Themes
• Frenzy of Emotion
• Patriotism
• Storm and Stress
• Nature/Intuition
• The Past
• Exotic Places
• Heroes
The French
Neoclassicists
Jacques-Louis David
Antoine-Jean Gros
Théodore Géricault
Jacques-Louis David
(French, 1748-1825)
• Virtual dictator of European
painting from 1800-1820.
• No matter how revolutionary the
subject, used traditional,
neoclassical techniques.
• Stressed line, form, perspective.
David
Napoleon Crossing
Saint Bernard
David - Coronation of Napoleon
David - The Tennis Court Oath
David
Portrait of
Monsieur Lavosier
and His Wife
Antoine-Jean Gros (French,
1791-1824)
• Moved away from the ideas of his teacher,
Jacques-Louis David.
• Followed the more emotional style of
Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens.
• Still Neoclassical at heart.
• Series of battle paintings glorifying
Napoleon.
Gros
Napoleon at
Arcole Bridge,
Nov. 17, 1796
Gros - Napoleon in the Pesthouse
Gros - Napoleon on the Battlefield
Théodore Géricault (French,
1791-1824)
• Shifted the emphasis of battle paintings
from heroism to suffering and endurance.
• Isolation and vulnerability were the
essential human condition.
• French Michelangelo (painting and
sculpture).
• Bold, vigorous figures with lots of
movement.
Géricault
The Wounded
Curaiss
Géricault - The Raft of the Medusa
Francisco Goya (Spanish, 1746-1828)
• "First of the moderns”
• Transitional figure between
Neoclassicism and Romanticism.
• Warm and passionate.
• Court painter to Spanish king
Charles III.
• Sense of outrage and rebellion, social
conscience.
Goya
Maria Teresa
de Bourbon
Goya
Group on a Balcony
Goya - The Third of May
It is said that he made the preliminary sketches of this painting in the blood of executed Spanish patriots.
John Constable (English, 1776-1837)
• Took painting out of the studio and
into the country.
• Studied and painted from nature.
• Landscapes that stressed color and
light more than purity of line.
• Influence on Delacroix and
Impressionism.
Constable - Leaping Horse
Constable
Lock at
Deadham
J. M. W. Turner (English, 1775-1851)
• Dreamy landscapes.
• Played with light and color rather than
sticking to form.
• Mixed cloud, fog, and the land until
anything definite was indistinguishable.
• Conflict between nature and
technology.
• Precursor of the Impressionists.
Turner - The Fighting Temeraire
Turner - Rain, Steam, Speed
Eugène Delacroix (French, 1798-1863)
• Color and light emphasized over line.
• Urged young painters to study Rubens.
• Purpose of art is "not to imitate nature but to strike
the imagination."
• Literary themes.
• Used color to create energy, which he compared to
music.
• Halftones derived from juxtaposing that color and its
complement (i.e. purple and yellow), not from
darkening a color.
• Long brushstrokes.
Delacroix - Liberty Leading the People
Delacroix
Massacre at
Chios
Delacroix - Death at Sardanapal
Caspar David Friedrich
(German, 1774-1840)
• Melancholy and symbolic landscapes.
• Used light to unify the mood of his
landscapes and other works.
• Mystical attitude toward nature (God
found in nature).
Friedrich - Polar Sea
Friedrich - The Cross on the Mountain
Jean-Auguste-Dominique
Ingres (French, 1780-1867)
• Draftsman.
• Linearist.
• Purity of line - return to
Neoclassicism or early Realism
• Hated Delacroix.
• Nudes.
Ingres
The Valpincon Bather
Honoré Daumier (French,
1808-1869)
• Cartoonist.
• Famous for caricatures, but
recognized later for serious painting.
• Satire.
• Social commentary.
• Hated Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon).
Daumier - The Third-Class Carriage
Daumier
Don Quixote
Jean-François Millet
(French, 1814-1875)
• Indistinct lines
• Mixing of colors
• Peasants
Millet - Flight into Egypt
Millet - Young Woman
Gustav Courbet (French, 1819-1877)
• Rebel
• Offended everyone
• Landscapes
• Realist
• Sober and moody
• Importance of the individual
• Admired Géricault
• Pupil of David
Courbet
The Source
Courbet - The Wave
Nazarenes (German)
• Leader Johann Friedrich
Overbeck.
• Tried to revive style and spirit of
medieval religious paintings.
• Later turned to subjects such as
German fairy tales and folklore.
A Look into the Future
Romanticism
Realism
Impressionism
 Expressed ideas of the Romantics through music
 Strained against rules and restraints of Classicism
 Music addressed to the masses
 Expanded orchestra
 Piano most important instrument
 Opera & ballet popular
 Used ballads, folk music, poetry, national history for
inspiration
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
• Born In Bonn, Germany
• Moved to Vienna, Austria in 1792
• Composed piano and violin sonatas, string
quartets, and a total of 9 symphonies
• Deaf at age 16
• Fur Elise, Ode to Joy, Moonlight Sonata
Franz Schubert (17971828)
• Born in Germany
• Set piano and voice in over
600 Lieder (poems set to music)
Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847)
• German
• Composed works for the piano,
violin, chamber music, and choral
music
• 5 symphonies
• The Scottish, The Italian, and The
Reformation
Frederic Chopin (18101849)
• Polish
• Composed traditional folk music
for piano
• Concertos in E minor and F
minor
Robert Schumann (1810-1856)
• German
• Composed symphonies and
piano music
Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
• Hungarian
• Europe’s greatest concert pianist
• Also composed folk music for the
piano
Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
• Italian opera composer
• Rigoletto (1851)
• La Traviata (1853)
• Il Trovatore (1853)
• Aida (1871)
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
• German nationalist
• Inspired by the German past
• Four operas called The Ring of the
Nibelung:
 Das Rheingold
 Die Walkure
 Siegfried
 Gotterdammerung
Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)
• German
• Hungarian dances based on melodies of Roma
• Academic Festival Overture (1880) based on
German student songs
• Tightly knit structure
• Schicksalslied (Song of Destiny, 1871) musical setting of a poem by the German poet
Friedrich Hölderlin
Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881)
• One of The Five (five influential Russian
composers)
• Original & influential Russian nationalist
composer
• Bold, unorthodox harmonies
• Tried to reproduce the rhythms and contours of
the Russian language
• Boris Godunov - unusual in use of chorus
• St. John’s Night on Bare Mountain
Piotor Iilyitch Tchaikovsky
(1840-1893)
• Best known for ballet music
 Swan Lake (1876)
 The Nutcracker (1891-92)
 Sleeping Beauty
• Richly melodic passages
• Gifted orchestrator
Antonin Dvorak (1841-1904)
• Czech
• Fond of black spirituals & Native
American music
• Director of the National Conservatory
of Music in NYC
• Influenced by Czech and Slavonic
folk music
Edvard Grieg (1843-1907)
• Norwegian
• Master of harmonic style
• Based music on Norwegian folk songs
• Peer Gynt (1875) - incidental music for
Henrik Ibsen’s poem
• Holberg Suite
• Landsighting and Olaf Trygvason
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
(1844-1908)
• Member of The Five
• Master of orchestration
• Conducted the Russian Symphony (18861890)
• Fresh and brilliant instrumentation
• Sheherazade (1888)
Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)
• Italian
• La Bohème (1896)
• Madame Butterfly
• Emotion and theatricality
• Lyricism, color orchestration, rich
vocals
Richard Strauss (1864-1949)
• German
• Composer for modern orchestra & voice
• 2nd period (1887-1904)
 Developed the symphonic poem
 Expanded expressiveness of modern symphony
orchestra
 Don Juan (1888)
• 3rd period (1904-49)
 Opera
 Salome (1905)
Hector Berlioz (1803-1869)
• French
• Orchestra of 465 pieces
• Symphonie Fantastique (1830)
• Songs and arias
• Voice and instruments equal in importance
• Requiem
 full orchestra
 pipe organ
four brass choirs
 chorus of two hundred
Carl Maria von Weber
(1786-1826)
• German
• Der Freishütz (1821)--enchanted
forest, magic bullet
• Oberon (1826)
• Creator of German romantic opera
Mikhail Glinka (1804-1857)
• Russian
• Russlan and Ludmilla
(1842)--based on a poem by
Pushkin
• A Life of the Tsar (1836)