity; uniform and non-uniform motion along
a straight line; acceleration, distance-time and velocity-time graphs for uniform
motion and uniformly accelerated motion, derivation of equation of motion by
graphics method; elementary idea of uniform circular motion.
Force and Newton’s Laws: Force and Motion, Newton’s Laws of Motion, Inertia of
a body, Inertia and mass, Momentum, force and Acceleration. Elementary idea of
conservation of Momentum, Action and Reaction forces.
Gravitation: Gravitation; Universal Law of Gravitation, Force of Gravitation of the
earth (gravity), Acceleration due to Gravity Mass and Weight; Free fall.
Theme : Food
Unit V: Food Production
6
Plant and animal breeding and selection for quality improvement and management;
Use of fertilizers and manures; Protection from pests and diseases; Organic farming.
PRACTICALS – FIRST TERM
Practical’s should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in theory
classes.
(LIST OF EXPERIMENTS)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
To test (a) the presence of starch in the given food sample, (b) the presence
of the adulterant metanil yellow in dal.
To Prepare:
a)
a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum.
b)
a suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water.
c)
a colloidal solution of starch in water and egg albumin/milk in water and
distinguish between these on the basis of
 transparency
filtration criterion
stability
To prepare
a)
a mixture
b)
a compound
using iron filings and sulphur powder and distinguish between these on the
basis of :
i.
appearance, i.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity.
ii.
behaviour towards a magnet.
iii.
behaviour towards carbon disulphide as a solvent.
iv.
effect of heat.
To carry out the following reactions and classify them as physical or chemical
changes:
a. Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.
b. Burning of magnesium in air.
c. Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.
d. Heating of copper sulphate.
e. Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solution in water.
To prepare stained temporary mounts of (a) onion peel and (b) human cheek
cells and to record observations and draw these labeled diagrams.
To identify parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants, striped muscle
fibers and nerve cells in animals, from prepared slides and to draw their
labeled diagrams.
To separate the components of a mixture of sand, common salt and
ammonium chloride (or camphor) by sublimation.
To determine the melting point of ice and the boiling point or water.
To establish relationship between weight of a rectangular wooden block lying
on a horizontal table and the minimum force required to just move it using a
spring balance.
To determine the mass percentage of water imbibed by raisins.
7
QUESTION PAPER DESIGN FOR SCIENCE (CODE NO. 086/090)
CLASS IX (2014-15)
Time : 3 Hours
S.
Typology of
No.
Questions
1
Remembering
(Knowledge
based
simple recall questions,
to know specific facts,
terms,
concepts,
principles, or theories,
Identify,
define,
or
recite, information)
2
Learning
outcomes
and testing
competencies



Very
Short
Answer
(VSA)
3 marks
Reasoning
Analytical
Skills
Critical
Thiinking
Skills etc.
Understanding
Max. Marks:90
Short
Short
Long
Total
%
Answer Answer Answer Marks Weightage
I
II
(LA)
(SA-I)
(SA-II)
2 marks 3 marks 5 marks
1
1
11
15%
1
4
1
19
25%
-
4
1
17
23%
2
-
1
9
12%
-
3
2
19
25%
3x1=3
3x2=6
12x3=36 6x5=30
75(24) 100%
9x1=9
3x2=6*
-
15(12)
(Comprehension- to be
familiar with meaning and
to
understand
conceptually,
interpret,
compare,
contrast,
explain, paraphrase, or
interpret information)
3
Application
(Use abstract information
in concrete situation, to
apply knowledge to new
situations, Use given
content to interpret a
situation, provide an
example, or solve a
problem)
4
High Order Thinking
Skills
(Analysis & SynthesisClassify, compare,
contrast, or differentiate
between different pieces
of information, Organize
and/or integrate unique
pieces of information for
a variety of sources)
5
Evaluation and MultiDisciplinary
(Appraise, judge, and/or
justify the value or worth
of a decision or outcome,
or to predict outcomes
based on values)
Total (Theory based
Questions)
Practical Based
Question(PBQs)
Total
12x1=12 6x2=12
8
-
12x3=36 6x5=30
90(36)
CHAPTER-1
MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS


Matter is anything that occupies space & has mass.
Matter is made up of very small particles. It can neither be created nor be
destroyed.
3 Characteristics of Particles of Matter:


Particles of matter have space between them.
Particles of matter attract each other.
Particles of matter are continuously moving.
States of Matter:- It has 3 states
Solid
Strong intermolecular
forces
Low kinetic energy
Very less
intermolecular space.
Have definite shape
and volume
High density
Negligible
compressibility
No fluidity
Particles
Liquid
Weak intermolecular
forces
Higher kinetic energy
Large intermolecular
space
No definite shape but
definite volume.
Low density
Low compressibility
Gaseous
Very weak
intermolecular forces.
Highest kinetic energy
Very large
intermolecular space.
No definite shape and
volume.
Lower density
High compressibility
Show fluidity
Show fluidity
Particles
9
Particles
Matter can change its states from solid to liquid and liquid to gas & Vice-Versa
Liquid
(Heat) Fusion
Solidification
(Cool)
(Cool)
Solid
Sublimation
Gas
Sublimation
Effect of Temperature:- On increasing the heat, the particles gain energy, & move
faster (K.E. increases), the particles overcome the forces of attraction and a new
state is obtained.
Melting point:- The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the
atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.
Boiling point:- the temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric
pressure is called its boiling point.
Melting Point of Ice
Boiling Point of water
=
=
00C or 273.16K
1000C or 373K
Latent Heat of Fusion: The amount of heat energy absorbed when 1 Kg of solid
changes into liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as the latent
heat of fusion.
Latent Heat of Vaporisation :- The amount of heat energy absorbed when 1Kg of
liquid changes into vapours at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point is known as
the latent heat of vaporisation.
10
Effect of change of Pressure:- On applying pressure, the particles of matter more
closer and the state is changed.
Ex.: CO2 gas can be changed into solid form called “dry ice” on increasing pressure
& reducing temperature.
Sublimation:- A change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into
liquid state (or vice-versa) is called sublimation.
Ex.: Naphthalene, camphor, dry ice etc
Evaporation: The phenomenon of change of liquid into its vapours at any
temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.
Factors affecting evaporation:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Temperature:- More temperature  More evaporation
Less temperature  Less evaporation
Surface Area:- More Surface area  More evaporation
Less surface area  Less evaporation
Wind Speed:- More Wind speed  More evaporation
Less Wind speed  Less evaporation
Humidity:More Humidity  More evaporation
Less Humidity  Less evaporation
Evaporation causes cooling
Evaporation is a surface phenomenon.
2 other states of Matter


Plasma:- This state consist of super energetic and super excited particles, in
the form of ionized gases.
eg The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma.
Bose- Einstein Condensate (BEC)- It is formed by cooling a gas of
extremely low density, to super low temperatures.
Some measurable quantities and their units
Quantity
Temperature
Length
Weight
Mass
Volume
Density
Pressure
Unit
kelvin
Metre
Newton
Kilogram
Cubic metre
Kilogram per cubic metre
Pascal
11
Symbol
K
M
N
Kg
M3
Kgm-3
Pa
CHAPTER – 1
QUESTION BANK
(1) Explain what happens when a solid is heated?
(2) Under what conditions the states of matter can be changed?
(3) Write the chemical name of ‘dry ice’ ? Why is it called ‘dry ice’?
(4) How does the following affect the rate of vaporisation of liquid?
(a) Surface area
(b) Temperature
(c) Humidity
(5) What cause the evaporation to take place?
(6) Give reason:
(1) On a hot sunny day people sprinkle water on the roof or open ground.
(2) Ice at 00C appears colder to mouth that ware at 00C. Why?
(3) Doctors advise to put strips of wet clothes on the forehead of a person
having high temperature.
(7) Give two factors that determine the rate of diffusion of a liquid in another liquid
(Hints: Temperature, density)
(8) What temperature in K scale is equal to 500C?
HIGH ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTIONS
1. Name the gas which is supplied in compressed form
(i)
In homes
(ii)
In hospitals.
2. Which property/properties of matter can be illustrated by the following
activities:
(1) Just a few crystals of potassium permanganate can colour a large volume of
water.
(2) We can pass our finger through a stream of water.
(3) The fragrance of incense stick lighted in one corner of the room spreads all
over the room.
3. Under what condition a gas can be liquefied?
4. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the
change of state?
5. Why does gas exert pressure on the walls of the container?
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
(1) Abdul’s friend visited his house in Mumbai and he was surprised to see AC’s
installed in all of his rooms. His friend advised Abdul to use water coolers and
save electricity. On this Abdul told him that water cooler is not at all effective
in the coastal areas:
Questions:
i.
ii.
iii.
Why are water coolers not effective in coastal areas?
What are other two factors on which evaporation of water depends?
What Value of Abdul’s friend is seen in this act?
12
(2) One day Poonam was playing with her mother’s cosmetics. She felt cold
when a liquid bottle break and some liquid fall on her hand. She got worried.
She washed her hand suddenly and asked her mother. She gave her
explanation and satisfied her.
Questions:i.
Can you guess what was that liquid?
ii.
Why Poonam felt cool when liquid fall on her hand?
iii.
What values are shown by Poonam’s Mother?
IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS1. Sublimation of Ammonium chloride
(refer to Fig 1.7 on page 8 of NCERT Textbook)
IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES:
1. Conversion of ice to water (Melting point)
2. Conversion of water to water vapour (Boling point)
13
CHAPTER- 2
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE
Matter
Pure Substances
Impure Substance (Mixtures)
Elements
Compounds
Homogeneous
Cannot be
broken into
simpler
substances
e.g.
Iron,
Oxygen,
Copper etc.
Have fixed
composition
& can be
broken
down into
its elements
by chemical
or
electro
chemical
methods e.g.
H2O,
CO2,
Sugar, Salt
etc.
Uniform
composition e.g.
Salt + Water
Water + Alcohol
14
Heterogeneous
Non-Uniform
composition
e.g. Sand + Sugar
blood, Water in
oil.
Elements
It is a pure substance which cannot be split into two or more simpler substances.
Metals
Hard,
Malleable,
Ductile,
Sonorous,
Good Conductor of
heat & electricity
Lustrous
eg. Iron, Gold.
Non-metals
Non- Malleable
non-ductite
non-sonorous
non-lustrous
bad conductor of
heat & electricity
eg. Hydrogen, chlorine
Metallorids
Show some properties of
metals and some properties
of non-metals
eg. Silicon, boron
Compounds- It is a pure substance made up of two or more elements combined in
a fixed proportion.
Characteristics of Compounds1.
2.
3.
4.
The properties of compound differ from its constituents.
Compound has fixed melting point and boiling point.
Homogeneous.
Constituent elements can be obtained by chemical process.
Mixture- It is made up of two or more elements or compounds in any proportion.
Characteristics1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
May be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Properties of elements are retained
No new compound is formed.
Elements can be repeated by simple physical processes.
No fixed melting point & boiling point.
15
Separating Components of a Mixture1. Evaporation
-
2. Centrifugation
-
3. By Separating funnel4. Sublimation
-
5. Chromatography
-
6. Distillation
-
7. Crystallisation
-

Solution-
To separate the volatile component from
non-volatile component eg. Salt + Water.
To separate insoluble solid particles from
solvent eg. Milk + Cream.
To separate two immiscible liquid eg. Oil + Water.
To separate sublimable component from a
non-sublimable impurity.
eg. ammonium chloride + Sand.
To separate solutes dissolved in same solvent eg.
Dyes in black ink.
To separate two miscible liquids eg. Water +
Acetone.
To separate pure solids in the form of crystals from
a solution eg. purification of salt.
It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Solute
Components of a solution 
Solvent
Solute-
A substance that is dissolved in a solvent eg. Salt, Sugar.
It can be solid, liquid or gas.
Solvent-
A part of solution in which a substance is dissolved eg. Water
It can be solid, liquid or gas.
Solid Solution
Gaseous Solution
 Alloys
 Air
Types of solution1. True Solution- Solute particles completely dissolve in solvent and are not
visible eg. Salt + Water.
2. Saturated solution- A solution in which no more solute can dissolve at given
temperature.
3. Unsaturated solution- a solution in which more solute can be dissolved at a
given temperature.
Concentration of solution – Depending on the amount of solute dissolving in
solvent solution can be dilute or concentrated.
Amount of solute
Amount of solute
Concentration of solution= ----------------------- or -----------------------Amount of solution Amount of solvent
16
Mass by mass percentage of solution =
Mass of solute
------------------------------ x 100
Mass of solution
Mass by Volume percentage of solution =
Mass of solute
------------------------------------- x 100
Volume of solution
Comparison of solution, Suspension & Colloids.





Solution
Homogeneous
Suspension
Heterogeneous
Colloids
Heterogeneous but appear
homogeneous.
Solute particles are
very small & not
visible by naked
eyes
Do not scatter
beam of light.
Stable
Solute particles can
not be separated by
filtration
Solute particles are large
& visible.
Solute particles not visible
Scatter beam of light
Scatter beam of light
Unstable
Solute particles can be
separated by filtration
Stable
Solute particles cannot be
Separated by filtration.
Different types of colloids
Dispersed phase
Liquid
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Dispersion
Medium
Gas
Gas
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Type
Aerosol
Aerosol
Foam
Emulsion
Solution
Foam
Gel
Solid solution
17
Example
Fog, clouds
Smoke
Shaving cream
Milk
Mud
Sponge
Jelly, cheese
Colored gems
Physical and chemical change
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Physical change
No new substance is formed
Generally reversible
Properties of elements/substance
are retained.
Change in physical properties like
state, size
Substances can be separated by
physical method.
Chemical change
New substance is formed.
Generally irreversible
Properties of elements/substances are
changed.
Change in chemical properties.
Substances cannot be obtained again
easily.
18
MIND MAP
MATTER
Impure Substances
Pure Substance
(Mixture)
Elements
Compounds
Fixed Composition
Metals
Homogeneous
Homogeneous
Non-Metals
Metalloids
Suspension
Colloids
Solution
Aqueous Solution
Non-aqueous
Solution
Unsaturated
True Solution
solution
Saturated
Solution
19
CHAPTER-2
QUESTION BANK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ink is a solution. Name the solute and solvent in it.
What are the various steps involved in separating the constituents of air?
What is the difference between alloy and a mixture? Give example.
Why inter conversion of state is a physical change?
Write the points of differences between distillation and fractional distillation.
How will you separate the mixture of acetone and water? Draw the labeled
diagram also.
6. Name some salts which can be separated from impure samples by
crystallization.
7. The particle size of a substance A present in Water is 200nm what is the
nature of mixture
8. Why tyndall effect can be observed when sunlight passes through canopy of a
dense forest?
9. Why mixtures does not have fixed melting points and fixed boiling points?
10. Write the applications of a) Crystallization.
B) Chromategraphy.
11. Why particles of true solution cannot scatter a beam of light passing through
it?
HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTIONS
1. A solution is prepared on dissolving 2 gm of a salt and 4 gm of sugar in 90 gm
of water. Calculate the mass percent of each component of the solution.
2. Which will boil at higher temperature tap water or sea water?
3. What would you observe when :
a) A saturated solution of KCl prepared at 600C is allowed to cool to room
temperature.
b) A mixture of iron filings and sulpher is dissolved in Carbon disulphide (CS2)?
c) An aqueous Sugar Solution is heated to dryness.
4. How will you separate the mixture Mercury and water (Hint: Separating
funnel). Describe the method?
Value Based Question
1) Which making Shikanjwi, Sham was aware about which substances are to be
used to make it. She put salt, water, sugar all in different amounts and mixed
them well thoroughly but when she drank that Shikanjwi She was amazed as
it tasted the same through.
i)
What do you think why Shikankwi tastes the same throughout?
ii)
According to you what qualities are possessed by Sham?
2) Sudha was very fond of eating Gulabjamun She kept some Gulab jamun for
her young sister in the refrigerator as she was away from her home. Next day
20
to her Surprise she saw a white deposit on the Gulabjamuns. She asked her
sister about the white crust.
i)
Why there was white crust on Gulab Jammun when placed in the
refrigerator ?
ii)
What concept Sudha’s Sister explained her ?
iii)
What qualities are shown by Sudha’s Sister ?
CHAPTER -5
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE


The smallest functional unit of life is cell, discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.
A cell can perform all necessary activities to sustain life independently. Hence
it is called the basic structural and functional unit of life.
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF A CELL
Plasma Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Organelles
1) Plasma/Cell Membrane Made of Proteins & lipids
 Outermost covering of cell that separates the contents of cell from its external
environment.
 Allows entry and exit of some materials in and out of the cell, so called
selectively permeable membrane.
 Gases like CO2 and O2 more across the cell membrane by diffusion.
Osmosis:- Passage of water from a region of higher through a semipermeable membrane.
Hypotonic Solution:- If the medium surrounding the cell has higher water
concentration that the cell, then cell gain water & Swell.
Isotonic Solution- if the medium surrounding the cell has same water
concentration as that of cell, then there will no net movement & cell will
remain of same size.
Hypertonic Solution- If the medium surrounding the cell has lower water
concentration than the cell, then cell lose water and shrinks.
2) Cell Wall Only present in plant cells.
 Mainly composed of cellulose.
 Rigid outer covering around cell membrane.
 Provides structural strength to plants
21
Plasmolysis- When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis, there is
shrinkage of contents of the cell away from the cell wall. It is called
plasmolysis.
3) Nucleus- Discovered by Robert Brown in 1831.
 Largest cell structure, spherical in shape and located in centre of cell.
 Surrounded by a double layered membrane having pores known as nuclear
membrane.
 Contains chromatin material made up of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), which
is responsible for storing and transmitting hereditary information from one
generation to another.
 Nucleus controls all metabolic activities of cell.
 Regulates cell cycle.
 Help in cellular reproduction.
Eukaryotic cell
1) More complex cells
2) Generally larger in size
3) Nuclear region is well defined and
surrounded
by
a
nuclear
membrane
4) More than one chromosome
5) Membrane – bound cell organelles
present.
Prokaryotic Cells
Less Complex cells
Generally smaller in size
Undefined nuclear region without nuclear
membrane.
Single chromosome
Membrane-bound cell organelles absent.
4) Cytoplasm- Fluid content inside the plasma membrane. Contains many
specialized cell organelles.
5) Cell Organellesi)
Endoplasmic Reticulum:o Large network of membrane-bound tubes and sheets.
o These are of two types.
i)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
ii)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)


SER
Smooth Surface
Manufacture lipids


RER
Rough surface due to ribosome’s
Manufacture
proteins
(by
ribosomes)
o There proteins & lipids help in cell membrane formation known as
membrane biogenesis.
o ER acts as a channel for transport of material.
o Functions as a cytoplasmic framework.
o Help in detoxifying many poisons in liver of vertebrates.
ii)



Golgi Apparatus- By Camillo Golgi.
System of membrane-bound vesicles arranged parallel to each other.
Help in storage, modification and packaging of products in vesicles.
Help in formation of lysosomes.
22
iii)




iv)



v)
*
*
a)
b)
LysosomesThere are a kind of waste disposal system.
Clean the cell by digesting foreign material & worn-out cell organelles.
Lysosomes contain powerful digesters enzymes
There are known as suicide bags because when the cell gets damaged,
lysosomes may burst & enzymes digest their own cells.
MitochondriaKnown as powerhouse of the cell as it release energy required for various
chemical activities in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Mitochondria has two membranes a) outer power and b) Inner deeply folded.
Mitochondria have their own DNA and proteins.
PlastidsPresent only in plant cells.
These are of 2 types
Chromoplasts

Coloured plastids
Leucoplasts

Colourless plastids.
Chloroplasts are chlorophyll containing plastids & help in photosynthesis.
 Plastids have their own DNA and ribosome’s.
vi)
Vacuoles: These are storage sacs of cell.
 In plant cells there are full of cell sap & provide turgidity and rigidity to the cell.
 Help in storage of amino acids, sugars, some proteins & various organic
acids.
23
MIND MAP
Cell-Wall only in
plants cells
Plasma Membrane
selectively permeable
membrane
CELL
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Fluid Content
Cell Organelles
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Vacuoles
Storage Sacs
RER
Protein
Synthesis
SER
Lipid
Synthesis
Plastids
Golgi Apparatus
Only in plant cells
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Suicide Bags
Powerhouse of cell
24
QUESTION BANK
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
Q6.
Q7.
Q8.
Name the two types of endoplasmic reticulum. Which one has ribosomes
attached to it ?
Why do plant cells have large vacuoles? Name the fluid present in them.
State one feature that is similar and one feature that is dissimilar with respect
to mitochondria and plastid.
Name the three types of plastids in plants and state one function of each.
Explain briefly the structure of nucleus in a eukaryotic cell. Draw its diagrams.
Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis.
State one term for the following:
a) Rod- Shaped structures that appear in the nucleus when a cell is about to
divide.
b) An unidentified nuclear region containing only nucleic acid.
c) Functional segments of DNA.
How do unicellular organisms like amoeba give out excess water and
wastes? (Hint: By contractile Vacuole)
HIGH ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTIONS
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
Give reasons for the following:
a) Viruses cannot reproduce outside a living cell.
b) Amoeba can have exchange of gases through its body surface.
c) Chloroplasts are called the kitchen of the cell.
[Hint:- a) Viruses do not have their own cytoplasm and cytoplasmic
organelles.
b)
diffusion.
c)
Due to photosynthesis.
How is endoplasmic reticulum important for membrane biogenesis?
What type of enzymes are present in the lysosomes ? What is their function?
Which cell organelles do manufacture these enzymes?
[Hint: Powerful digestive enzymes, manufactured by Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum)
What will happen if :
a) Ribosomes are removed from the cell,
b) Golgi apparatus is removed from the cell, and
c) Plasma membrane ruptures?
Write two points of differences between nuclear region of a bacterial cell and
nuclear region of an animal cell
[Hint:- Diff b/w prokaryotic & evkaryotic cell)
VALUE-BASED QUESTIONS
Q1.
Madhu, is a five year old girl who join the swimming classes, after, the first
class she was worried when she saw her wrinkled fingers. She asked her
mother about the wrinkling and shrinking of the fingers. Her mother explained
the reason to her.
a) Why did Madhu’s fingers wrinkle after swimming?
b) What caused the shrinking and wrinkling of the fingers?
25
c) What values of Madhu’s are seen here ?
Q2.
Seema wanted to eat rice and kidney beans (rajma). She asked her mother to
cook the same for lunch tomorrow. At night, her mother took a cup of rajmah
and put them in a container having enough water. She kept the water
container covered over night. And next morning she cooked rice and rajma for
lunch.
a) Why did Seema’s mother soak the rajmah is water overnight?
b) Name the Scientific phenomenon involved in this process.
c) What values of Seema’s mother is seen here?
IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS
1) Diagram of a proparyotic cell.
(refer:- Fig 5.4, page no 62. Of NCERT Text book)
2) Diagram of Animal Cell.
(refer:- Fig 5.5, page no. 63 of NCERT Text book)
3) Diagram of plant cell
(refer:- fig 5.6, Page no. 64 of NCERT Text book)
26
CHAPTER-6
TISSUES
Tissues :-A group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular
function.
1) Plant tissues-On the basis of the dividing capacity, plant tissues are of two
types.
a) Meristematic
b) Permanent
Meristematic Tissues:- Consist of actively-dividing cells. There are of
three types.
i)
Apical Meristem:- Present at the growing tips of stems and roots.
ii)
Intercalary Meristem:- Present at the base of leaves or internodes. It
helps in longitudinal growth of plant.
iii)
Lateral Meristem:- Present on the lateral sides of the stems and roots.
It increase the thickness of stems and roots.
Permanent Tissues:Developed from the merestematic tissues that have lost the power of division.
There are of two types.
a) Simple Permanent Tissues:- Made up of only one type of cells.
Types of simple permanent tissues
i)
Parenchyma:- Consist of unspecialized living cells with thin cell
walls, loosely packed, have intercellular spaces, present in soft
parts of plants.
o If it contains chlorophyll, then called chlorenchyma.
o If in aquatic plants, air cavities are present, then called aerenchyma.
o Parenchyma stores nutrients & water.
ii)
Collenchyma- Composed of living and elongated cells with cell
walls irregularly thickened at the corners.
o less intercellular space.
o Provide mechanical support to plant.
o Helps in bending of leaves and stems.
iii)
Sclerenchyma- Composed of long, narrow and thick-walled cells,
due to lignin.
o Made up of dead cells.
o No intercellular spaces.
o Present in seeds, nuts, husk of coconut etc.
o Provide strength to plants.
Epidermis:- Protective tissue
Have small pores called stomata for exchange of gases and transpiration.
Cork/Bark:- Made up of dead cells, compactly arranged without intercellular
spaces.
o Made up of suberin
2) Complex permanent Tissues (Conducting tissues)
Made up of more than one type of cells.
i)
Xylem:- Conducts water and minerals from the roots to the different parts
of the plant.
o It is made up of four types of cells- a) Tracheids b) Vessels c) Xylem
Parenchyma and d) Xylem fibres
ii)
Phloem – Conducts food material from leaves to different parts of the
plant.
27
o It is made up of 4 types of cellsa) Sieve tubes b) Companion cells c) Phloem Parenchyma d) Phloem
fibres.
B.
Animal Tissues- There are of four types.
i)
Epithelial tissues- Covering or protective tissues types.
a)
Simple Squamous Epithelium:- Single layer of flat cells.
Location- Lining of month, esophagus, lung alveoli etc.
b)
Stratified Squamous Epithelium: - made of many layers of flat cells
Location - Skin
c)
Cuboidal Epithelium- Consist of cube-like cells
Location :- Lining of kidney tubules & ducts of salivary glands.
d)
Columnar Epithelium:- Consists of elongated or column like cells.
Location- Inner lining of intestine and function is secretion and absorption.
ii)
Connective Tissues Specialised to connect various body organs.
a) Blood Consist of plasma, RBC, WBC, Platelets
o Fluid tissue, only connective tissue with fluid matrix called plasma
o Help in transport of food, gases, hormones etc.
b) Skeletal tissues- Bones and cartilage
Bones form the framework that support the body, anchor the muscles,
support main organs. Matrix made of calcium and phosphorus.
Cartilage Smoothens bone surface at joints. Present in nose, ear, trachea
etc. Matrix made of proteins and sugars.
c) Tendons- connect muscles to bones.
d) Ligaments- connect two bones together
e) Areolar tissue- Found in skin and muscles, around the blood vessels etc.
o Support internal organs.
o Help in repair of tissues.
f) Adipose tissues: Act as storage sites of fats,
o Found between internal organs, below the skin.
o Act as an insulator for the body.
iii)
Muscular Tissueso Help in movement of body.
o Muscle contain special proteins called contractile proteins.
3 types of muscular tissues are :Straited Muscles
Cells
are
long,
cylindrical,
nontapering
and
multinucleate.
 Occur in the limbs
& help in body
movements


Also
called
voluntary muscles
& skeletal muscles
Unstraited Muscles
 Cells are long,
flattened, spindle
shaped, tapering,
uninucleate.

Occur in alimentary
canal, iris of eye,
ureter and bronchi
of lungs

Also called
involuntary muscles
28

Cardiac Muscles
Cells are cylindrical,
branched, and
uninucleate

Occur only in the
walls of heart

Also called heart
muscles as show
rhythmic
contraction &
relaxation
throughout life.
iv)
Nervous Tissueo Present in brain, spiral cord and nerves.
o Cells called neurons or nerve cells.
o A neuron consist of a cell body, an axon and dendrites.
o Help in control and coordination of body muscles & their movements.
IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS
1) Various types of simple tissues.
(refer:- Fig 6.4, page no 71. Of NCERT Text book)
2) Type of complex tissues
(refer:- Fig 6.7, page no. 73 of NCERT Text book)
3) Type of muscle fibres
(refer:- fig 6.11, Page no. 77 of NCERT Text book)
4) Nervous tissue  Neuron
(refer:- Fig 6.12 on page 78 of NCERT text book)
29
MIND MAP
PLANT TISSUES
ANIMAL TISSUE
TISSUE
PLANT TISSUES
Permanent
Meristematic
Aplical
Simple
Intercalary
Complex
Parenchym
a
Xylem
Conduct Water
Collenchym
ample
Lateral
Phloem
Sccerenchyma
Conduct food
ANIMAL TISSUES
Nervous
Epithelial
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Connective
Blood
Bone
Muscular
Straited
Tendon
n
Ligament
Unstraited
Cartilage
Cardiac
Areolar
Adipose
30
QUESTION BANK
Q1.
Voluntary muscles are also known as skeletal muscles. Justify
[Hint:- Attached to limb bones & help in their movement)
Q2. How do tendons differ from ligaments?
Q3. The epidermis in desert plants is covered by waxy coating. Name the
substance. State one advantage of this coating.
Q4. How are permanent tissues formed from the meristamatic tissues?
Q5. How do cork cells act as a protective tissue?
Q6. Name the type of proteins present in muscle cells.
Q7. State and compare two characteristic features of parenchyma, collenchymas
and sclerenchyma.
Q8. Give the structure and function of cartilage. Where is cartilage found in our
body?
Q9. Which structure protects the plant body against the invasion of parasites?
Q10. Why is meristematic tissue regarded so important for plants?
HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTIONS
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
Q6.
Q7.
Why tracheids and vessels have tubular structures?
Explain why thigh muscles get tired soon but not the muscles of the heart.
State one distinguishing features and one similarity between the two types of
transporting tissues present in the plants.
[Hint:- Xylem and Phloem]
Explain why water hyacinth float on the water surface.
[Hint:- due to aerenchyma]
Explain why thigh muscles get tired soon but not the muscles of the heart.
If a potted plant is covered with a glass jar, water vapours appear on the wall
of glass jar Explain, Why?
Why are smooth muscles called visceral muscles?
[ Hint:- because found in the walls of visceral organs]
VALUE BASED QUESTION
Q1.
Q2.
Obesity is a common health problem now a days which results due to
deposition of fats in various parts of body. It may lead to other health
problems such as diabetes, high blood pressure and heart attacks.
a) Which tissue is responsible for storage of fats in our body?
b) How can we control obesity?
c) What are the effects of morning walk and regular physical exescise on
obesity?
Ram while playing football fell down. On getting up he started feeling intense
pain around this elbow. His mother took him to a doctor who took an X-ray
and after observing it he said nothing to worry. You have only hurt your
ligament and tendon around your elbow. It will be alright within few days. His
mother got confused.
a) How will you explain what ligament and tendon are?
b) In which respect they differ structurally?
c) What value was displayed by the doctor?
31
CHAPTER-15
IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES






Food supplies proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals, that are
required for proper development and growth of body.
Different crops require different climatic conditions, temperature and
photoperiods for their growth and completion of their life cycle. Photoperiods
are related to the duration of sunlight.
Difference between kharif crops and rabi crops
KHARIF CROPS
RABI CROPS
Grown in rainy season
 Grown in winter season
From June to October
 From November to April.
Examples: Paddy, Soyabean,
 Examples:- Wheat, peas, mustard,
Maize, Cotton etc
linseed etc.
Crop Variety Improvement:By hybridization or by introducing gene.
i)
By hybridization:- Hybridisation means crossing between genetically
dissimilar plants. Crossing may be intervarietal (between different varities),
interspecific (between two different species of same genus) or intergeneric
(between different genera)
ii)
By introducing a gene:- Provide desired characteristic & genetically
modified crops.
o Cultivation practices and crop yield are related to weather, soil quality
and availability of water.
o The factors for which variety improvement is done are :i)
Higher yield
ii)
Improved quality
iii)
Biotic and Abiotic resistance. (biotic factors like diseases,
insects & abiotic factors like drought, heat, cold, frost etc.)
iv)
Change in maturity duration- uniform maturity.
v)
Wider adaptability.
vi)
Desirable agronomic characteristics.
Crop Production Management:i)
Nutrient Management:- Plant nutrients are supplied by air, water and soil.
There are 16 nutrients essential for plants.
Carbon & Oxygen from air
Hydrogen from water
Other 13 from soil.
From Soil  i) Macro- nutrients – 6 required in large quantities Fe. Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium and Sulpher.
ii)
Micro-nutrients- 7 required in less quantities ie iron, manganese, boron,
zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine.
Manure:- Contains large quantities of organic matter
 Supplies small quantities of nutrients to the soil.
 Prepared by decomposition of animal excreta and plant wastes.
 Improves soil structure.
32
These are of three types:a) Compost
b) Vermi- Compost
c)
Green Manure
Compost- It is formed by decomposition of waste material like cow-dung, regrettable
waste, domestic waste in pits.
Vermi-compost- The compost which is made by decomposition of plant and animal
refuse with the help of earthworm is called vermi-compost.
Green Manure- Before sowing of crop seeds, some plants are grown & mulched by
ploughing them into soil
Fertilizers- These are commercially produced plant nutrients, Fertilizers supply
Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium.
Organic Farming:-it is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemical as
fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc with maximum use of organic matter.
Irrigation- Supplying water at regular intervals to the growing cropsSources of irrigation area) Wells:- There are two types of wells, namely dug wells and tube wells.
b) Canals:- An elaborate and extensive irrigation system.
c) River lift systems- water is directly drawn from rivers.
d) Tanks small storage reservoirs.
Cropping patterns
i)
Mixed Cropping Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the
same piece of land.
Eg. wheat + gram or wheat + mustard.
ii)
Inter-cropping- Growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the
same field in a definite pattern. Eg. Soyabean + Maize etc.
Benefits
a) Maximum utilization of nutrients.
b) Prevents pests and diseases from spreading to all the plants belonging to one
crop in field.
iii) Crop-rotation:- The growing of different crops on a piece of land in a preplanned succession is called crop-rotation.
Crop Protection Managementa) Weeds:- The unwanted plants in the cultivated field e.g. Xanthium (gokhroo),
Parthenium (gajar Ghas) Weeds take up nutrients and reduce growth of the
crop.
Methods of weed control:a) Mechanical Removal
b) Preventive Methods like proper seed bed preparation, timely sowing of
crops, crop rotation.
c) Use of weedicides.
Insect Pests- attack the plants in 3 ways
i)
Cut the root, stem and leaf.
ii)
Suck the cell sap
iii)
Bore the stem and fruits.
They affect the health of crops and reduce yield.
Preventive measures against pestsi)
Use of disease resistant varieties
ii)
Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field.
iii)
Summer ployghing- fields are ploughed deep in summers to destroy both
pests as well as weeds.
33
Animal Husbandry:- Scientific management of animal livestock. It includes various
aspects such as feeding breeding and disease control.
Cattle Farming- it is done for 2 purposes.
a) Milk producing females are called milk animals (dairy animals)
b) Drought animals are the one used for farm labour.
 Exotic or foreign breeds- have long lactation period e.g Jersey, Brown Swiss
etc.
 Local Breeds- have excellent resistance to diseases e.g. Red Sindhi, Sahiwal
etc.
Animal feed incudesa) Roughage – Mainly fibre
b) Concentration which are low in fibre & contain high level of protein & other
nutrients.
 Vaccinations are given to farm animals against many viral and bacterial
diseases.f
Poultry Farming- Improved poultry feeds are developed for the following desirable
traits.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Number and quality of chicks.
Dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick ;production.
Summer adaptation capacity.
Low maintenance requirements.
Reduction in size of egg-laying birds.
Egg and Broiler productionBroiler chickens are feed with vitamin-rich feed for good growth rate and better feed
efficiency. Important Management practices for good production of poultry birds area)
b)
c)
Maintenance of temperature.
Hygienic conditions.
Prevention and control of diseases & pests.

Proper cleaning, sanitation & spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals,
vaccination.
Fish Production- e ways.
a)
b)
capture fishing- from natural resources.
Cutture fishery – fish farming
i)
Marine Fisheries- Popular marine fish varieties include pomphret, tuna,
sardines, Bombay duck etc.
Fish of high economic values are mullets, black pearl spots, shellfish like prawns,
oysters etc.
34
Mariculture- To fulfill demand of more marine fish.
ii)
Inland fisheriesa) From fresh water resources like canals, ponds, rivers, reservoirs etc.
b) Brackish water resources (where sea water and fresh water mix together) eg.
Estuaries and lagoons.
Compasite fish culture – In this, a combination of fire or six fish species is used
in a single fishpond. Selection is done on basis of no competition for food, so that
food available in all parts of ponds can be used.
Only disadvantage- is that there can be mixing of seeds.
Bee-keeping:- local bee varieties for commercial honey production are. Indian
Bee. ( Apis cerana indica), rock bee ( A, dorsata), the little bee ( A – Florae) Also
an Italian bee variety ( A- mellifera) is brought to increase honey production. They
sting less.
Pasturage The flowers available to the bees for nectar and pollen collection.
This determine the value, quality & taste of honey.
35
QUESTION BANK
Q1.
What are weeds? Give example. Explain two methods to remove them.
Q2.
How will you differentiate among capture fishing, Mari culture and
aquaculture?
Q3.
What are the two ways to improve crop verities?
Q4.
Name two internal parasites that infect cattle.
Q5.
What are two main groups of cattle feed? State the importance of each.
Q6.
What is crop rotation? Why it is done?
Q7.
Explain how cultivation practices are related to environment all conditions.
Q8.
Define two methods of improving crop variety.
VALUE BASSED QUESTIONS
Q1.
While studying about irrigation in his textbook, Bhanika read that proper
irrigation is vary important for the success of crops. Ensuring that crops get
water at right stages during the growing reason, can increase the expected
yields of any crop. She then thought about how in daily life irrigation is
supported as it is very necessary then she thought of well rivers, tanks, which
are irrigation systems and also made her friends know about the irrigation
systems.
1)
2)
Q2.
Explain how rivers are one of the effective irrigation systems?
What kind of qualities are seen in Bhanika?
Ashok went to market to buy food grains for his home and on returning what
his mother checked the grains, she found the grains discolored and of low and
poor quality. She returned them back to the vendor. The vendor told her that
it was due to storage loss of grains that resulted in their poor quality and gave
her good quality grains.
1)
2)
What could be the control measure to prevent storage loss?
What qualities are shown by Mother?
36
HOTS QUESTIONS
Q1.
What do you mean by inland fisheries?
Q2.
Write the advantages and disadvantages of composite fish culture system.
Q3.
For increasing production, what is common in poultry, fisheries and bee
keeping?
Q4
Name two finned fish and two shell fish of high economic value.
Q5.
What is pasturage? How it is related to honey production ?
[Hints- Pasturage is flower available for nectar and pollen collection]
Q6.
What are the differences between broilers and layers?
Q7.
Write the factors that need to be considered for broiler production.
Q8.
What do you mean by genetic manipulation?
CHAPTER – 8
MOTION



An object is said to be in motion when its position changes with time.
Displacement: the shortest path/distance measured from the initral to the
final position of an objext is known as the displacement.
Difference between distance and displacement
S.No.
Distance
1
The length of actual path covered
between the two points.
2.
Distance can never be zero.
3.
Scalar quantity (only magnitude is
taken)

Displacement
The minimum distance between initial
and final point
Displacement can be zero.
Vector quantity (both magnitude &
direction are taken)
SI unit of distance & displacement is metre (m)
37

5m
2m
2m
A
B
5m
In going from A to B in upward path,
Distance = 2m+5m+2m = 9 m,



while Displacement from A to B is = 5 m
Uniform motion: When equal distances are covered in equal interval of
time, then it is called uniform motion.
Non-Uniform motion: When unequal distances are covered in equal
intervals of time, then it is called non-uniform motion.
Speed: Rate of covering distance
Distance
Sped = -------------Time
Unit of speed = metre/second(m/s)
Total distance traveled
*
Average Speed = -------------------------------------Total time taken
*
Scalar quantity
vector quantity
-----------------------------
---------------------------
Only magnitude is taken, not the direction
are taken.
Ex. Speed
Both magnitude and direction
Ex. Velocity
38

Velocity :- Speed in a particular direction.
Unit of velocity – m/s
Initial velocity + final velocity

Average velocity = -----------------------------------------------2
u+v
Vav = --------2
Acceleration:- It is the rate of change of velocity.
Formula ∶ Acceleration =
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
OR
Acceleration =
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
SI unit of acceleration = meter /sec2 (m/s2)
Uniform acceleration
If an object is moving in a straight line &
its velocity increase or decrease by equal
amounts in equal integrals of time, then
the acceleration of the object is said to
be uniform.
Ex. A freely falling object.

Non-uniform acceleration
It an object is moving & its velocity
increase or decrease by unequal
amounts in equal intervals of time, then
the acceleration of the object is said to
be non-uniform.
Ex. When a car is passing through city
limits on a highway.
It velocity decrease  Negative acceleration
OR
Retardation
39


Graphical representation of motion:
Distance- time graph
Time
Uniform speed

Time
Non-uniform Speed
Time
Stationary
Velocity – time graph:
Time
Uniform acceleration

Time
Time
Non-uniform acceleration Uniform motion
Equations of motion by graphical method.
i)
ii)
iii)

V=u + at
s=ut +½ at2
2as = v2 – u2
Equation for velocity – time relation: (v = u + at)
OA = DC = u initial velocity
OE = BC = v find velocity
B OC = AD = t time
EV
Acceleration(a) =
A
D
a=
O
C
40
𝐵𝐶−𝐷𝐶
𝑂𝐶
Change in velocity
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Putting value a =
𝑉−𝑢
𝑡
V= u + at

Equation for distance - time relation:
(𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 +
1
2
at2)
Distance (s) = Area OABC
= Area of the rectangle OADC + area of the triangle ABD.
= OA x OC +
=uxt+
1
2
1
2
( AD x BD)
+ t x (v − u)
Now putting value
S= ut +
1
2
x t (at)
S = ut +

1
2
{v-u = at}
at2
Equation for position – velocity relation : ( 2as = V2 - u2)
Distance (s) = area of the trapezium OABC
S=
(𝑂𝐴+𝐵𝐶 ) 𝑋 𝑂𝐶
2
Now putting value
1
S=
2
(U + V )xt
Now putting the value of t from eq. v-u = at
S=
S=
1
2
(v + u )
1
2a
(𝑣−𝑢)
(𝑣−𝑢)
t=
a
(v2 − u2 )
2as= v2 – u2

Uniform circular motion
Speed =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
41
a
In a circular motion
Speed =
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
v=
2 𝜋𝑟
𝑡
QUESTION BANK
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
Q6.
Q7.
i)
iii)
Q8.
Differentiate between distance & displacement.
How can you calculate the following.
a) Speed from distance – time graph
b) Acceleration from velocity- time graph.
c) Displacement from velocity – time graph.
Name the two quantities, the slope of whose graph gives
i)
Speed
ii)
Acceleration.,
Can displacement be zero even when distance travelled is not zero ?
Distinguish between speed & velocity.
How is uniform motion different from non-uniform motion? Give example.
Derive the following equations of motion graphically.
V= u + at
ii)
1
S = ut +2 at2
2as =v2 – u2
Define acceleration. State the relationship connecting u, v, a and t for an
accelerated motion. Give an example of a motion in which acceleration is
uniform.
Q9. When is the acceleration (i) Positive
(ii)
negative?
Q10. How can we describe the position of an object?
Illustrate with suitable example.
HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTION
Q1.
Give one example of each of the following situations.
a) Uniformly accelerated motion.
b) Motion with uniform retardation.
c) Accelerated motion with uniform magnitude of velocity.
d) Motion in a direction with acceleration in perpendicular direction.
e) Motion in which velocity-time graph is a horizontal line parallel to x-axis.
42
Q2.
i)
ii)
Q3.
A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius m completes one revolution in
minutes. What is his
Average speed
Average velocity in one full revolution
5π
(Ans Average speed = ---------- m/s)
12
Average velocity = zero
What does the slope of a displacement – time graph represent? Can
displacement- time sketch be parallel to the displacement axis? Give reason
to your answer
Time (i)
Time (ii)
Time (iii)
Numericals
Q1.
A truck running at 90 kmh-1 is brought to rest over a distance of 25m.
Calculate the retardation & time for which brakes are applied
(Ans –a = 12.5ms-2, t =25)
Q2.
A vehicle running at 90 kmh-1 is slowed down to 18 kmh-1 is 2.5s. Calculate
i)
Acceleration
ii)
Distance covered in the time it slows down.
(Ans a= -8 ms-2, S = 37.5m)
Q3.
A girl running a race accelerates at 2.5 ms-2 for the first 4 s of the race. How
far does she travel in this time? (ans S=20m)
Q4.
The brakes applied to a car produce an acceleration at 6 ms -2 in the opposite
direction of motion. If the car taken 2s to stop after the application of the
brakes, calculate the distance it travels during the time.
(ans s= 12m)
A stone is thrown in vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5 ms -1. If the
acceleration of the stone during its motion be 10 ms-2 in the downward
direction, what will be the height attained by the stone & how much time will it
take to reach there?
(ans h=1.25m, t = 0.5s)
Q5.
43
Q6.
A cyclist goes once round a circular track of diameter in 5 minute. Calculate
his speed.
(ans v=1.1 m/s)
Q7.
A motorcyclist drives from A to B with a uniform speed of 30 kmh-1 & returns
back with a speed of 20 kmh-1 find its average speed (Ans 24kmh)
Q8.
A vehicle starting from rest travels 20m in first 2s & 160 m in next 4s. What
will be the velocity after 7s from the start. (Ans v=70 m/s)
Value based questions:
Q1.
Shivek & his parents boarded Rajdhani Express at New Delhi station. The
train was standing at platform No.1, Another train was standing on the
neighboring track. Shivek was seeing the second train. Suddenly he felt that
his train has started moving. However, when he viewed the railway platform,
he found that his train is still standing on the platform and is at rest. He again
turned to otherside & felt that his train is moving. He got confused. He asked
his father, about it. His father explained him the cause & Shivek was satisfied.
a) Why shivek felt his train to be moving although the train was at rest?
b) Is the train running with a uniform speed or a non-uniform speed?
c) What characteristics value was exhibited by Shivek ?
Q2.
Take a piece of thread. Tie a small piece of stone to one end of the thread.
Hold the other end of the thread in hand & whirl it round. Note the motion of
the stone. If the thread breaks suddenly, the stone flies along tangent to the
circle at that instant.
a) Which force is whirling the stone? Who is providing this force?
b) Why does the stone fly off along the tangent to the circle at that instant?
c) What value of life do you learn from this?
44
CHAPTER – 9
FORCE & LAWS OF MOTION
FORCE- Push or pull that cause
a) Change in the magnitude of velocity.
b) Change in direction of motion
c) Change in shape or size of object.
Balance Force- Do not change the state of rest or of motion of an object.
Unbalance Force:- Bring change in velocity or state or direction of motion of an
object.
First Law of MotionNewton’s first law of motion is also known as law of inertia.
“ An object remains is a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line
unless compelled to change that state by an applied force”
Why is it called Law of Inertia ?
Inertia is the internal tendency of any object to resist any change in its state of
rest or of motion. First law of motion also says that all objects resist a change in
their state of motion. So it is called the law of inertia.
Some general daily life examples based on Newton Ist law of motion.
i)
Falling backward of passengers when a vehicles starts from rest.
ii)
Falling forward of passengers/ luggage when a moving vehicle suddenly
stops.
Inertia & MassInertia is the natural tendency of an object to resist a change in its state of motion or
of rest.
The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia.
 More mass means more inertia
 Less mass means less inertia
Newton’s second law of motion“The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied
unbalanced force in the direction of force”
Momentum:- It is the product of mass & velocity of an object.
Symbol – p
Formula = Momentum = Mass x velocity
P= mx v
 A vector quantity, as both direction &magnitude are considered.
SI unit of momentum = kg m/s
45
Mathematical formulation of IInd Law of Motion
Suppose on object of
Mass = m
Initial velocity = u
On applying uniform aceeleration = a
Its final velocity becomes = v
At time interval = t
Initial momentum (p1) = mu
Final momentum (p2)=mv
Change in momentum = p2 – p1
= mv – mu
=m(v – u)
M (v-u)
Rate of change of momentum = -----------t
OR applied force
𝑚 (𝑣−𝑢)
F x
F=
𝑡
𝑘 𝑚 (𝑣−𝑢)
𝑡
As we know
𝑣−𝑢
𝑡
= a (acceleration)
 F= kma
One unit of force is defined as amount of that produces an acceleration of 1m/s 2 in
on object of mass
1 unit of force = k x (1 kg) x (1m/s2 )
k becomes = 1
F=m.a
S.I. unit of force f= newton, symbol N
Or kg m/s2
Some daily life example of IInd law of motioni)
ii)
A fielder lowers his hands while catching a cricket ball to reduce the rate of
change of momentum by increasing time.
A high jump athlete falls on a cushioned bed to decrease the rate of
change of momentum.
Newton’s IIIrd Law of motion“To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act on two
different bodies “
46
Conservation of momentum- If the external force on a system is zero, the
momentum of the system remains constant i.e. In an isolated system, the total
momentum remain conserved.
A
uA
mA
B
uB
A
A
B
mB
FAB
Before Collision
mA
FBA
vA
B
vB
mB
After collision
A and B are two balls, the mass and velocities are shown, before collision. The two
bodies collide and force is exerted by each body. There is change in their
velocities due to collision.
mAuA +mB uB = total momentum before collision
mAvA+mBvB = total momentum after collision
mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB
Law of Conservation of Momentum:
The sum of momentum of two objects before contusion is equal to the sum of
momentum after collision provided there is no external unbalanced force
acting on them.
FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION
Question Bank
:-You must know-:
Give reason why 
Q1
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
Q6.
Q7.
Q8.
Q9.
Q10
When a bus suddenly starts moving forward, the passengers in the bus fall
backward.
A cricket fielder moves his hands backwards in catching a fast cricket ball.
The sparks produced during sharpening of a knife against a grinding wheel
leave the rim of the wheel tangentially.
When a tree is vigorously shaken, some of the leaves fall from the tree.
The passengers fall forward when a fast moving bus stops suddenly.
How a horse can pull a cart?
When action and reaction force are equal and opposite, why don’t they cancel
each other.
If mass of a body is doubled, that happens to its acceleration under a given
force?
What is the total momentum of the bullet and the gun on firing?
A rocket can move in a free air space, but a jet plane cannot. Why?
Value based Questions
47
Q1.
Two friends were playing “catch the ball” in a park. Mohan was able to catch
the ball comfortable without hurting himself while Sohan was hurt every time.
He caught the ball. Finally Shohan asked Mohan, how could he catch the ball
with case. Mohan explained the phenomenon to Sohan. Sohan thanked him.
i)
ii)
Why was Mohan not hurt while catching the ball?
Compare and contrast the values of Mohan and Sohan
NUMERICALS
Q1.
Two cars each of mass 1000kg are moving in a straight line but in opposite
directions the velocity of each can is 5 m/sec before collision during which
they stick together. What will be the velocity of the combined case after
collision? (ans= 0 m/sec)
Q2.
A car of mass 1800kg moving with a speed of 10m/sec is brought to rest after
covering a distance of 50m. Calculate the force acting on the car.
(ans = -1800N)
A boy of mass 60kg running at 3 m/sec jump on to a trolley of mass 140 kg
moving with a velocity of 1.5 m/sec in the same direction. What is their
common velocity
[Ans 1.95m/sec]
[hint: m1 u1 + m2 u2 take v common]
A bag pushes a wall with a force of 20N what is the magnitude and direction
of force experienced by the boy? (Ans =20N)
Q3.
Q4.
HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTIONS
Q1.
A 10g bullet is shot from a 5 kg gun with a velocity of 400m/s what is the
speed of recoil of the gun ? [ans = -0.8m/s]
Q2.
A man weighing 60 kg runs along the raids with velocity of 18 km/h and jumps
into a car of mass 2 kg quintal standing on the rails. Calculate the velocity with
which car will start travelling along the rails [ans = 1.88m/s]
Q3.
The following is the distance –time table of an object in motion:-
Time(s) 0
Distance 0
(m)
1
1
2
8
3
27
4
64
5
125
6
216
7
343
a) What conclusion can you draw about the acceleration? # Is it
constant? In creasing ? decreasing ? zero?
b) What do you infer about the force acting on the object ?
48
Q4.
Velocity versus time graph of a ball of mass 50g rolling on a concrete floor is
shown in figure. Calculate the acceleration and frictional force of the floor on
the ball. [hint = v = u+at]
Time(s)
CHAPTER-10
GRAVITATION
1. Universal law of gravitation – Every object is the universe attracts every
other object with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their
centres. The direction of the force is along the line joining the centres of two
objects.
Suppose two objects having masses m1 and m2 are at r distance, then the
force between both will
F ᵅ m1 m2
1
F ᵅ
or
--------r2
m1 m2
F ᵅ -------------r2
or
G, m1 m2
F = -------------------r2
Where G is a constant of proportionality and called universal gravitational constant.
Unit and Values of Gravitational constant (G)
As we know ,
G m 1 m2
F = -------------r2
49
so
So
F x r2
G= -------------- =
m1m2
n. m2
-------kg2
SI unit of G is
Nm2 kg -2
Value of G is 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg 2
Importance of universal law of gravitation
1. The gravitational force of earth is responsible for binding all objects on the
earth.
2. The gravitational force of earth is responsible for holding the atmosphere
around the earth, rainfall, snowfall, flow of water in rivers.
3. All the plants revolve the sun due to gravitation force of sun.
4. The moon revolves around the earth due to gravitational pull of earth on the
moon. Even all artificial satellites revolve around the earth due to gravitational
pull of earth.
5. The tides also due to gravitational pull of moon on earth.
Free fall :- All objects falling towards earth under the action of gravitational force of
earth alone are said to be in free fall.
Acceleration due to gravity is the acceleration produced in a body in free fall due to
the gravitational force of earth on the body. A celebration of objects falling towards
earth does not depend upon their mass.
The acceleration due to gravity on earth (g) is given by
GM
G = ----------R2
And the value of g = 9.8m/s2
The direction of g is along the line joining the body to the centre of earth.
Note->
The acceleration due to gravity (g) does not depend upon the mass of
the body, but gravitational pull of earth F=mg depends on the mass of the body.
Heavier the body, greater is the gravitational pull of earth on it and vice-versa.
Variation in acceleration due to gravity (g)
(a) Effect of shape of earth on ‘g’ –
i)
Acceleration due to gravity at ‘poles’,
GM
gp = ----------R2
= maximum, as Rp is minimum
50
ii)
Acceleration due to gravity at equator
GM
ge = ----------Re2
= minimum, as Re is maximum.
b)
Value of acceleration due to gravity decrease with height over the surface of
earth.
c)
and also, the value of gravitational acceleration decreases as we go down
inside the earth. So much so that at the centre of Earth, g=0
Note – so, the values of acceleration due to gravity is maximum at the surface of
earth. It decreases as we go above the surface of earth or go inside the surface of
earth. At the centre of earth, g=0.
Motion of objects under the influence of gravitational force of earth.
General equation of motion
i)
ii)
iii)
V = u + at
S = ut + ½ at2
v2 – u2 = 2as
Equations of motion for freely falling bodies
i)
ii)
iii)
v = ut + gt ----------------(1)
h = ut + ½ gt2 -----------(2)
v2 – u2 = 2gh
.
The distance (s) and acceleration (a) are replaced by h and g subsequently for freely
falling objects.
1)
A
At A the initial velocity is zero (o)
4)
Ground level
When an object is falling vertically downwards. Its acceleration is positive.
g = +9.8ms2
When an objects is thrown vertically upwards, its acceleration is negative
‘g’ = -9.8m-2
At highest point, final point of body-
5)
Velocity = o, and , g = 9.8 m/s2
Time taken of ascent = time taken in descent.
2)
3)
51
MASS and WEIGHT-
i)
ii)
Mass – The quantity of matter contained in the body, is said to be mass. It
denoted by ‘m’. SI unit is ‘ kilogram (kg)
Weight- The weight of a body is defined as the force with which the body is
attracted towards the centre of the earth. In other words, weight of a body
is the force of earth’s gravity acting on the body.
It is denoted by ‘W’
W = mg (as force is equal to product of mass and acceleration.)
SI unit is Newton (N)
Difference between mass and acceleration
Mass
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Mass is quantity of matter
present in object.
Scalar quantity
SI unit is kilogram
Mass is always constant.
How of object is never zero.
Weight
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
This is the force towards the
earth on the object
Vector quantity.
SI unit is Newton
Weight of an object varies from
place to place
Weight of an object is zero at
the centre of earth.
QUESTION BANK
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Calculate the force of gravity on your friend of mass 60kg. Given mass of
earth = 6 x 1024 kg and radius of earth = 6.4 x 106 m.
Mass of an object is 10kg. What is its weight on earth?
State any three differences between mass and weight?
The weight of a man on the surface of earth is 5.88N. Find his mass, taking
g=9.8ms-2. If the man were taken to moon, his weight would be 98N. What is
his mass on moon? Also, calculate acceleration due to gravity on the moon?
[ hint : m= we/ge]
Q5.
Q6.
Q7.
Q8.
Q9.
What is free fall?
Why is the weight of an object on the moon 1/6 of its weight on the earth?
Suppose gravity of earth suddenly becomes zero, then in which direction will
the moon begin to move if no other celestial body affects it?
Can a body have mass but no weight?
On what factors does the weight of a body depend?
52
Q10. Name four application of Newton’s law of gravitation.
Q11. A body weighs 10kg on surface of earth. What would be its mass and weight
at the centre of earth?
Q12. A ball thrown up vertically returns to the thrower after 10 second. Calculatei)
The velocity with which it was thrown up.
ii)
The maximum height it reaches, and
iii)
its position after 7 second.
Q13. If earth is taken as a sphere of radius 6400km and mass 6x10 24kg, what
would be the value of ‘g’ on the surface of earth?
Q14. A body weighs 1 kg on the surface of earth. What is its mass on moon?
HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) QUESTIONS
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
On earth, value of G=6.67 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2. What is its value on moon, where
g is nearly 1/6th that of earth?
Two particles are placed at some distance. If the mass of each of the two
particles is doubled, keeping the distance between them unchanged, the
value of gravitational force between them will be –
a) ¼ times b)
4 times
c) ½ times d)
Unchanged.
State the difference between gravity and gravitation. A sphere of 40kg is
attracted by another sphere of mass 80kg by a force of 2.5 x 10-6 N when their
centres are 300 mm apart. Find value of G,
Two objects attract each other by a force F. if mass of one object is reduced
to half and the mass of the other object is doubled, then the force between
these objects will be – [Ans –f]
a) f/2
b)
2f
c)
f
d)
f/4
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
Q1.
Ram Singh is an archery trainer. While teaching his students, he asks them to
keep the arrow a little above the target. Gyan singh is very curious to know
the reason behind this and asks him. Ram Singh explained to Gyan Singh
and then he was satisfied.
a) What explanation does Ram Singh give to Gyan Singh?
b) What are the values of Gyan Singh?
c) What are the values of Ram Sing?
Q2.
Tanya is a student of IX class, she read in her science class that all objects
falling freely from a certain height reach the ground simultaneously. However,
from her practical experience she know that if a sheet of a paper and a stone
are just dropped from the window of her flat, the stone reaches the ground
earlier paper reaches the ground a little later. She could not reconcile these
two things. She asked to her science teacher to explain this anomaly. Her
teacher explained to her real cause and Tanya was satisfied
.
53
a) In your opinion, why does paper take a little longer time to come to ground
from same height?
b) What values are being exhibited by Tanya?
ACTIVITIES FOR FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
(I) Improvement in Food Resources.
1)



Manures and fertilizersSimilarities
Dissimilarities
Role in environment
2)



Fish farming
Meaning of ‘Fishery’
Integrated fish culture
Composite fish culture
(II)
Fundamental unit of life
1) Do cell of leaf peals of different plants look alike in shape, size and structure?
(III)
1)
2)
TissueMake a report on types and locations of connective tissue in human body.
To understand the importance of nervous tissue, enlist various activities in
your everyday life.
(IV)
Matter in our surroundings
1)
2)
Collect information about harmful effects of cold drinks.
To prepare crystals of CuSo4 from impure sample of CuSo4
(IV)
Gravitation
1) Issac Newton and his contributions towards theory of gravitation.
(V)
Force and Laws of Motion
1)
Take a spring balance. From a firm support and pull it with your hand. This will
shift the pointer on the scale. Not the reading. Multiply with 9.8 (~ 10). This will
roughly give the force applied by your hand on the spring balance.
2)
Indicate the forces acting while taking part in
a)
Cycle racing
b)
Firing the balloon with toy gun.
54
55
56
57
Summative Assessment – I (2013-14)
Subject –Science (Theory)
Class –IX
Time : 3 hours
M.M : 90
General Instructions:
1.
The question paper comprises o two section, A and B. You are to attempt both the
sections.
2.
All questions are compulsory.
3.
There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in all the
three questions of five marks category. Only one option in such question is to be attempted.
4.
All question of section A and all question of section B are to be attempted
separately.
5.
Question numbers 4 to 7 in section A are one mark questions. These are to be
answered in one word or sentence.
6.
Question number 8 to 19 are two marks questions, to be answered in about 30
words each.
7.
Question number 14 to 22 are three marks questions, to be answered in about 50
words each.
8.
Question numbers 20 to 24 are five marks questions, to be answered in about 70
words each.
9.
Question number 25 to 42 in section B are multiple choice questions based on
practical skills.
Each question is a one mark question. You are to select one most appropriate
response out of the four provided to you.
SECTION- A
Q1.
A substance ‘X’ has a definite shape and is almost incompressible. State the physical
state of the substance.
Q2.
Why does an electric fan continue to rotate for sometime even after the electric fan
is switched off ?
58
Q3.
Why plasma membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane ?
Q4.
Classify the following as Homogenous or Heterogeneous mixture :
Wood, vinegar, soil, filtered tea.
Q5.
Why are lysosomes known as suicide bags?
Q6.
According to Newton’s law of gravitation, the apple and the earth experience equal
and opposite forces due to gravitation. But it is apple fall towards the earth and not
vice versa. Why?
Q7.
What are the functions of stomata? (Any two)
Q8.
What do you mean by inland fisheries? State advantages and disadvantages of
composite fish culture system.
Q9.
How do pests attack the plants? Explain tree ways.
Q10.
a)
What is evaporation?
b)
With the help of an activity, show the cooling effect by evaporation.
Q11. Silver chloride is a white powder. When it is left exposed in sunlight, it forms solid
grey Silver and Chlorine. What conclusion can you draw regarding silver chloride, silver and
chlorine?
Q12.
Explain structure and function of mitochondria.
Q13.
Name the following:
a)
b)
c)
Q14.
Tissue that forms inner lining of our mouth.
Tissue that connect bone to bone in human.
Tissue that transports food in plants.
Draw a neat labeled diagram of neuron.
Q15. A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5m/s. if the
acceleration of the stone during its motion is 10m/s2 in the downward direction, what will
be the height attained by the stone and how much time will it take to reach there ?
Q16.
A bullet of mass 25 g moving with a speed of 200 m/s is stopped within 5 cm of the
target. What is the average resistance force offered by the target ?
Q17.
Give reason for the following:
a)
b)
we fall in the forward direction when a moving bus applies breaks to stop.
A bullet fired from a gun makes a small hole in the window pane while
passing through it, but the stone striking the window pane breaks it into
pieces.
59
Q18.
a)
Write points of difference between mass of an object and its weight.
c)
Why is the weight of an object on the moon 1/6th weight on the earth?
Q19.
A stone is thrown vertically upward direction with a initial velocity of 40m/s. Find the
maximum height reached by the stone. What is the net displacement and total
distance ? Covered by the stone? (g= 10m/s2)
Q20.
Farmers of a village use excess of fertilizers to increase the productivity of crops.
Ayush a 9th class student knows about the harmful effects of fertilizers. So he advised
his father (is also a farmer) and others not to use excess of fertilizers and replace
them by manures.
a)
b)
c)
What are manures?
What are disadvantage of fertilizers?
What are the advantages of using manure?
Or
Write points of differences between manure and fertilizers?
Q21.
Give reason:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Diffusion becomes faster with increase in temperature.
Resins swell up on keeping in water.
Naphthalene balls disappear with time.
Tea kept in a cup cools when kept open.
Smell of cooked hot food reaches to our nose.
Q22.
What is meant by distillation? Explain it with the help of an activity.
Q23.
a)
What is velocity ? Write its unit.
b)
Drive F=kma
OR
Derive graphically s = ut + ½ at2
Q24.
State and explain law of conservation of momentum.
Show : m1u1 +m2 u2 = m1v1+m2v2.
60
SECTION- B
25.
Carbon disulphide is poured in Test containing a mixture of iron fillings and sulphur
powder. After shaking the contents of the test tube it is observed that.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q26.
When Iron nails are present in copper solution for 10 minutes, the inference states
blue colour of copper solution disappears and turns into.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q27.
is
To prevent the cells from dying quickly.
To preserve them
To distinguish them
To make them the organelles clearly visible.
Which of the following will stain the starch granules of potato slice on slide?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q29.
Greenish.
Reddish brown
Blue
Yellow
While preparing at temporary mount of cheek calls, the reason behind staining cells
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q28.
Sulphur dissolves iron fillings float.
Some brown gases are evolved.
Three separate layers are formed.
Yellow solution is formed and iron fillings settle down.
Eosin
Safranin
Methylene bleue
None of these
Coverslip must always be placed very gently while mounting in order to
a)
b)
c)
d)
avoid the entry of air bubble.
Avoid crushing of the material.
Stop the stain from oozing out.
Stop the material from drying.
Q30. A wooden block is lying on the horizontal surface of table. The forces acting on this
wooden block are
a)
b)
c)
Action on the surface on the table.
Reaction on the surface of the table
Action on the surface of the table and reaction on the wooden block.
61
d)
Q31.
A strip of magnesium metal is burn in the flame we observe that
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q32.
d)
yellow and white.
White and yellow
Both are white
Grey and yellow
In the laboratory Carbon Di-sulphide is used as solvent to separate mixture of iron
fillings and sulphur powder. What precautions had to be taken with Carbon Disulphide.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q36.
Keeps on increasing regularly.
Keeps on increasing irregularly.
First increases slowly then decreases rapidly and eventually becomes
constant.
First increases gradually and then becomes constant.
The colour of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride respectively isa)
b)
c)
d)
Q35.
With its bulb in the ice cubes.
In contact with inner wall of beaker.
A little above the ice cubes
In touch with beaker outsides.
A student takes some water in beaker, heats it over flame for determining the boiling
point. He keeps on temperature reading. He observes that temperature of the water.
a)
b)
c)
Q34.
A yellow light appears.
A white dazzling light appears.
Magnesium starts melting.
Lot of black smoke is produced.
For determining the melting point of ice thermometer should be kept
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q33.
None of these.
Keep away from water.
Keep away from flame
Keep away from air
Keep away from iron- sulphide.
The structure marked A, B and C in the following diagram are :
62
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q37.
nucleus, cell wall, vacuole
nucleus, vacuole, cell wall
cell wall, vacuole, nucleus
vacuole, nucleus, cell wall
The Given diagram represents
a)
b)
c)
d)
Parenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Collencyma
Scalaried
63
Q38. By using a spring balance we apply a force of 200N to move a wooden cabinet across
a floor at a constant velocity. What will be the frictional force that will be extended on the
cabinet?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q39.
Figure shows the velocity- time graph of the motion of the graph, which part shows
the uniform velocity among following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q40.
No frictional force.
Frictional force of 200N
Frictional force < 200N
Frictional force > 200N
OA
AB
CD
BC
According to third law of motion, action and reaction:
a)
b)
c)
d)
always act on the same object
always act on different bodies in opposite direction.
Have same magnitude and direction
act on either body at normal to each other
64
Q41.
Name the gas released when Zn metal reacts with dil. Sulphuric acid.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Q42.
NO2
H2
O2
SO2
A student put fie raisins each into beaker A and B. Beaker A contained 20ml of
distilled water and beaker B has 20ml saturated sugar solution. After sometime the
student would observe that
a)
b)
c)
d)
raisins in the beaker A were more swollen that those in beaker B.
raisings in the beaker B were more swollen than those in beaker A.
raisins in both beaker A and B were equally swollen.
Raisins in beaker A did not swell up at all.
QUESTION BANK FOR MCQ’S
(Practical Based)
Experiment-1. Analysing starch and adulterants in food items
Aim of the experiment: To test: (a) the presence of starch in the given food sample (b) the
presence of the adulterant metanil yellow in dal.
1. Which of the under mentioned food groups will not turn blue-black when treated
with iodine?
(1) Rice, potato, bread
(2) bread, wheat, corn flour
(3) rice water, boiled potato, corn starch
(4) dal, fish, meat
2. Metanil yellow, an adulterant used in arhar dal, is basically:
(1) An acid used in toilet cleaner.
(2) An inorganic dye used in leather, paper and textile industries.
(3) A detergent used as washing powder.
(4) An organic dye used in cooking.
3. Ravjna was trying to test the presence of starch in potato tuber. She forgot the
reagent with which the starch given blue colour. Help her to select the correct stain
from the following:
(1) Safranin
(2) Methylene blue
(3) Iodine
(4) Eosin
4. When iodine solution was added to four samples of food I, II, III, IV which will not
develop blue-black colour ?
(I)
Boiled rice
(II)
Crushed potato
(III)
Boiled arhar dal.
65
(IV)
Powdered arhar dal.
(1) I,II
(2)
I, II, III
(3) I,II, IV
(4)
III, IV
5. When 2-4 drops of conc. Hydrochloric acid are added in the given sample of arhar
dal the pink colour is due to :
1) Metanil yellow
2) Starch
3) Turmeric powder
4) Chalk powder.
6. Which of the following will turn blue-black when iodine solution is poured over it ?
1) Sugar
2) Butter
3) Potato extract
4) Boiled egg white
7. Sidak added 1 or 2 drops of iodine to three test tubes A,B and C, containing 2 ml of
food sample. A dark blue black colour appeared in test tube A and B. the correct
order of the food samples taken in the three test tubes A,B and C is :
1) Rice, dal, potato
2) Rice, potato, dal
3) Potato, dal, rice
4) Rice, dal, potato
8. The following statement describe the step of detact the presence of metanil yellow
in dal. One of the four statements given below is incorrect.
a) Take 2 mL of food extract.
b) Gind 3-5 g of dal and prepare solution.
c) Add 2-4 drops of conc. Sulphuric acid
d) Filter the contents and collect the filtrate
The incorrect statement is –
1. b)
2.
a)
3
c)
Hint1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
4)
2)
3)
4)
1)
3)
2)
3)
66
4
d)
Experiment -2 True solutions, suspensions and colloids
Aim of the experiment: To prepare:
a)
b)
c)
a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum.
A suspension of soil, chalk power and fine sand in water
A colloid of starch in water and egg albumin in water and distinguish between
these on the basic of :
*
Transparency
1.
Which of the following shows Tyndall effect ?
1)
True solution
2)
Colloidal solution
3)
Suspension
4)
Colloidal solution and suspension.
Which of the following is stable when allowed to stand undisturbed for sometime ?
1)
Sugar solution
2)
Alum
3)
Salt solution
4)
All of these.
A suspension of chalk in water can be prepared:
1)
by placing a piece of chalk in water
2)
by placing powdered chalk in water
3)
by placing powdered chalk in water and shaking it vigorously
4)
by placing powdered chalk in dil. HCl.
A suspension of chalk and water is subjected to filtration :
1)
the filtrate contains some chalk particles
2)
the chalk particles are left on the filter
3)
noting passes out of the filter paper
4)
non of these
Ankita was asked to prepare a true solution of alum. She followed few steps:
i)
Took a beaker, poured 20 mL of distilled water
ii)
Added a pinch of powdered alum in the beaker containing distilled water
iii)
Now a true solution of alum in water was ready.
iv)
Stirred the water in the beaker with a glass rod.
2.
3.
4.
5.
* filtration criterion
* Stability
Choose the correct procedure sequence :
1)
i)
ii)
iv)
iii)
2)
i)
iv)
ii)
iii)
3)
i)
iii)
ii)
iv)
4)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
6. Three students Sidak, Ravi, Noor were given funnels, filter paper, test tubes, test
tube stands, common salt, chalk powder, starch. The prepared the true solution,
suspension, colloidal solution. The tubes where arranged in a test tube stand as
67
shown in the figure in a test tube stand. They observed the filtrate in the test tubes
and residue on the filter paper and concluded.
1)
Filtrate is clear and no residue is left.
2)
Filtrate is clear and residue is left.
3)
Filtrate is translucent and no residue is left.
Which of the following is correct ?
1)
2)
3)
4)
both A and C and solutions
both A and B are suspensions
only C is colloid
neither A is colloid nor B in suspension.
Ans
1- (4)
2- (4)
3- (3)
4- (2)
5-(1)
6- (3)
Experiment-3 Mixtures and Compounds
Aim of the experiment: To prepare (a) a mixture (b) a compound using iron fillings and
sulphur powder and distinguish between these on the basis of :
i)
Appearance i.e., homogeneity or heterogeneity.
ii)
behaviour towards a magnet.
iii)
behaviour towards carbon disulphide as a solvent.
iv)
effect of heat.
1.
A small amount of compound is taken in a test tube and to it is added 5 cc of carbon
disulphide. The test tube is vigorously shaken. It is observed that :
1)
yellow coloured sulphur particles dissolve, but not the iron.
2)
grey coloured iron particles dissolve, but not the sulphur
68
3)
both iron and sulpiur dissolve to form clear solution.
4)
none of the particles of compound dissolve.
2.
Which one is not observed when carbon disulphide is added to a mixture of iron
filings and sulpur powder taken in a test tube ?
1)
Sulphur powder dissolves and a yellow solution is formed.
2)
iron filings remain unaffected.
3)
iron sulphide is formed by the combination of iron of the mixture and of CS2
4)
solid sulphur reappears when yellow solution is heated.
3.
Add dil H2SO4 to a mixture of iron and sulphur, we would observe:
1)
FeS reacts with dil sulphuric acid to give H2 gas
2)
Mixture of iron and sulphur reacts with dil sulphuric acid to give hydrogen
sulphide gas
3)
FeS does not treact with sulphuric acid.
4)
mixture of iron and sulphur reacts with sulphuric acid to give hydrogen gas.
4.
When iron and sulphur are heated at high temperature:
1)
yellow coloured iron sulphide is formed
2)
black coloured FeS is formed
3)
Mixture of iron and sulphur is formed
4)
they do not react.
5.
When carbon disulphide is added to the compound of iron and sulphur:
1)
hydrogen sulphide gas is evolved
2)
no reaction takes place.
3)
Sulphide dioxide gas is formed
4)
hydrogen gas is eoled.
6.
Mixture of iron and sulphur is :
1)
homogeneous
2)
heterogeneous
3)
homogeneous and heterogeneous as well
4)
non of these.
7.
When you mix iron filings with sulphur thoroughly and spread the mixture evenly on
a white sheet. How the particiles in the mixture appear ?
1)
grey and yellow particles can be seen distinctly, spreaded uniformly.
2)
grey and yellow particles can be see distinctly, but they are not spread
uniformly.
3)
grey and yellow particles cannot be seen distinctly.
4)
only yellow particles can be seen distinctly.
Hint- 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
4)
3)
4)
2)
2)
2)
2)
69
Experiment -4 Chemical reactions
Aim of the experiment: To carry out the following reasons and classify them as physical or
chemical changes:
a)
Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.
b)
Burning of magnesium in air.
c)
Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.
d)
Heating of copper sulphate.
e)
Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water.
1.
Which of the following precipitate is formed when sodium sulphate and barium
chloride reacts ?
1) A
2.
3.
4.
5.
2)
B
3)
C
4)
D
On burring magnesium ribbon in the air, the student will observe:
1)
white powder
2)
shiny powder
3)
brown powder
4)
non of these.
The gas evoled when zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid is :
1)
colourless, odourless, combustible
2)
colourless, foul smelling, combustible.
3)
colourless, pungent smelling, burns with a pop sound
4)
brown coloured, pugent smelling, does not burn
100 mL of a saturated copper sulphate solution was taken in a beaker. A small
amount of iron filings was added to the beaker and left undisturbed overnight. The
mixture was then filtered to obtain the residue. The colour of the residue was found
to be:
1)
greenish blue
2)
faint green
3)
grey
4)
reddish brown
A student while eating solid lead nitrate taken in a test tube would observe :
70
1)
white residue of PbO2
2)
green residue of NO2
3)
yellow residue of PbO
4)
brown residue of NO
6.
On placing an iron nail in a copper sulphate solution, it is observed that:
1)
a soft and black coating is deposited on the iron nail.
2)
a reddish brown coating is deposited on the iron nail.
3)
a smooth and shiny coating is on the iron nail.
4)
a grey and hard coating is deposited on the iron nail
Hint- 1.
2)
2.
1)
3.
1)
4.
4)
5.
3)
6.
2)
Experiment -5
Preparation of temporary mount
Aim of the Experiment: to prepare stained temporary mounts of (a) onion peel and (b)
human cheek cells and to record observations and draw their labeled diagrams.
1
2.
3.
4.
one of the following is not visible in cheek cell:
1)
cell membrane
2)
nucleus
3)
cell wall
4)
cytoplasm
one observing onion peel slide under low power of compound microscope which set
of structure are clearly seen:
1)
cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
2)
nucleus, cell membrane, vacuole, chromosome
3)
cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, vacuole
4)
Cell wall, nucleus, vacuole, chromosome.
the correct method of obtaining an onion peel is to:
1)
take the thinnest bit after meshing an onion leaf.
2)
make thin sections of a thick scale leaf using a blade
3)
use of forceps to pull out a thin transparent peel from a concave surface of a
scale leaf.
4)
use a needle and forceps to remove a thin peel from convex xurfacr of a scale
leaf.
Cells are stained to :
1)
make the cell turgid
2)
nourish the cell
71
5.
6.
7.
8.
3)
help in cell multiplication
4)
highlight the cell organelles.
Which of the following are the identifying features of human cheek cells you will find
in a slide given to you be you teacher ?
1)
the large vacuole appears in each cell
2)
the cells are irregular, flat with cytoplasm
3)
the cells are large enough lying side by side with cell walls
4)
the cells are irregular flat with central nucleus and cytoplasm.
To observe cells in an onion peel, we must prepare the slide by mounting on it:
1)
crushed pulp of onion
2)
dry scale leaf
3)
green leaf of onion
4)
thin layer of fleshy leaf of onion.
Which of the following liquid is not used in the preparation of stained temporary
mount of onion peel ?
1)
Water
2)
glycerine
3)
safranin
4)
methyl alcohol
A student made a temporary mount of onion peel and observed the same under the
microscope.
The cells appeared as :
1)
Hint – 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
i
2)
ii
3)
3)
1)
3)
4)
4)
4)
4)
2)
72
iii
4)
iv
Experiment -6 Tissues
Aim of the experiment: to identify parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants, striped
muscle fibres and nerve cells in animals, from prepared slides and to draw their
labeled diagrams.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Which one of the following is not a characteristic feature of parenchyma:
1)
intercellular spaces are present between the cells.
2)
each cell has large vacuole
3)
composed of thin walled large living cells
4)
cells are isodiametric and non-living
Identify the following slides in the correct order based on the features:
1)
nerve cell, parenchyma, sclerenchyma
2)
sclerenchyma, nerve cell, parenchyma
3)
sclerenchyma, parenchyma, nerve cell
4)
parenchyma, sclerenchyma, nerve cell
Plant cells with thickened at corners, non lignified cell walls are:
1)
parenchyma
2)
collenchyma
3)
sclerenchyma
4)
none of these
Branched striated muscle fibres interconnected by oblique bridges are :
1)
unstriated muscle fibres
2)
striated muscle fibres.
3)
cardiac muscle fibres
4)
none of these
Sidak onbserveda slide of nerve cell, drew its diagram, choose the correct labeling.
73
6.
7.
1)
I, II, III, IV, V are correct
2)
V, II, III are correct
3)
IV, V ,II, III are correct
4)
only I and IV are correct.
Parry was given three slides. By mistake he drew four diagrams. Select the correct
diagram which shows a striated muscle.
1)
A
2)
B
3)
C
4)
D
Observe the diagrams given below and choose the correct diagram of sclerenchyma
cells:
1)
B
2)
C
3)
74
A
4)
D
8.
The following diagram gives the structure of a cell. Identify respectively the part
labeled as A,B and C.
1)
2)
3)
4)
9.
axon, dendrite, cytoplasm
dendrites, axon , cytoplasm
axon, nucleus, cytoplasm
nucleus, axon, cytoplasm
Striated muscle fibre can be identified by:
1)
nuclei lying towards the periphery
2)
star like structure
3)
cells with tapering ends
4)
centered nuclei
10.
One of the following is not a characteristic feature of parenchyma tissue. That
feature is :
1)
cells are thin walled and prominent.
2)
cells are thick at the corners
3)
a large single vacuole is present in each cell
4)
large cells are placed together with intercellular spaces.
11.
cells of sclerenchyma tissue has:
1)
thick wall
2)
narrow lumen
3)
pits
4)
all of these
12.
Students observed the following tissues under the microscope. Which one of the
following tissues is dead ? without living cytoplasm and nucleus.
75
1)
13.
i)
2)
ii)
3)
iii)
4)
iv)
The striped muscle fibres are :
1)
spindle shaped and uninucleate
2)
cylindrical without nuclei
3)
cylindrical with striations and many nuclei
4)
cylindrical and uninucleate.
Hint- 1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
4
3
2
3
2
2
4
1
1
1
2
3
3
Experiment -7
Separating components of a mixture
Aim of the experiment: To separate the components of mixture of sand, common salt and
ammonium chloride (of camphor) by sublimation.
1.
Which one of the following figures describe the process of sublimation ?
1)
A
2)
B
3)
76
C
4)
D
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A mixture of sand, ammonium chloride and sodium chloride is dissolved in water and
filtered. The filterate consists of :
1)
ammonium chloride solution
2)
sodium chloride solution
3)
chalk and ammonium chloride solution
4)
sodium chloride and ammonium chloride solution
The process of evaporation is employed to separate a substance from its mixture if:
1)
substance is soluble in water.
2)
substance is soluble in water and does not decompose on heating.
3)
substance is soluble in water but can decompose on heating.
4)
substance is soluble in water but sublimes on heating.
components of a mixture of sand, common salt and ammonium chloride can be
separated. Select the correct sequence.
1)
sublimation, dissolving in water, filtration, evaporation.
2)
sublimation, filtration, dissolving in water, filtration
3)
sublimation, evaporation, dissolving in water, filtration
4)
evaporation, filtration dissolving in water, sublimation
How do you separate a mixture of sulphur, rion filings and salt ?
1)
use magnet, dissolve in water, filter and crystallize.
2)
use magnet, filter, decant and crystallis.
3)
dissolve in water, filter, crystallize, decant.
4)
decant, crystallize, filter and dissolve in water.
The colour of the pure ammonium chloride is :
1)
white
2)
blue
3)
green
4)
red
the process of sublimation involves:
1)
change of liquid into gaseous state.
2)
change of solid into liquid state.
3)
change of solid directly into gaseous state and vice versa.
4)
change of gas into liquid state.
Hint –
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2)
4)
2)
1)
1)
1)
3)
77
Experiment-8
Determining melting point of ice and boiling point of water
Aim of the experiment: To determine the melting point of ice and boiling point of water.
1.
Below are the melting points of ice as given by four students, which one is correct:
1)
-00C 2)
273 k
3)
1000C
4)
373 k
2.
The correct set up for finding the melting point of ice is:
3.
4.
5.
6.
1)
A
2)
B
3)
C
4)
none of these
In order to find the boiling point of water, one of the precautions is that the bulb of
the thermometer should not touch the sides of the beaker. The precaution is taken
because:
1)
sides of the beaker are at slightly higher temperature.
2)
sides of the beaker are at slightly lower temperature.
3)
the bulb of the thermometer is likely to break.
4)
none of these.
Sidak sets up an apparatus for the determination of boiling point of distilled water at
Shimla. He recorded the boiling point as 970C, instead of 1000C. Assuming that the
thermometer is accurate, the lesser boiling point is due to:
1)
high pressure of air at high altitude.
2)
low pressure of air at high altitude.
3)
water may be containing a large amount of dissolved air.
4)
the water may not be distilled.
Which is not a correct precaution to be followed by Ravi to determine the melting
point of ice ?
1)
zero mark of the thermometer remains above the ice surface.
2)
keep stirring the mixture and look at the thermometer.
3)
crush the ice into small pieces.
4)
do not dip the thermometer in crushed ice.
A student set up an apparatus for the determination of boiling point of a sample of
water supplied to him in his laboratory. He recorded the boiling point as 102 0C.
78
Assuming that the thermometer is accurate, the error in the determined value of
boiling point is due to :
1)
the water may be containing large amount of dissolved air.
2)
the water may not be distilled.
3)
the bulb of the thermometer is not kept above the water surface.
4)
the bulb of the thermometer is touching the bottom of the vessel containing
water.
Hinta.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
2
2
1
2
4
2
Experiment -9.
Variation of force of friction with applied force
Aim of the experiment: To establish relationship between weight of a rectangular wooden
block lying on a horizontal table and the minimum force required to just move it using a
spring balance.
1.
Out of the following forces of friction which is maximum ?
1) limiting friction
2) rolling friction
3) dynamic friction
4) all are equal
2.
A wooden rectangular block of weight 10N is resting over a glass surface, the
force of friction between the block and the glass surface is :
1) 10 N
2) 10 kgwt
3) Zero of weight 5 kg
4) None of these
A rectangular block of 10 cm x 5 cm x 4 cm is made to rest on the three forces
A,B,C respectively as shown. If F1, F2, F3 are the forces of friction which come into
play respectively, then which of the following is correct ?
3.
79
4.
5.
1) F1> F2> F3
2) F1< F2< F3
3) F1> F2< F3
4) F1= F2= F3
A body of 5 kg is acted by a force of 10N. The acceleration produced is 1 ms -2.
Then the force of friction acting on the body is :
1) 10 N
2) 2N
3) 5N
4) 50N
Which one of the following graphs correctly represents the variation of force of
friction F with applied force P ?
80
1)
2)
3)
4)
A
B
C
D
Hint1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1)
3)
4)
3)
3)
Experiment -10 Absorption
Aim of the experiment: To determine the mass percentage of water imbibed by raisins.
1.
2.
Students A,B and C were given five raisins of equal weight. The raisins were
soaked in distilled water at room temperature. A re moved the raisins after 20
minutes: B after two hours and C after 40 minutes. If PA, PB and Pc denote
percentage absorption of water obtained by student A,B and c respectively, then:
1) PA> PB > PC
2) PA< PB < PC
3) PA< PB > PC
4) PA=PB =PC
A student dissolved 1 g of sugar in 10ml of distilled water in a beaker A. He
dissolved 10g of sugar in 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker B. Then he dropped
a few raisins, in each. After two hours he found the raisins:
1) swollen in A and shrunken in B
2) shrunken in A and swollen in B
3) swollen in both
4) shrunken in both.
3.
A student soaked 10g of raisins in 50ml of distilled water in two beakers A and B
each. She maintained beaker A at 250C and breaker B at 500 C. After an hour, the
percentage of water absorbed with be:
1) the same in both A an d B
2) more in a than in B
3) more in B than in A
4) exactly twice as much in B and in A.
4.
while performing an experiment with raisins, a student recorded the following
data:
Mass of water taken in the beaker = 50 g
Mass of raisins before soaking = 20 g
Mass of raisins after soaking =30 g
81
Mass of water in the beaker left after experiment = 40 g
1) 10%
2) 20%
3) 45%
4) 50%
A student dissolved 5g of sugar in 100ml of distilled water in beaker A. He
dissolved 100g of sugar in 100ml of distilled water in beaker B. Then he dropped
a few raisins of equal weight in each beaker. After two hours he found the
raisings in A swollen and those in B shrunken. The inference drawn is that:
1) sugar concentration of raisins is lower than that of solution A and higher than
that of solution B
2) sugar concentration of raisins is higher than that of solution A and lower
than that of solution B
3) in B the cell membrane of raisins was damaged resulting in leaching.
4) In A the permeability to water of the cell membrane of raisins was enhanced.
5.
6.
5 g of raisins were placed in distilled water for 24 hours. The weight of soaked
raisins was found to be 7 g. The correct percentage of water absorbed by raisins
is :
1) 20%
2) 25%
3) 40%
4) 45%
7.
What is the inference drawn from the determine the percentage of water
absorbed by raisins ?
1) distilled water enters raisins because of endosmosis.
2) Distilled water enters raisins because of exosmosis
3) Water moves out of raisins due to endosmosis
4) Water moves out of raisins due to exosmosis.
Hint –
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3)
3)
3)
4)
2)
3)
1)
82