Infant and Toddler Development Part 2

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Debbie Richardson, M.S.
Parenting Assistant Extension Specialist
Human Development & Family Science
Oklahoma State University
11/4/2008
Introduction
 Centra Instructions
 Overview of In-service
Infant-Toddler Dev 2, D. Richardson
 Welcome
 Resource Materials
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In-Service Objective
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Extension Educators will be able to
describe growth, tasks, behaviors, and
abilities of infants from birth through six
months including physical, cognitive,
sensory, and social development.
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Infant Development
General Areas
 Sensory (sight, hearing, etc.)
 Gross motor (head control, sitting, walking)
 Fine motor (holding a spoon, pincer grasp)
 Language
 Social
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Infant Development
 Depends on traits he/she was born with (nature) and
what he/she experiences (nurture).
 All areas of development are linked. Each depends on
and influences the others.
 What children experience, including how their parents
respond to them, shapes their development as they
adapt to the world.
 Relationships are the foundation of a child’s healthy
development.
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Developmental Growth Sequence
 Cephalo-caudal: proceeds head to foot
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Control hands before feet
Think before acting
Gets teeth before he walks
 Proximal-distal: proceeds from center outward
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Trunk , then arms, then hands & feet
Large muscles to small muscles
 Simple to complex:
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Talks, reads, writes
Lifts head, sits up, creep, crawl, walk, run
Feed from bottle before eating finger foods
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Developmental Milestones
 Physical or behavioral signs of development or
maturation of infants and children.
 General guidelines…every baby’s growth is unique
and all grow and develop at different rates.
 Grow in spurts - a new behavior may appear one
day and disappear for several days or weeks.
 A child may also regress.
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Sensory Development
 All senses are developed by 7th month in utero.
 From birth, an infant learns about people and things
through the use of 5 senses: touch, sound, smell, taste,
and sight.
 Responsive to touch, temperature change, and pain.
 At birth, can identify people by their odor and show
responses to pleasant or unpleasant smells.
 By 2 weeks, can distinguish between sweet and bitter
taste; prefers sweet vs. sour.
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Hearing
 Turns eyes and head in general direction of sound as young
as 3 days old.
 Prefers low-frequency, rhythmic sounds and human voice.
Selectively listens to higher-pitched voices.
 By 3 weeks, recognizes voices go with particular people.
 Vestibular (inner ear; balance) - responds to rocking,
changing positions.
 By 2 months, head turns side to side with sound at ear level.
 By 3 months, determines where sounds are coming from; turns
head to sounds.
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Vision
 Newborn sees within range of 8–12”; slightly blurred.
 Can track an object moving horizontally about 6” above.
 One eye may wander or both eyes don’t move together
smoothly. Unable to perceive depth.
 Can see light and dark contrasts, but cannot really
distinguish color.
 By 6 weeks, smoothly moves eyes together to follow an object.
 By 2 months, both eyes can converge on objects up to 24”.
 tracks moving objects up to 180o; prefers faces
 Differentiates patterned stimuli from plain; discriminate
colors.
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Vision
 By 3-4 months:
 distinguishes objects from backgrounds with
minimal contrast; gains ability to see detail.
 accommodates, focuses eyes with changing object
distance.
 By 4-6 months:
 vision is clearer
 perceives relative distances
 color vision develops.
 turns head toward bright colors and lights.
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Reflexes
 Enable baby to react to environment.
 Instinctual and serve as protection
 All infants born with same reflexes but responses
are individual.
 Born with over 70 identified reflex behaviors.
 Most will disappear between 3 to 6 months.
 Most important associated with breathing & feeding.
 Crying often seen as reflex that alerts others of
needs.
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Reflexes
 Babinski: Toes fan outward when sole of foot is
stroked.
 Palmar grasp: Infant closes hand, "grips" your finger.
 Rooting and sucking: When cheek, mouth, lips
touched, turns head in search of nipple, mouth open,
ready to suck.
 Hand to mouth: When cheek or palm of hand is
stroked, mouth roots and arm flexes to suck fist.
 Blinking: Tightly shuts eyes to bright lights or loud
noise.
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Reflexes
 Placing: Leg extends (pushes away) when stimulate
sole of foot.
 Stepping: When held upright and feet placed on a
surface, lifts one leg then other like walking steps.
 Moro (startle): Extends arms, legs, & arches back,
then bends and pulls them in toward body, with
brief cry; triggered by loud sounds, sudden moves.
 Tonic neck: Arm extends in direction infant gazes,
while opposite arm and leg flex inward.
 Head lift: Lifts & turns head to side when on belly.
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Newborns-Neonates
 Ave weight: 5-10 lbs.
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Ave. length: 18-22 inches
In first few days, lose about 6-10% of weight and regains or
surpasses birth weight within 10-14 days.
Head is relatively large, ¼ of total length.
Skull bones are separated, not fused:
 allows bones to slide over each other passing through
birth canal
 accommodates rapid brain growth
 soft spots on top of head – fontanels
All 20 baby teeth and a few permanent teeth are developing
below gum.
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Newborns-Neonates
 Cannot support head without help; unable to support
when pulled to a sitting position.
 Can slightly lift and turn the head
 Keeps hands fisted or slightly open, but can’t hold object.
 Arms and legs are flexed into body, although can move
and thrust all limbs.
 Few expressions when awake.
 Make cooing, crying and grunting sounds.
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Newborns-Neonates
 Tells parent voice from strangers. Makes eye contact.
 Very brief memory.
 Experience only emotions of contentment and distress.
 When talked to by familiar caregiver, an interchange takes
place that involves looking, listening, vocalizing, and motor
movement.
 Discovers self-soothing - can calm self by sucking thumb
and looking at parents’ face or matching mobile.
 Gaze aversion – shifts attention away when aroused to
point of distress.
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Second Month
 Briefly holds rattle or other object then drops.
 Roll part way from side to back.
 Closure of posterior fontanelle (back of head).
 Stepping and grasp reflexes disappear.
 Strengthening neck muscles; less head lag.
 On tummy, able to lift head almost 45 degrees.
 Less flexing of the arms and legs while on tummy.
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Second Month
 Coos and makes small throat sounds like gurgling.
 Smiles spontaneously; establishes eye contact.
 Crying becomes differentiated.
 Recognizes mother. Reacts to sight of breast/bottle.
 Makes vocal response to familiar voices.
 Learning to regulate their eating and sleeping
patterns, and emotions which helps them feel content,
safe and secure.
 Joy becomes a differentiated emotion.
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Third Month
 Stretch arms and legs all the way out.
 Sits when supported and can hold head steady.
 Suck fingers & fists; holds up hand & looks at it.
 Begins to play with hands; reaches for things with both
hands and tries to hold them. Holds objects longer.
 Roll from back to side.
 Makes crawling movements.
 Scratches surface with fingers.
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Third Month
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Tracks objects in circular path.
Glances between 2 objects (bell to rattle).
Vocalizes more, cries less, makes louder sounds.
Responds to voices; recognizes other familiar adults.
Laughs out loud; squeals.
Cries differently for different needs.
Starts to understand cause and effect (ex. “If I hit the
mobile it moves” or smile, coo, babble then pause and
wait for a response).
 Imitation (e.g. sticking out tongue)
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Fourth Month
 10-18 lbs. and 23-27”; slowing weight gain
 Reflexes fading - Moro, tonic neck, rooting, grasping
 Almost no head lag while pulled into sitting position.
 Sits up straight if propped and supported. Stands
with support.
 Can raise head 90o when placed on tummy.
 Rolls from side to side or front to back.
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Fourth Month
 Tries to reach objects with hands. Grasp & play with
rattle when placed in hands, but can't pick it up.
 Places and explores objects in mouth. Can hold toy
and look at it steadily.
 Wiggles, kicks arms and legs; plays with fingers,
hands, toes.
 Longer babbling, cooing sounds (aaah, oooh, eeeh).
 Laughs; Returns a smile.
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Fourth Month
 Responds to peek-a-boo games.
 Begins to show memory.
 Demands attention by fussing.
 Recognizes parent voice or touch.
 Repeats actions for a reaction (e.g. hitting mobile).
 Blows bubbles with mouth.
 Teething may begin.
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Fifth Month
 Double birth weight.
 May start to scoot or attempt to crawl.
 Able to sit alone without support for only moments
at first, then up to 30 seconds or more; improving
balance.
 Rolls from back to stomach.
 On tummy, can push up with arms to raise the
shoulders and head above surface and look around
or reach for objects.
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Fifth Month
 Begins to grasp blocks or cubes using the ulnarpalmar grasp technique (pressing the block into palm
of hand while flexing or bending wrist in). Doesn’t use
thumb opposition. Bangs with a toy.
 Begins wanting to explore their food and help feed
themselves.
 Understands own name.
 Recognizes difference between lower voice of father
and higher voice of mother.
 Turns head toward a voice; responds to voices.
 Begins to initiate interactions.
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Sixth Month
 Pulls self up in sitting position.
 Stands with support and bears almost all weight.
 Creeps like army crawl on tummy.
 Able to sit in a high chair with a straight back.
 Able to hold bottle for short periods.
 Better at reaching and grasping; can pick up a dropped
object; transfers object from one hand to other.
 Begins to realize that if an object is dropped, it is still there
and looks for it (permanence).
 Plays with toys.
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Sixth Month
 Teething; first tooth/teeth may appear.
 Can locate sounds not made directly at the ear level.
 Responds and vocalizes to own name.
 Enjoys hearing own voice and experiments with own
sounds; makes sounds (vocalizes) to mirror and toys;
 Makes consonant sounds and sounds resembling one-
syllable words.
 Shows pleasure/displeasure with sounds; Prefers more
complex sound stimulation.
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Sixth Month
 Begins to imitate actions and sounds.
 Laughs and squeals.
 Recognizes parents; distinguishes mother/father.
 Can tell when adult is happy or angry by tone of voice.
 Initiates social contacts by grabbing adult’s hair, face,
clothes, glasses.
 Raises arms to be picked up.
 Differentiates fear from discontent.
 Begins to fear strangers (stranger anxiety).
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Communication
 Newborns use their gestures, sounds and facial
expressions to communicate their feelings and
needs from day one.
 Socializes by watching your face and exchanging
looks.
 Asks for a break by looking away, arching their
back, frowning, or crying.
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Smiling
 Appears at about 1 week.
 At 1 month, smiles are directed toward people.
 By about 3 ½ months, will smile in response to a
smile or attention; will smile more to a familiar
face than an unfamiliar one.
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Crying
 Vitally important means of communication from birth.
 Inherent biological response in most humans to crying
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insures the infant's survival.
Do not produce tears at first.
Use different cries when hungry, tired, bored, cold, pain,
anger, stimulation.
At 2 months, will cry when left alone.
Amount of crying in the first 3 months varies in a healthy
infant, from 1 - 3 hours a day.
Infants who cry more than 3 hours a day are often
described as having colic. Colic is rarely due to a problem
with the body.
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6 States of Consciousness
Quiet Sleep: No movements; still & relaxed; slow regular breathing.
Active Sleep: REM, eyes move beneath closed lids; twitches, facial
expressions, whimpers; brain is very active, irregular breathing.
Drowsiness: Between sleep and awake; still, quiet, eyes open and
close; can be roused into wakefulness; may be a bit disorganized.
Quiet Alert: Quiet and active to stimuli; intensely look at persons &
objects; eyes open wide, bright expressions; little body movement;
regular breathing.
Active Alert: Highly active; bursts of uncoordinated movement;
irregular breathing; face may be relaxed or tense; fussiness.
Crying: Contorts face, emits distressing sounds; communicating
needs; may move limbs.
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Sleep
 Most newborns - about 16-20 hours/day.
 Older infants - about 14-16 hours/day.
 Usually sleep in several periods during day and
night ranging from less than an hour to many
hours. Periods may be related to eating schedule.
 Sleep/wake cycles occur in random intervals of
30-50 minutes at birth and gradually increase as
the infant matures.
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Sleep
 Newborn babies do not have regular sleep
patterns.
 After a few months, many babies develop a more
set schedule. Begin to sleep longer through night,
yet still often wake up.
 By 4 months, most will have one 5-6 hour period
of uninterrupted sleep.
 By 1 year, usually able to sleep through night with
morning and/or afternoon nap.
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Bodily Functions
 Many are not stable in the first months after birth.
 Variability is normal and differs from infant to
infant.
 Stress and stimulation can affect:
Bowel movements
Hiccupping
Vomiting
Temperature control
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Gagging
Skin color
Yawning
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Bodily Functions
 Periodic breathing (starts and stops again) is normal and
not a sign of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).
 Some will vomit after each feeding, but have nothing
physically wrong with them; continues to gain weight and
develop normally.
 Some grunt and groan distressfully while making a bowel
movement but produce soft, blood-free stools, and their
growth and feeding remain good. This is due to immature
abdominal muscles used for pushing and does not require
intervention.
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Feeding
 Breast-fed infants will feed about every 2 hours.
 Formula-fed infants should be able to go 3 hours
between feedings.
 During periods of rapid growth, they may feed
more often.
 An infant who is drinking enough will produce 6-8
wet diapers in a 24-hour period.
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Wrap-up
 Questions
 In-service evaluation
 Follow-up
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 Discussion
 Next Session covers 6-18 months: November 13
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References
 In addition to the provided resource materials listed on the
in-service agenda, various textbooks and other reference
materials used for this presentation are available upon
request.
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