Module 7
Sleep and Dreams
CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS
• Different states
– Consciousness
• _______________________________________
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– Continuum of consciousness
• _______________________________________
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CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
• Different states
– Controlled processes
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– Automatic processes
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– Daydreaming
• ______________________________________________
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CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
• Different states
– ___________________________________________
– ________________________________________________
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CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
• Different states
• Sleep and dreams
– Sleep
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– Dreaming
• ______________________________________________
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CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
• Unconscious and Implicit Memory
– Freud’s theory, when we are faced with very threatening
wishes or desires, especially if they are sexual or aggressive
– defend self-esteem by placing these thoughts in the
___________________________________________
– ________________________________________________
• Implicit or Non-declarative Memory
– ________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________
CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
• Unconscious
– ________________________________________________
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RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING
• Biological clocks (life-time)
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• Circadian rhythm
• ______________________________________________
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RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT.)
• Location of biological clocks
– Supra-chiasmatic nucleus
• ________________________________________
• ________________________________________
• ________________________________________
• ________________________________________
RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT.)
• Location of biological clocks
– interval timing clock
• ______________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
• helps creatures time their movements, such as knowing
when to start or stop doing some activity
• _____________________________________________
– food-entrainable circadian clock
• ______________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT.)
• Circadian problems and treatments
– _____________________
– _____________________
– _____________________
– _____________________
WORLD OF SLEEP
• Stages of sleep
– distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the
brain and accompanying physiological responses of
the body that occur as you pass through different
phases of sleep
• Alpha stage
• ________________________________________
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WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.)
• Non-REM sleep
• where you spend approximately ____ of your sleep
time
• _______________________________________
• identified by particular pattern of brain waves and
physiological responses
• ________________________________________
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WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.)
• Non-REM sleep
– Stage 1 sleep
• ______________________________________________
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WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.)
• Non-REM sleep
– Stage 2 sleep
• _______________________________________
• __________________bursts of brain activity called
sleep spindles
• muscle tension, body temperature and heart rate
gradually _______________________________
• more difficult
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WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.)
• Non-REM sleep
– Stages 3 and 4
• ________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
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• ______________________________________________
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• most difficult to be awakened from
• heart rate, respiration, temperature, and blood flow to the
brain are reduced
• ________________________________________
• controls levels of
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WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.)
• REM sleep
• makes up the remaining _________ of your sleep
time
• stands for “__________________________”
• eyes move rapidly back and forth behind closed
lids
• pass into REM sleep about ____________ times
throughout the night with about
___________minutes between periods
• REM sleep remains for about
______________minutes then passes into nonREM sleep
QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP
• According to a national survey
– __________________________________________
– __________________________________________
– __________________________________________
– __________________________________________
– __________________________________________
QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP
• Why do I sleep?
– repair theory
• activities during the day deplete key factors in our
brain or body that are replenished or repaired by
sleep
• ________________________________________
– adaptive theory
• ________________________________________
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WORLD OF DREAMS
• Theories of dream interpretation
– Freud’s theory of dream interpretation
• we have a “censor” that protects us from realizing
threatening and unconscious desires or wishes,
especially those involving sex or aggression
• “censor” protects us from threatening thoughts by
transforming our secret, guilt-ridden and anxietyprovoking desires into harmless symbols that
appear in our dreams and do not disturb our sleep
or conscious thoughts
WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT.)
• Theories of dream interpretation
– Extensions of Waking Life Theory
• dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears, concerns,
problems, and emotions that we have when awake
– Activation-Synthesis Theory
• dreaming occurs because brain areas that provide
reasoned cognitive control during the waking state
are shut down
• sleeping brain is stimulated by different chemical
and neural influences that result in hallucinations,
delusions, high emotions, and bizarre thought
patterns that we call dreams
WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT.)
• Typical dreams
– What do people dream about?
• ____________________________________
• ____________________________________
• ______________________________________
• visual sensation, but rarely sensations of taste,
smell, or pain
• seem bizarre, may include flying or falling without
injury
• may be recurrent (dreams of being threatened,
pursued, or trying to hide)
WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT.)
• Typical dreams
– involve emotions of anxiety or fear rather than joy or
happiness
– rarely involve sexual encounters and are almost
never about sexual intercourse
– rarely can we control or dream about something we
intend to dream about
– dreams usually have visual imagery and are in color
in sighted people
– blind people from birth, dream in tactile, olfactory, or
gustatory (taste), not visual
APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS &
TREATMENTS
• Insomnia
• ________________________________________
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– associated with daytime complaints:
• ______________________________________
• ______________________________________
• ______________________________________
• ______________________________________
APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS &
TREATMENTS (CONT.)
• Nondrug treatment
– go to bed only when sleepy
– put light out immediately
– do not read or watch TV
– if not asleep in 20 minutes, get out of bed and relax in
another room until tired again
– repeat step 4 as often as required
– set alarm for same time each morning
– do not nap during the day
– follow program rigidly for several weeks
• Drug treatment
APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS &
TREATMENTS (CONT.)
• Drug treatment
– Benzodiazepines (Dalmane, Xanax, Restoril)
• ________________________________________
• effective in moderate dosages in short term (2-4
weeks) treatment
• prolonged use in higher dosages may lead to
______________________________________
– Non-benzodiazepines (Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta)
• rapidly becoming popular
• fast acting
• reduce daytime drowsiness
• fewer cognitive side effects
• less likely to lead to dependence
APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS &
TREATMENTS (CONT.)
• Sleep Apnea
– repeated periods during sleep when a person stops
breathing for 10 seconds or longer
– may repeatedly stop breathing, momentarily awake,
and then resume sleep
– results in insomnia, and exhaustion during the day
• Narcolepsy
– chronic disorder that is marked by excessive
sleepiness
– form of sleep attacks or short periods of sleep
throughout the day
– accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep and loss
of muscle control (cataplexy)
– triggered by emotional change
APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS &
TREATMENTS (CONT.)
• Night Terrors
– occur in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
– frightening experiences that often start with a piercing
scream
– followed by sudden awakening in a fearful state with
rapid breathing and increased heart rate
– usually no memory of experience in the morning
• Nightmares
– occur during REM sleep
– very frightening and anxiety-producing images occur
– involve great danger
– upon awakening, person can describe nightmare in
great detail
APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS &
TREATMENTS (CONT.)
• Sleepwalking
– occurs in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
– getting up and walking while literally sound asleep
– have poor coordination
– clumsy but can avoid objects
– can engage in limited conversation
– no memory of sleepwalking