FORMULA OF SUCCESS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
A Famous Lecturer`
“Well”, he said in promulgating your esoteric cogitations
and articulating superficial, sentimental and psychological
observations,beware of platitudinous ponderosity .Let
your extemporaneous decantations and unpremeditated
expatiations have intelligibility and veracious veracity with
rodomontade and thrasonical bombast.Sedulously avoid
all polysyllabic profundity , pusillanimous
vacuity,pestiferous profanity and similar transgressions .
In short
“Talk simply ,naturally and above all don’t use big words”
WHAT SHOULD I REQUIRE
FOR
EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION??
STYLE
Style
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Proper words in proper places.
J.swift
Style is the dress of thought.
Lord Chesterfield
A man’s style is his mind’s voice
Emerson
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Style in technical communication is
the way one speaks or writes to
convey technical information.
STYLE
Style is the how of written communication , and content is the what.
The same ideas may be communicated differently by two persons, and the
results may be quite different .
When you are filling an order form or certain other types of formulaic
writings , style may not be so important .But in business letters and in
detailed reports it plays a major role .
General
Specific
Window
Desk drawer
Tool
Check
Secretary
Walked into the room
Third window from the left
Second desk drawer from the top
Thin-nosed pliers
Check for Invoice 23-78A
Secretary for Mr.Rollins
Strutted in the room
Traits of Effective writing
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Visualize what you wish to say.
Organize the data and their analysis.
Be fluent while writing the first draft.
Revise the draft carefully. Delete the
word,phrase,sentence or paragraph that is
superfluous. Maintain objectivity.
Avoid belabouring a point unnecessarily.
IMPROVING STYLE
Choice of words and phrases
 Avoid cliches
 Avoid excessive use of jargons
 Avoid redundancy
 Avoid circumlocution
 Avoid foreign words and phrases
 Prefer active to passive voice to avoid wordiness
Depending factors
Audience
 Context
 purpose
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What to look for an effective style
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Words and phrases
Sentence structure
Sentence type
Rhetorical devices
Effective logical structure or organization
EXAMPLES OF THE PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED TECHNIQUES
CONCISENESS
It is difficult to make an approximation of how much money
would it cost
It is difficult to estimate its cost
Some changes are expected to be made in the organization of this
department but no one as yet knows what changes are going to take
place.
No one can anticipate the changes that will be made in the
organization of the department
Avoid wordy compound
prepositions
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whether
now
although
before
until
Single words can often replace wordy
compound prepositions.
As to whether
At this point of time
Despite the fact that
In advance of
Until such time as
Purge empty words
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In the case of India today the newspaper
improved its readability.
Revd: India today improved its readability.
Students writing in that class are excellent
in quality.
Revd: students writing in that class are
excellent.
Some more
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When the cheque arrived, I encashed
it immediately
Revd: I encashed the cheque immediately.
This is to inform that the meeting will
start at 2 p.m.
Revd: The meeting will start at 2 p.m.
Redundancy

Redundancy is that part of a message
which can be eliminated without any
loss of information. It is more often
unnecessary use of words or needless
repetition of an idea.
SOME EXAMPLES:
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Basic fundamentals,
Few in number,
True facts,
Red in colour,
Repeat again.
Alone by oneself,
Return back
Retreat backwards,
Humorous joke,
Advance warning,
Final result,
Memories of the past,
Contd.
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Assemble together
Great majority
Unexpected surprise
Potential opportunity
Midway between
Past history
Positively certain
REDUNDANCY-PLEONASM
This room is spacious enough to accommodate the overwhelmingly
large audience that is expected to attend the meeting
This room can accommodate 100 people who are expected for the
meeting
The introduction of the new device has achieved excellent results
OTHER EXAMPLES
Perfectly clear
Collaborate together
Close proximity
Foreign import
Jargons
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Jargon is a language full of technical or
special words used in a particular
profession.every profession has its own
jargon.
The biota exhibited a one hundred
percent mortality rate.
Rev. All the plants and animals died.
JARGON
The responsibility of a person involved in pedagogical pursuits is
to impart knowledge to those sent to him for instruction
The teachers job is to instruct students
The biota exhibited a one hundred percent mortality response
All the plants and animals died
The efficacy of hydrochloric acid is indisputable, but the ionic
residues are incompatible with metallic permanence
(reply on question asked Whether hcl is used to clean
clogged drains ???)
Don’t use HCL , it corrodes pipes
CLICHE

A CLICHÉ IS A FADED WORD OR A
PHRASE WHICH HAS LOST ITS
EFFECTIVENESS BECAUSE OF OVERUSE.
SIR ERNEST GOWER
Contd.
 Some
people use phrases not
because they think it makes their
message more vivid and inviting
but because they they don’t know
how to express themselves
otherwise.
CONTD..
Cliches find place in our writing
indiscriminately.they are not wrong or
unsuitable but their frequent use would tire
the discriminating reader.
 In order to bring effectiveness,we should
avoid its use.
 Some examples:
The report discusses threadbare the problem of
air pollution in India.
Rev.The report discusses the problem of air

pollution in India in detail.
SOME COMMONLY USED
CLICHES
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Food for thought,
Crowning glory,
Part and parcel,
Sum and substance ,
Burning question,
Level best,
Spare no efforts,
Overriding considerations,
Leave no stone unturned,
Contd.
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Untiring efforts,
Kind perusal,
Explore every avenue,
Iron hand of the law,
Day in and day out,
Heart and soul.
Avoid Cliches
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Scrape the bottom of the barrel
Revd: strain shrinking resources
An uphill task
Revd: a challenge
Writing on the wall
Revd: prediction
Cost an arm and a leg
Revd: expensive
CIRCUMLOCUTION
We solicit any recommendation that you wish to make and you
may rest assured that any such recommendations will be given
will be given our careful considerations as to the utilization
thereof .
Please give us your suggestions , we would carefully consider them
POMPOUSLY WORDY
We are cognizant that you are experiencing difficulties during this
Period of reorganization of your central office
We know that you are having difficulty in reorganization of your
central office
Avoid using foreign
words/phrases
Raison de’etre
Infra dig
Tete-a-tete
Status -quo –ante
Vide supra
Ibid
the most important reason
to exist
below dignity
personal interview
as it was before
see above
in the same place
AVOID UNFAMILIAR WORDS
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Ascertain
Consummate
about
Circumvent
Unequivocal
Increment
Peruse
find out
close, bring
avoid
certain
growth
Read, study
Avoid weak phrases
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Wealthy businessperson
Business prosperity
Hard times
tycoon
boom
slump
Business writing can sound fresh and
vigorous if trite phrases are eliminated.
Discard trite business phrases
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As per your request
as you request
Under separate cover
separately
In receipt of
have
received
Pursuant to your request
at your
request
Prefer Active to Passive voice
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The concentration by the training
division of its time ,money and other
resources into a new programme is
not advisable from our point of view.
Rev.We don’t advise the training division
to concentrate its time,money and other
resources into a new programme.
But prefer passive….
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Since your workers did not pack the taperecorders,they got damaged in the way.
Revd.Since the tape recorders were not packed
properly,they got damaged in the way.
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The newscasters received the company press
release in time for the 5 p.m.broadcast.
Revd. The company press release was received
in time for the 5 p.m. broadcast.
READABILITY FORMULA:
Fog index
Number of sentences
Total number of words
Average sentence length ( no. of words / no. of sentences )
Number of difficult words
% of difficult words = (total no. of difficult words/ total words) x 100
Fog index =(% of DW+average SL)x 0.4 (Robert Gunning)
If below 12 it is readable
Paragraph structure
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Maintain unity in paragraph.
Provide coherence in the paragraph
Develop the topic logically
CONTD.
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I think the idea of forming an experimental
repertory theatre is excellent.however,you
should consider starting the project on a
smaller scale the statement of the general
manager of a similar venture attributed its
failure to inexperienced management.the man
who is to operate such a large enterprise as
you are planning besides,the rest of the group
have had littlie theatrical experience and are
not well known.you tend to invest 20,000 to
rebuild an old factory building in a city
populated by people you regard as
philistines.as your repertorie will be
experimental theatre,how can you appeal to
Revd.

I think the idea of forming a repertorie theatre
is excellent.however,you should consider
starting the project on a smaller scale.this is
because your manager doesn’t have the
experience necessary to operate the large
enterprise you are planning. He,therefore,is
qualified to run only a small scale
operation.also the lack of a venture similar to
yours.another reason for small operation is the
probability that only a small segment of
population will be interested in experimental
theatre.this is because you yourselves
characterize this population as “philistine”.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
 Use
emphatic word order
 Use parallel constructions
 Use variety in sentence structure
Use emphatic word order
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He is aware that he should uphold the
authority to fire workers of his
supervisors who disobey orders
whenever possible as a management
representative.
Rev. He,as a management
representative,is aware that he should
uphold the authority of his
supervisors to fire workers who
disobey orders.
CONTD.
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We feel we are missing some patients
and therefore losing revenues by using
this system.
Rev.we feel that by using this system
we are missing some patients and
therefore losing revenues.
Sentence style
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Emphasize parts of the sentence by giving
them
more space
Putting them at the beginning or at the
end
Making them the subject of the sentence
Some examples
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I can write letters much more quickly using a
computer
Revd: The computer enables me to write letters
more quickly
Because wage rates are lower there, the
electronic parts are manufactured in Mexico.
Revd:The electronic parts are manufactured in
Mexico, which has lower wage rates than the
United states.
Split the breathless
sentences
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In this schedule are listed the events that will
take place next month and also the time and
venue so that you can decide before and
whether you will like to take part in any of
the the event and if so,inform the concerned
organizer who will enter your name in a list
which he maintains for this purpose.
Rev.we are enclosing the next month’s event.if
interested,kindly inform the concerned
organizer.
Use parallel construction
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This book makes a good text for college
students,and businessmen find it even
more useful for enlarging their
knowledge of accounting.
Rev.This book is good as a college text
and even better ,as a means of
enlarging their knowledge of
accountancy ,for businessmen.
Techniques for developing
paragraphs
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Illustration
Some of our most popular products are
available through local distributors. For
example, Everest &Lemmings
Comparison &contrast
Cause &effect
Classification: from one of several groups
Problem & solution
Developing coherent
paragraphs
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Topic sentence
Related sentences
Transitional elements:
Connecting words
Repeated words or phrases
pronouns
FREQUENTLY USED
TRANSITIONS
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Additional details: moreover,
furthermore,beside,finally
Causal relationship: therefore,
because,accordingly,thus,consequently
Contrast: yet, on the other hand,nonetheless
Condition
Time sequence: formerly. Later, after, meanwhile
Repetition:in other words, that is
Avoid excessive noun clusters
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Inadequate tax counselors interviewing desk
space makes counseling difficult.
Rev.Inadequate space at the interviewing desk
makes counseling difficult for the tax counselor.
Our Soviet trunk plant contract price does not
include a margin for foreign exchange rate
transaction risks.
Rev.Our contract price for Soviet trunk plant
does not include the amount for risks caused by
fluctuations in the foreign exchange rates.
Kick the noun habit
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Conduct a discussion of
Engage in the preparation of
Reach a conclusion that
Making an assumption of
Create a reduction in
discuss
prepare
conclude
assume
reduce
Excessive use of nouns increase sentence
length and slows the reader by muddying
the thought.
Avoid Dangling Modifiers
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To win the lottery, a ticket must be
purchased.
Revd:To win the lottery, you must
purchase a ticket.
Speaking before the large audience, my
knees began to knock.
Revd:Speaking before the large audience,
I felt my knees begin to knock.
AVOID MISPLACED
MODIFIERS
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Seeing his error too late,the envelope was
immediately resealed by martin.
Revd: Seeing his error too late,martin
immediately resealed the envelope.
A wart appeared on my left hand that I
want removed.
Revd.: A wart that I want removed
appeared on my left hand.
CHECKLIST
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Is your message readable?
Have you avoided difficult words/phrases
Redundancies?
Jargons?
Maintained vigor?
Parallelism?
Spelling, grammar and punctuation?
Test yourself

Make the passage readable: