Brain Computer Interface
Mohamed
Sami
Mai
Mohamed
Project Team
Nada
Mohamed
Ahmed
Mamdoh
http://bci2.k-space.org
Mohamed
Omar
Brain Computer Interface
BCI
Supervisors
Prof.Dr Abu Bakr M. Youssef
http://bci2.k-space.org
Assistant Prof.Dr Yasser M.Kadah
Motivation for BCI Research
There are , more than
200,000 patients live with the
motor sequelae of serious
injury.
Locked-in Syndrome
Neurological diseases may
lead to paralysis of the entire
motor system .
Unable to use their muscles
and therefore cannot
communicate their needs,
wishes, and emotions.
http://bci2.k-space.org
Reason of BCI
• Allow a user to communicate with a
computer through his Brain
• The user can think and the computer
recognizes what he thought about.
• This is what we call a Brain-Computer
Interface (BCI) [or Brain-Machine Interface
(BMI)].
http://bci2.k-space.org
The Dream
•People always think about controlling environments
from their mind
•Anyone wish if he could read the people thoughts and
know what they are thinking of him
•Some people want to store their dreams and record it
while they sleeping
http://bci2.k-space.org
Dream vs. Reality
• Dream BCI
– Think to whatever you want
– Without recognition errors
– Whenever you want
• Physiological problems
– No thought sensor
– Partial brain knowledge
– Noisy signals
• Solutions in the BCI community
(reality)
– Limited thought
– Limited recognition accuracy
http://bci2.k-space.org
BCI community
About 60 research groups
About 300 researchers
Increasing published papers
140
127
120
100
80
SCI paper
60
48
40
20
0
2
4
1985-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2004
http://bci2.k-space.org
Our Goals
1. Recording Brain Signal Using EEG electrodes.
2. Isolation between subject and electronic circuit
3. Designing Data Acquisition System
4. Signal Selection
5. Interfacing with Computer by Soundcard
6. Implementing real time analysis Classification data
BCI Categories
• Invasive and Non-Invasive BCIs
• Online and Offline BCIs
• Imaginary and Mental Tasks
http://bci2.k-space.org
General scheme
3. Online Feedback
High level
commands
Feedback
Control
interface
Application
Mental
state
Electrical activity
Biosensor
The brain
1. Data Acquisition
http://bci2.k-space.org
Preprocessing
On the computer
2. BCI System
Feature
extraction
Classification
Medical Introduction
Nervous System
Motor
Brain
CNS
Spinal
Cord
Nervous System
PNS
Sensory
http://bci2.k-space.org
Cranial
Nerves
Spinal
Nerves
Human Brain
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EEG
Electroencephalography or EEG is the
measurement of neural activity within the
brain.
EEG has been used to detect low oxygen
and high carbon dioxide levels.
A clinical use of EEG is in the diagnosis of
epilepsy.
http://bci2.k-space.org
EEG Signal
http://bci2.k-space.org
EEG Wave Band
Alpha
Beta
Delta
Theta
8-13 Hz
13-30 Hz
0.5-4 Hz
4-8 Hz
Occupation
occipital
parietal and
frontal lobes.
Condition
awake
person
Frequency
Age
______
______
_____
Sleeping
_____
______
infants
&adults
children and
sleeping
adults
EEG Lead System
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Data Acquisition
http://bci2.k-space.org
Overview
Electrode
Isolation
Pre Amplifier
Electrode
Isolation
Pre Amplifier
Electrode
Isolation
Pre Amplifier
MUX
Electrode
Isolation
Pre Amplifier
Latch
Electrode
Isolation
Pre Amplifier
Parallel Port
Electrode
Isolation
Pre Amplifier
http://bci2.k-space.org
Gain
Amplifier
LPF
Sound Card
Matlab
Workspace
Biopotential Sensors
 Electrodes are Biopotential sensor.
 There are different types of electrodes:
1. Gold electrode.
2. Silver electrode.
http://bci2.k-space.org
Isolation
Medical procedures usually expose the patient to more
hazard than at home or workplace.
Our main goal is to break ground loop .
We decide to do that by low cast and effective way by using:
1.Isolation transformer as power isolation.
2.Opto-Couplers as signal isolation.
http://bci2.k-space.org
Continue
Isolation
In our design we used the PC817 due to:
Its low turn-on and off time and high.
Isolation voltage between input.
http://bci2.k-space.org
Instrumentation Amplifier
 Amplifying differential input
 There are two stage of signal amplification:
1.Pre-Amplification
2.Gain-Amplification
 We used AD620 according to many better features
on it:
•
•
•
•
Lower cost
High accuracy
Low noise
High Gain Ability
http://bci2.k-space.org
AD620 Schematic
http://bci2.k-space.org
Signal Selection
Multiplexer:
Select data from two or more data sources into a single channel.
There are two types of multiplexers:
•Analog Multiplexer.
•Digital Multiplexer.
we used Analog Multiplexer and we choose M54HC4051 IC
 Some features of M54HC4051:
• Low power dissipation
• Fast switching
• High noise immunity
• Wide analog input voltage range
http://bci2.k-space.org
M54HC4051 Schematic
http://bci2.k-space.org
Latch
Change output state only in response to
data input
Transfer data from parallel port to MUX
and holding it using LE (latch enable).
In our design SN74LS373 As latch IC.
http://bci2.k-space.org
SN74LS373 Schematic
http://bci2.k-space.org
Signal Filtering
A low-pass filter is a Filter that passes low frequensy
Component well, reduces frequencies higher than the
cutoff frequency.
 It is sometimes called a high-cut filter, or treble cut
filter.
We use active 2nd order low pass filter we used UA741 IC.
LPF Schematic
http://bci2.k-space.org
Parallel Port
The Parallel Port is the most commonly used port for interfacing home made projects
•Hardware Properties
8 output pins accessed via the DATA Port
5 input pins (one inverted) accessed via the STATUS Port
4 output pins (three inverted) accessed via the CONTROL Port
The remaining 8 pins are grounded
•Why Parallel Port ?
Easy Implementation and Installation
Allow Full Software Control withoutneed any Counters &
Clock to Switch between Channels
Ability of Communication with
Matlab
http://bci2.k-space.org
Sound Card
A sound card is a Computer PCI Card that can input
and output Sound under control of computer
programs
General characteristics
1-Sound Chip
2- multi-channel Dacs & A/D 3-ROM or Flash memory
Color
Function
Lime Analog line level output for the main stereo
green signal (front speakers or headphones).
Pink
Analog Microphone input.
Light
Analog Line level input.
blue
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Continue
Sound Card
Internal
Block
Why we choose Sound Card
• Fixed and Low Cost Acquisition Card
• Easy in Implementation and installation
• Ability to Convert from Analog to Digital with very high
accuracy and vise versa
• Easy Communication with Matlab
• Ability to detect low Frequencies
• Sampling Data in wide rang (8000 to 44100)
• Better than designing new Interfacing System and this
System in Situation to not work because of hardware
troubleshooting
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Acquiring Data with a Sound Card
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Data Acquisition Programs
1st
Release
Online
Signal
with
Filtering
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2nd
Release
Each
Channel
Online
Plotting
3rd
Release
Drawing
With
Selection
4th
Release
Online
Classifier
1st Release
http://bci2.k-space.org
2nd Release
http://bci2.k-space.org
3rd Release
http://bci2.k-space.org
4th Release
imagination of right hand
movement
imagination of left hand
movement
http://bci2.k-space.org
Analytic methods
The process of EEG signal analysis and classification
consists of the Following three steps:
Signal
preprocessing
http://bci2.k-space.org
Feature
extraction
Statistical
classification
Signal Preprocessing
Noisy signal
?
Experiment
protocol
Background
brain activity
• Eye movements
• Other movements
Physiologic
noise
Mental
task
Environmental
noise
Measured
signal
Eye blink
Subject
• Power line 50/60 Hz
• Electrode contact
Heart rate
Power line
Electrode contact
Start
Offline
Type of work
Online
Work on exist dataset
Record our dataset
Record EEG signal
Read dataset
Feature extraction
feature extraction
Feature extraction
Make hypothesis test
classification
hypothesis test
Classification
Decision
F
Feature available
Visual O/P
Test next feature
T
Classification
Test classifier
http://bci2.k-space.org
Red
Green
Offline Dataset
BCI Competition 2003 Data Set Ia: ‹self-regulation of SCPs› provided by University of
Tuebingen,Germany, Dept. of Computer Engineering (Prof. Rosenstiel)
Datasets were taken from a healthy subject he was asked to move a
cursor up and down on a computer screen.
Data
6 EEG electrodes are used referenced to the vertex electrode Cz
•Channel 1: A1-Cz (A1 = left mastoid)
•Channel 2: A2-Cz (right mastoid)
•Channel 3: 2 cm frontal of C3
•Channel 4: 2 cm parietal of C3
•Channel 5: 2 cm frontal of C4
•Channel 6: 2 cm parietal of C4
Sampling rate of 256 Hz.
Trial structure overview
consisted of three phases
1-s rest phase,1.5-s cue presentation phase and 3.5-s feedback phase.
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Continue
Offline Dataset
During every trial, the task was visually presented by a highlighted
goal at the top or bottom of the screen to indicate negativity or
positively from second 0.5 until the end of the trial. The visual
feedback was presented from second 2 to second 5.5. Only this 3.5
second interval of every trial is provided for training and testing.
Trails separated into
training set (268 trials) which is 2-D Matrices 135x5377 and
133x5377
testing set The test set (293 trials).
Every line of a matrix contains the data of one trial. The first column codes the
class of the trial (0/1).
•Note
For our implementation we constructed the test set from the train
set. That was done by selecting 100 trails from class 0 and 100 trails
from class 1.
http://bci2.k-space.org
Continue
Offline Dataset
Approach
We used MATLAB (release 13) for analysis.
We separated the channels of each class to be 135x896
matrix for channels in class 0 and 133x896 matrix for
class 1 channels.
For each EEG channel, we plotted the time-domain and
frequency-domain averages across trials for each class.
Note
In our online BCI approach, we constructed our own
dataset which consist of training set & testing set.
The training set was used to tune the parameters of the
classification algorithm.
We also applied all the pre-processing techniques as in
the offline work.
http://bci2.k-space.org
Feature Extraction
Steps of feature extraction
Choosing feature
Features Vector Form
http://bci2.k-space.org
Choosing Features
Time Domain Features
mean
Variance
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Continue
Frequency domain features
Short-Time Fourier Transform
–First we transform all signals to frequency domain by
(FFT).
–Then we get mean & variance in frequency domain .
–calculate the amplitudes at 20 Hz.
Welch method
Estimate the power spectral density (PSD) of a signal
using Welch is done using Pwelch Matlab function
Form features vector
Channel 1
Class 0
Class 1
http://bci2.k-space.org
Signal 1
Signal2
Signal3
Signal4
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
feature vector
Class 0
Class 1
Std1
Std2
Std3
Std4
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Continue
Form Features Vector
Ch1 Feature Vector
Class 0
Class 1
http://bci2.k-space.org
mean1
Var1
mean2
Var2
mean3
Var3
mean4
Var4
.
.
.
.
Multi dimension feature vector
Channel 1
Channel 6
Channel 2
Channel 5
http://bci2.k-space.org
Hypothesis Test
Perform Hypothesis testing for the
difference in means of two samples.
[H, P, Ci]=ttest2(X,Y)
H=0 no significance
H=1
significance
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Signal Classification Techniques
Classifier
Minimum
Distance
http://bci2.k-space.org
Bayes
K-NN
Classifier input
Train feature vector
Class 0
Class 1
Test feature vector
Class 0
Class 1
Minimum Distance Classifier
Algorithm
1. Group the design set into (n) class
2. Estimate the sample mean for each class.
3. A test sample is classified by assigning it to the class
which has the nearest mean vector.
4. Error rate is estimated by the percentage of misclassified
samples
http://bci2.k-space.org
Bayes Classifier
Algorithm
 Compute Gaussian distribution of each class (p.d.f)
 Compute probabilities of sample (a)
F( a Є f0) & F( a Є f1)
http://bci2.k-space.org
K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)
Algorithm
1. Obtain distances between
test sample and all
samples in the design set
2. Sort obtained distance
values in ascending
ordered array.
3. Assigns the test sample to
the majority class in the
subset.
4. Error rate is estimated by
the percentage of
misclassified samples
Results
Dataset Ia results
Our dataset results
http://bci2.k-space.org
Dataset Ia Best results
FFT feature (amplitude of 20 HZ)
KNN k=3
Accuracy
Error
channel 3
80%
20%
KNN k=5
Accuracy
Error
channel 4
78%
22%
Pwelch feature
http://bci2.k-space.org
Our Dataset Best Results
FFT feature (amplitude of 20 HZ)
KNN k=3
Accuracy
Error
channel 3
54%
46%
KNN k=5
Accuracy
Error
channel 4
58%
42%
Pwelch feature
http://bci2.k-space.org
BCI challenge
Information transfer rate.
High error rate.
Autonomy.
Cognitive load.
http://bci2.k-space.org
Conclusion & Future
• In our project we built a simple BCI ,which
separated between left and right hand movement
• System worked on online & offline data set
• Online data pass through different stages:
Filtration
Amplification
Interfacing with computer using soundcard
Analysis and classify
http://bci2.k-space.org
Conclusion & Future
Completely paralyzed patients can use a BCI to realize a
spelling system (virtual keyboard) to install a new non
muscular communication channel.
•In the future:
It will be used by total normal people to perform
simple activities
 Spread commercially in the field of video games
In military
http://bci2.k-space.org
Online Demo
Thank You