THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS Chapter 8 – Transport,
THIRD EDITION
Energy and Environment
APPLICATIONS
Copyright © 1998-2015, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA.
Jean-Paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu
You may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or
redistribution permitted.
For more information: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans
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• Information cited from this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2013) The Geography of Transport
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Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
International Oil Transportation
THIRD EDITION
Application 1
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
OPEC Members and Countries with more than 10 Billion Barrels of Oil Reserves
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
United States Strategic Petroleum Reserves, 1977-2013
160
700
Storage (in millions of barrels)
600
120
100
500
80
400
60
300
40
Fill Rate (in millions of barrels per year)
140
20
200
0
100
-20
2013
2011
2009
2007
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
-40
1977
0
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Share of OPEC and the Persian Gulf in the World Crude Oil Production, 1960-2008
60%
55%
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
OPEC
Persian Gulf
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
West Texas Intermediate, Monthly Nominal Spot Oil Price (1970-2015)
140
Third Oil Shock
120
100
80
60
Second Oil Shock
40
20
A
First Oil Shock
2
1
E
B
D
C
Jan-70
Jan-71
Jan-72
Jan-73
Jan-74
Jan-75
Jan-76
Jan-77
Jan-78
Jan-79
Jan-80
Jan-81
Jan-82
Jan-83
Jan-84
Jan-85
Jan-86
Jan-87
Jan-88
Jan-89
Jan-90
Jan-91
Jan-92
Jan-93
Jan-94
Jan-95
Jan-96
Jan-97
Jan-98
Jan-99
Jan-00
Jan-01
Jan-02
Jan-03
Jan-04
Jan-05
Jan-06
Jan-07
Jan-08
Jan-09
Jan-10
Jan-11
Jan-12
Jan-13
Jan-14
Jan-15
0
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Major Oil Price Fluctuations
Price Change Event
Price Change Time Frame
Cause
Nominal Price Change
First Oil Shock
October 1973 to March 1974
From $4.31 to $10.11 (+134.5%)
Second Oil Shock
April 1979 to July 1980
Oil counter shock (A)
First Gulf War (1)
November 1985 to July 1986
July 1990 to November 1990
Asian Financial Crisis (B)
January 1997 to December1998
"Asian Demand Contagion" (2)
"September 11 Effect" (C)
January 1999 to September 2000
August 2001 to December 2001
Third Oil Shock
December 2003 to June 2008
Financial Crisis of 2008 (D)
July 2008 to February 2009
Yom Kippur War / OPEC oil embargo
Iranian revolution (1978) / Iran-Iraq war
(1980)
OPEC oversupply / Lower demand
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
Debt defaults / Non-USD currency
devaluations / Reduced demand
Rising demand / OPEC output cutbacks
Oversupply / American recession
Peak oil / Rising demand / Monetary
debasement / Speculation
Collapse of asset bubbles / Demand
destruction / Global recession
From $15.85 to $39.50 (+149.2%)
From $30.81 to $11.57 (-62.4%)
From $18.63 to $32.30 (+73.4%)
From $25.17 to $11.28 (-55.1%)
From $11.28 to $33.88 (+200.3%)
From $27.47 to $19.33 (-29.6%)
From $32.15 to $133.95 (+316.6%)
From $133.95 to $39.16 (-70.7%; Dec
2008)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Nominal and Real Oil Price, 1870-2013 (Dollars per Barrel)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Recession
Real
Nominal
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Real Price of Oil and Major Disruptions in World Oil Supply, 1950-2008
120
5
Gulf War
4.5
100
Iranian Revolution
$ per barrel
3.5
Iran / Iraq War
80
3
OPEC Embargo
60
2.5
6 Days War
Suez War
Billions of barrels per day
4
2
40
1.5
1
20
0.5
2007
2004
2001
1998
1995
1992
1989
1986
1983
1980
1977
1974
1971
1968
1965
1962
1959
1956
1953
0
1950
0
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Costs of Finding Oil, 1977-2007
18
70
60
14
50
12
10
40
8
30
Difference
Costs of finding oil ($ per barrel)
16
6
20
4
10
2
0
0
Difference between oil costs and finding costs
Worldwide oil finding costs
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Cost of Finding Oil, 1981-2006
9
Costs of finding oil ($ per barrel)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Domestic
Foreign
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World Oil Production, 1965-2013 (1000s of barrels per day)
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
North America
South and Central America
Europe & Eurasia
Middle East
Africa
Asia Pacific
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World Oil Consumption, 1965-2013 (1000s of barrels per day)
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
North America
South and Central America
Europe & Eurasia
Middle East
Africa
Asia Pacific
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World Oil Balance, 1965-2013 (1000s of barrels per day)
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
-5,000
-10,000
-15,000
-20,000
-25,000
North America
South and Central America
Europe & Eurasia
Middle East
Africa
Asia Pacific
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Global Oil Market
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Reserves and Total Resources
Sub-economic
Potentially
Unrecoverable
Cost of Recovery
Price / Technology
Available
Resources
Reserves
Exploration
(Identified and
recoverable)
Unidentified
Uncertainty
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Types of Oil and Gas Reserves
Quantity
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Major Crude Oil Reserves, 2009 (Thousand Million Barrels)
Azerbaijan
7.0
Norway
7.1
Mexico
11.7
Algeria
12.2
Brazil
12.9
Angola
13.5
China
14.8
Qatar
26.8
US
28.4
Canada
33.2
Nigeria
37.2
Kazakhstan
39.8
Libya
44.3
Russian Federation
74.2
United Arab Emirates
97.8
Kuwait
101.5
Iraq
115.0
Iran
137.6
Venezuela
172.3
Saudi Arabia
264.6
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Estimated Oil Reserves, Selected OPEC Countries, 1980-1991 (billions of barrels)
260
240
220
200
180
160
Iran
140
Iraq
120
Kuwait
Saudi Arabia
100
Venezuela
80
60
40
20
0
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Change in Major Crude Oil Reserves, 2001-2006
Algeria
2001
Mexico
Change (2001-2006)
Qatar
China
United States
Nigeria
Libya
Russia
Venezuela
United Arab Emirates
Kuwait
Iraq
Iran
Canada
Saudi Arabia
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Billions of barrels
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Proven Oil Reserves, 1980-2011 (thousand million barrels)
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
North America
South and Central America
Europe & Eurasia
Middle East
Africa
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
Asia Pacific
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World Annual Oil Production (1900-2013) and Peak Oil (2010)
35
30
Billions of barrels
25
20
15
10
5
2010 Peak
2100
2090
2080
2070
2060
2050
2040
2030
2020
2010
2000
1990
1980
1970
1960
1950
1940
1930
1920
1910
1900
0
Actual
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World’s Largest Oil Fields, 2005
Oil Field
Output (MBD)
% of national output
Status
Ghawar (Saudi Arabia)
4.5
40%
Possibly declining
Cantarell (Mexico)
2.0 (1.7; 2007, 1.04;
2008)
60%
Declining
Burgan (Kuwait)
1.7
68%
Declining
DaQing (China)
1.0
40%
Possibly declining
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Oil Production of Some Declining Regions, 1973-2009
10,000
9,000
Thousands of barrels per day
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
North Sea
United States
Mexico
Cantarell Oil Field
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Remaining Proven Oil Reserves for “Middle Eastern Five” According to Major Assessors,
2005
UAE
S. Arabia
Kuwait
Bakhtiari's Estimate
Colin Campbell
BP Statistical Review
Oil & Gas Journal
Iraq
Iran
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Billions of barrels
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Global Oil Production, 1924 (1,000s of barrels per day)
73
North America
South America
179
88
2333
95
Europe
3
Middle East
Africa
Far East
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Petroleum Production, Consumption and Imports, United States, 1949-2014
8
120
7
100
80
5
4
60
3
Dollars per barrel
Millions of barrels
6
40
2
20
1
0
0
Crude Oil Production
Consumption
Crude Oil Imports
Crude oil price (2013 dollars)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Modes Used for Petroleum Transportation
Pipeline
Marine
Rail
Truck
Volumes
Large
Very large
Small
Large
Materials
Crude / Products
Crude / Products
Products
Products
Scale
2 ML+
10 ML+
100 kL
5-60 kL
Unit costs
Very low
Low
High
Very high
Capital costs
High
Medium
Low
Very low
Access
Very limited
Very limited
Limited
High
Responsiveness
1-4 weeks
7 days
2-4 days
4-12 hours
Flexibility
Limited
Limited
Good
High
Usage
Long haul
Long haul
Medium haul
Short haul
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Crude Oil Imports, United States, 2002 (in thousands of barrels)
Other
Angola
Norway
United Kingdom
Iraq
Nigeria
Venezuela
Canada
Mexico
Saudi Arabia
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Inter-Regional Petroleum Movements, 2006
Middle East / Singapore
Middle East / China
Mexico / USA
West Africa / USA
North Africa / Europe
Middle East / USA
Canada / USA
Sout America / USA
Middle East / Europe
Middle East / Japan
Russia / Europe
Middle East / Other Pacific Asia
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Thousands of Barrels per Day
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Net Oil Imports from the Persian Gulf Region as % of Total Net Oil Imports, 1982-2002
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
United States
Western Europe
Japan
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Export Land Theory
2.5
Millions of barrels per day
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
1
2
3
Production (-5% per year)
4
5
Time (years)
Consumption (+2.5% per year)
6
7
8
9
Exports
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Crude Oil Production and Consumption, China, 1980-2009 (in 1,000 of barrels per day)
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Production
Consumption
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
China’s Crude Oil Imports, 2004
Brazil
Malaysia
Norway
12%
14%
Indonesia
45%
Congo
Vietnam
Sudan
29%
Russia
Iran
Angola
Oman
Middle East
Africa
Western Hemisphere
Asia-Pacific
Saudi Arabia
0
5
10
15
Percentage
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Factors of Oil Dependency
Occurrence
Localized large deposits (decades)
Transportability
Liquid that can be easily transported. Economies of scale
Energy content
High mass / energy released ratio
Reliability
Continuous supply; geopolitically unstable
Storability
Easily stored
Flexibility
Many uses (petrochemical industry; plastics)
Safety
Relatively safe; some risks (transport)
Environment
Little wastes, CO2 emissions
Price
Relatively low costs
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Alternatives to the Strait of Hormuz, 2013
Throughput
Abqaiq-Yanbu (Saudi
Arabia)
Additional Capacity
Abu Dhabi Crude Oil
Pipeline (UAE)
Petroline (Saudi Arabia)
Strait of Hormuz
0
2
4
6
8
10
Millions of barrels per day
12
14
16
18
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World Gas Trade
700
600
500
400
LNG
Pipeline
300
200
100
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
LNG Exporters, 2003
USA
Oman
Australia
Trinidad & Tobago
Malaysia
Indonesia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Major Oil Flows and Chokepoints
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Tanker Size
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Pollutants Emitted by Transport
Systems
THIRD EDITION
Application 2
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Carbon Emissions by Main Freight Transport Mode
Coastal Vessel
13
Barge
40
Electric Train
38
Diesel Train
69
Truck (35 tons)
100
Truck (20 tons)
200
Aircraft (1500 km)
800
Aircraft (550 km)
1420
0
200
400
600
800
g / ton-km
1000
1200
1400
1600
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Annual Emissions of Air Pollutants for a Passenger Car in the United States, 1997
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogren Oxides
kg / veh / year
grams per mile
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Annual Emissions of Air Pollutants for a Light Truck in the United States, 1997
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogren Oxides
kg / veh / year
grams per mile
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Atmospheric Pollution Caused by Different Stages in the Driving Cycle of Gasoline Engine
Aldehydes
Nitrogen Oxydes
Decelerating
Cruising
Accelerating
Idling
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
EU-25 Total Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Fuel Combustion (CO2 Equivalent)
4000
3500
3000
M Tons
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Energy
Manufacturing
Transport
Other
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
SO2 and NOx Emissions in North America and Europe, 1980-1994
60,000
(000 metric tons)
55,000
50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
NOx
SO2
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Air Pollutant Concentrations in some Cities, 1999 (in mg per m3)
Sydney
Mexico City
London
Tokyo
Taipei
Singapore
Kuala Lumpur
Hong Kong
Beijing
Bangkok
0
20
40
60
SO2
NO2
80
100
120
RSP
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Emissions by Urban Transport Modes
CO
Passenger Cars
Vans
VOC
Motorcycles
Urban Transit
Car Freight Transport
NOx
Vans (Household purchases)
Van (Deliveries)
Heavy Trucks
Particulates
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Road Transportation Noise
~ 50 db(A)
Ambient noise
100 m
~ 65 db(A)
Barrier effect
~ 80 db(A)
Specific vehicle
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Noise Generated by a Passenger Car
90
80
Noise (dB)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Speed (km / hr)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Rail Transportation Noise
~ 55 db(A)
500 m
~ 85 db(A)
~ 70 db(A)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Air Transportation Noise
~ 60 db(A)
4 km
~ 90 db(A) ~ 110 db(A)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Aircraft Takeoff Noise in dB(A)
Can-RJ
Propeller
DC10
B777-200
B747-100
B747-400
A320
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
People Exposed to Aircraft Noise of more than 65 dbA, United States, 1975-2003
8
7
6
Millions
5
4
3
2
1
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Average Global Temperature and World Carbon Emissions From Fossil Fuel Burning, (in
millions of tons) 1800-2013
10,000
14.8
9,000
14.6
8,000
14.4
7,000
14.2
6,000
14
5,000
13.8
4,000
13.6
3,000
13.4
2,000
13.2
1,000
13
0
12.8
1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Million Tons of Carbon
Average global temperature
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning by Fuel Type, 1900-2009
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
1900
1903
1906
1909
1912
1915
1918
1921
1924
1927
1930
1933
1936
1939
1942
1945
1948
1951
1954
1957
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
0
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Contribution of Different Gases to the Greenhouse Effect, 1995
1%
6%
4%
CO2
6%
Methane
CFC (R12)
CFC (R11)
19%
NO2
64%
Other
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
CO2 Emissions by Sector, United States, 1972-2003 (in million metric tons)
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Transportation
200
150
100
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-2001 (in million
metric tons)
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Transportation
800
600
400
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
CO2 Emissions by Type of Fuel for the Transportation Sector in the United States, 1998
3%
15%
Gasoline
Diesel
Jet fuel
16%
Other
66%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Transportation Section, United States, 1990-2005
0.1
3 1.7
CO2
HFC
N2O
CH4
95.1
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
CO2 Emissions by Transportation Mode in the United States, 1998
2%
7%
Cars
14%
Light Trucks
43%
Heavy Trucks
Airplaines
14%
Rail & Marine
Non oil-based
20%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
CO2 Emissions by Transportation Mode, EU-15, 2002
0.7%
1.6%
13.5%
Road
Inland navigation
Air
Rail
84.2%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World Production of CFCs, 1960-1997
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
1962
1960
0
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Climate Change and its Potential Impacts on Transportation
Climate Change
Impacts on Operations
Impacts on Infrastructure
Heat waves
Impacts of lift-off load limits on shorter runways.
Limits on periods of construction activity.
Thermal expansion of bridges.
Pavement integrity and softening.
Deformation of rail tracks.
Increase in arctic
temperatures
Longer shipping season. More ice-free ports in northern
regions. Availability of trans-arctic shipping routes.
Damage to infrastructure because of the thawing of the
permafrost. Shorter season for ice-roads.
Rising sea levels
More frequent interruptions of coastal low lying road, rail
and air traffic due to storm surges.
More frequent inundation of infrastructure (and potential
damage) in low lying areas.
Erosion of infrastructure support (e.g. road and bridge bases).
More frequent flooding of tunnels.
Changes in harbor and port facilities to accommodate higher
tides and surges.
Increase in intense
precipitation events
Increase in weather related delays and disruptions,
particularly road and air transport.
More frequent flooding of infrastructure in vulnerable areas (e.g.
roads and tunnels).
Erosion of infrastructure support.
More frequent hurricanes
(and of higher intensity)
More frequent interruptions of air services.
More frequent and extensive evacuations of coastal
areas.
More debris of road and rail infrastructures, impairing
operations.
Greater probability of infrastructure failure.
Greater damage to port infrastructures.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Green Logistics
THIRD EDITION
Application 4
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Logistic Activities and their Green Dimensions
Product Design and
Production Planning
Product design
Near sourcing
Sustainable sourcing
Physical Distribution
Materials Management
Certified distribution
facilities
Certified carriers
Load consolidation
Alternative modes and fuels
Packaging
Recycled inputs
Recyclable outputs (waste
management)
Consumers
Forward Channel
Suppliers
Producers
Distributors
Recyclers
Collectors
Reverse Channel
Forward and Reverse Distribution
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Material Flows Cycle
Forward Logistics
Resource
supply
Production and
manufacturing
Waste or losses
Renewable and
nonrenewable
resources
Post-consumer discards
Recycling
Recycled flow
Consumption
Reverse Logistics
Landfills, impoundments,
deep wells and ocean
disposal
Source
Sink
Releases to air, land and
water
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Hub-and-Spoke Network and Externalities
A
B
Hub
Feeder
Externalities
E(A)
E(B)
B
A
Number of nodes
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Environmental Vicious Circle of Logistics
Paradigm
Added value
Efficiency
Control
More ton-km
transported
Less spatial
constraints
Energy consumption
Pollutant emissions
Network changes
Space consumption
Externalities
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Food Mile: Yogurt Supply Chain, Germany
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Main Dimensions of Green Logistics (under construction)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Land Requirements for Freight Distribution
Freight Village
Transportation
Terminals
Networks
Roads / lines
Rights of way
1
1
Warehousing
Outdoor
Storage
2
Port terminals
Rail terminals
Airports
Inventory at terminal
Storage
Energy
Distribution centers
Cross-docking
2
Inventory in transit
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Chicago Area Consolidation Center Site
N
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Paradoxes of Green Logistics
Dimension
Outcome
Paradox
Costs
Reduction of costs through improvement in packaging and
reduction of wastes.
Benefits are derived by the distributors.
Environmental costs are often externalized.
Time / Flexibility
Integrated supply chains.
JIT and DTD provide flexible and efficient physical
distribution systems.
Extended production, distribution and retailing structures
consuming more space, more energy and producing more
emissions (CO2, particulates, NOx, etc.).
Network
Increasing system-wide efficiency of the distribution system
through network changes (Hub-and-spoke structure).
Concentration of environmental impacts next to major hubs and
along corridors.
Pressure on local communities.
Reliability
Reliable and on-time distribution of freight and passengers.
Modes used, trucking and air transportation, are the least
environmentally efficient.
Warehousing
Less warehousing per unit of freight.
Inventory in circulation.
Inventory shifted in part to public roads (or in containers),
contributing to congestion and space consumption.
E-commerce
Increased business opportunities and diversification of the
supply chains.
Changes in physical distribution systems towards higher levels
of energy consumption.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Logistical Strategies to Cope with Energy and Environmental Constraints
Objective
Strategy
Shipping less
Demand responsive systems. Reduce returns.
Changing suppliers
Reassessing sourcing both at the global and domestic levels.
Shipping scheduling
Allow greater shipping time and outside rush periods.
Efficient packaging
Reduce the shipment size (volume) of the same load.
Modal shift
Use a mode or a route that is more energy and environmentally
efficient.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Weight and Packaging Improvements: iPad 1 versus iPad 2
iPad 1 (2010)
iPad 2 (2011)
3.1 lbs.
25.4 cm
2.8 lbs.
4.3 cm
5.1 cm
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.